Clarion-Clipperton Zone: Difference between revisions
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The '''Clipperton Fracture Zone''', also known as the '''Clarion-Clipperton Zone''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/18ccz/background/mining/mining.html|title=DeepCCZ: Deep-sea Mining Interests in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone|last=|first=|date=|website=NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research|language=EN-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> is a geological submarine [[fracture zone]] of the [[Pacific Ocean]], with a length of around 4500 miles (7240 km).<ref name="EB">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121879/Clipperton-Fracture-Zone|title=Clipperton Fracture Zone|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 November 2011}}</ref> The zone spans approximately {{Convert|4,500,000|km2|mi2|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pew.org/2o4se1P|title=The Clarion-Clipperton Zone|last=|first=|date=|website=Pew Charitable Trusts|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> It is one of the five major lineations of the northern Pacific floor, south of the Clarion Fracture Zone, discovered by the [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] in 1950. The fracture, an unusually mountainous topographical feature, begins east-northeast of the [[Line Islands]] and ends in the [[Middle America Trench]] off the coast of Central America.<ref name="EB" /><ref name="Keating1987">{{cite book|last=Keating|first=Barbara H.|title=Seamounts, islands, and atolls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKCYe5haiCUC&pg=PA156|accessdate=17 November 2011|year=1987|publisher=American Geophysical Union|isbn=978-0-87590-068-1|page=156}}</ref><ref name="jstor">{{cite journal|author=H. W. Menard and Robert L. Fisher|jstor=30080925|title=Clipperton Fracture in the Northeastern Equatorial Pacific|journal= The Journal of Geology|volume=66|issue=3|year=1958|doi=10.1086/626502|bibcode=1958JG.....66..239M|pages=239–253}}</ref> It roughly forms a line on the same latitude as [[Kiribati]] and [[Clipperton Island]]. |
The '''Clipperton Fracture Zone''', also known as the '''Clarion-Clipperton Zone''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/18ccz/background/mining/mining.html|title=DeepCCZ: Deep-sea Mining Interests in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone|last=|first=|date=|website=NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research|language=EN-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> is a geological submarine [[fracture zone]] of the [[Pacific Ocean]], with a length of around 4500 miles (7240 km).<ref name="EB">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121879/Clipperton-Fracture-Zone|title=Clipperton Fracture Zone|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 November 2011}}</ref> The zone spans approximately {{Convert|4,500,000|km2|mi2|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pew.org/2o4se1P|title=The Clarion-Clipperton Zone|last=|first=|date=|website=Pew Charitable Trusts|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> It is one of the five major lineations of the northern Pacific floor, south of the Clarion Fracture Zone, discovered by the [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] in 1950. The fracture, an unusually mountainous topographical feature, begins east-northeast of the [[Line Islands]] and ends in the [[Middle America Trench]] off the coast of Central America.<ref name="EB" /><ref name="Keating1987">{{cite book|last=Keating|first=Barbara H.|title=Seamounts, islands, and atolls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKCYe5haiCUC&pg=PA156|accessdate=17 November 2011|year=1987|publisher=American Geophysical Union|isbn=978-0-87590-068-1|page=156}}</ref><ref name="jstor">{{cite journal|author=H. W. Menard and Robert L. Fisher|jstor=30080925|title=Clipperton Fracture in the Northeastern Equatorial Pacific|journal= The Journal of Geology|volume=66|issue=3|year=1958|doi=10.1086/626502|bibcode=1958JG.....66..239M|pages=239–253}}</ref> It roughly forms a line on the same latitude as [[Kiribati]] and [[Clipperton Island]]. |
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In 2016, the seafloor in the Clipperton Fracture Zone – an area being |
In 2016, the seafloor in the Clipperton Fracture Zone – an area being researched for [[Deep sea mining|deep-sea mining]] – due to the abundant presence of [[manganese nodule]] resources, was also found to contain an abundance and diversity of life, with more than half of the species collected being new to science.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-07/uoha-aad072616.php|title=Abundant and diverse ecosystem found in area targeted for deep-sea mining|date=29 July 2016|publisher=EurekAlert|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref> The zone is sometimes referred to as the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ),<ref>https://www.isa.org.jm/clarion-clipperton-fracture-zone</ref> with reference to [[Clarion Island]] at the northern edge of the zone. |
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== Geography == |
== Geography == |
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== Deep sea mining == |
