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Wahweap Formation: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 37°30′N 111°42′W / 37.5°N 111.7°W / 37.5; -111.7
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| caption =
| caption =
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Campanian]], {{fossilrange|81|76.6}}
| age = [[Campanian]], {{fossilrange|81|76.7}}
| period = Campanian
| period = Campanian
| prilithology =
| prilithology =
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== Age ==