== Deep sea mining == |
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The zone, which is administered by the [[International Seabed Authority]], contains [[Nodule (geology)|nodules]] made up of various [[Rare-earth element|rare-earth elements]]. The zone has been divided into 16 mining claims spanning approximately {{Convert|1,000,000|km2|mi2|abbr=}}. Further nine areas, each covering {{Convert|160,000|km2|mi2|abbr=}}, have been set aside for conservation.<ref name=":0" /> The International Seabed Authority estimates that the total amount of nodules in the Clarion Clipperton Zone exceeds 21 billions of tons (Bt), containing about 5.95 Bt of [[manganese]], 0.27 Bt of [[nickel]], 0.23 Bt of [[copper]] and 0.05 Bt of [[cobalt]].<ref name="isa2010">{{cite book|title=A Geological Model of Polymetallic Nodule Deposits in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone and Prospector's Guide for Polymetallic Nodule Deposits in the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Technical Study: No. 6|last1=International Seabed Authority|date=2010|isbn=978-976-95268-2-2}}</ref> |
The zone, which is administered by the [[International Seabed Authority]], contains [[Nodule (geology)|nodules]] made up of various [[Rare-earth element|rare-earth elements]] dubbed as playing an essential role for the [[energy transition]] to a [[low carbon economy]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Church |first1=Clare |last2=Crawford |first2=Alec |title=The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition |date=2020 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |location=Cham |isbn=978-3-030-39066-2 |pages=279–304 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-39066-2_12 |access-date=28 January 2021 |language=en |chapter=Minerals and the Metals for the Energy Transition: Exploring the Conflict Implications for Mineral-Rich, Fragile States}}</ref> The zone has been divided into 16 mining claims spanning approximately {{Convert|1,000,000|km2|mi2|abbr=}}. Further nine areas, each covering {{Convert|160,000|km2|mi2|abbr=}}, have been set aside for conservation.<ref name=":0" /> The International Seabed Authority estimates that the total amount of nodules in the Clarion Clipperton Zone exceeds 21 billions of tons (Bt), containing about 5.95 Bt of [[manganese]], 0.27 Bt of [[nickel]], 0.23 Bt of [[copper]] and 0.05 Bt of [[cobalt]].<ref name="isa2010">{{cite book|title=A Geological Model of Polymetallic Nodule Deposits in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone and Prospector's Guide for Polymetallic Nodule Deposits in the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Technical Study: No. 6|last1=International Seabed Authority|date=2010|isbn=978-976-95268-2-2}}</ref> |
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Areas of the fracture zone that have been licensed for mining are home to |
Areas of the fracture zone that have been licensed for mining are home to a diversity of deep-sea [[Xenophyophorea|xenophyophores]], with a 2017 study finding 34 species new to science in the area. As xenophyophores are highly sensitive to human disturbances, deep-sea mining may have adverse effects on the group; further, as they play a [[Keystone species|keystone]] role in benthic ecosystems their removal could have greater ecological consequences.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-03-01|title=Giant protists (xenophyophores, Foraminifera) are exceptionally diverse in parts of the abyssal eastern Pacific licensed for polymetallic nodule exploration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320716304633|journal=Biological Conservation|language=en|volume=207|pages=106–116|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.006|issn=0006-3207|doi-access=free}}</ref> Research is being conducted by the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], who have observer status in the International Seabed Authority, in order to fully investigate the potential impact of collecting these elements and compare it to the extensively researched [[environmental issues|environmental]] and human impact of [[mining|terrestrial mining]], with the intention of mitigating these impacts through policy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gallagher |first1=Mary Beth |title=Understanding the impact of deep-sea mining |url=https://news.mit.edu/2019/understanding-impact-deep-sea-mining-1206 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |access-date=28 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 08:31, 28 January 2021
The Clipperton Fracture Zone, also known as the Clarion-Clipperton Zone,[1] is a geological submarine fracture zone of the Pacific Ocean, with a length of around 4500 miles (7240 km).[2] The zone spans approximately 4,500,000 square kilometres (1,700,000 sq mi).[3] It is one of the five major lineations of the northern Pacific floor, south of the Clarion Fracture Zone, discovered by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1950. The fracture, an unusually mountainous topographical feature, begins east-northeast of the Line Islands and ends in the Middle America Trench off the coast of Central America.[2][4][5] It roughly forms a line on the same latitude as Kiribati and Clipperton Island.
In 2016, the seafloor in the Clipperton Fracture Zone – an area being researched for deep-sea mining – due to the abundant presence of manganese nodule resources, was also found to contain an abundance and diversity of life, with more than half of the species collected being new to science.[6] The zone is sometimes referred to as the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ),[7] with reference to Clarion Island at the northern edge of the zone.
Geography
The fracture can be divided into four distinct parts:
- The first, 127°–113° W, is a broad, low welt of some 900 miles, with a central trough 10 to 30 miles wide;
- the second, 113°-107° W, is a volcano enriched ridge, 60 miles wide and 330 miles long;
- the third, 107°-101° W, is a low welt with a central trough 1,200–2,400 feet deep which transects the Albatross Plateau; and
- the fourth, 101°-96° W, contains the Tehuantepec Ridge which extends 400 miles northeast to the continental margin.[5]
The Nova-Canton Trough is often seen as an extension of the fracture.[8]
Deep sea mining
The zone, which is administered by the International Seabed Authority, contains nodules made up of various rare-earth elements dubbed as playing an essential role for the energy transition to a low carbon economy.[9] The zone has been divided into 16 mining claims spanning approximately 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi). Further nine areas, each covering 160,000 square kilometres (62,000 sq mi), have been set aside for conservation.[1] The International Seabed Authority estimates that the total amount of nodules in the Clarion Clipperton Zone exceeds 21 billions of tons (Bt), containing about 5.95 Bt of manganese, 0.27 Bt of nickel, 0.23 Bt of copper and 0.05 Bt of cobalt.[10]
Areas of the fracture zone that have been licensed for mining are home to a diversity of deep-sea xenophyophores, with a 2017 study finding 34 species new to science in the area. As xenophyophores are highly sensitive to human disturbances, deep-sea mining may have adverse effects on the group; further, as they play a keystone role in benthic ecosystems their removal could have greater ecological consequences.[11] Research is being conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who have observer status in the International Seabed Authority, in order to fully investigate the potential impact of collecting these elements and compare it to the extensively researched environmental and human impact of terrestrial mining, with the intention of mitigating these impacts through policy.[12]
References
- ^ a b "DeepCCZ: Deep-sea Mining Interests in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone". NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "Clipperton Fracture Zone". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
- ^ "The Clarion-Clipperton Zone". Pew Charitable Trusts. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Keating, Barbara H. (1987). Seamounts, islands, and atolls. American Geophysical Union. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-87590-068-1. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
- ^ a b H. W. Menard and Robert L. Fisher (1958). "Clipperton Fracture in the Northeastern Equatorial Pacific". The Journal of Geology. 66 (3): 239–253. Bibcode:1958JG.....66..239M. doi:10.1086/626502. JSTOR 30080925.
- ^ "Abundant and diverse ecosystem found in area targeted for deep-sea mining". EurekAlert. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ https://www.isa.org.jm/clarion-clipperton-fracture-zone
- ^ Contributions – Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 1972. p. 69. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
- ^ Church, Clare; Crawford, Alec (2020). "Minerals and the Metals for the Energy Transition: Exploring the Conflict Implications for Mineral-Rich, Fragile States". The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 279–304. ISBN 978-3-030-39066-2. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ International Seabed Authority (2010). A Geological Model of Polymetallic Nodule Deposits in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone and Prospector's Guide for Polymetallic Nodule Deposits in the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Technical Study: No. 6. ISBN 978-976-95268-2-2.
- ^ "Giant protists (xenophyophores, Foraminifera) are exceptionally diverse in parts of the abyssal eastern Pacific licensed for polymetallic nodule exploration". Biological Conservation. 207: 106–116. 1 March 2017. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.006. ISSN 0006-3207.
- ^ Gallagher, Mary Beth. "Understanding the impact of deep-sea mining". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 28 January 2021.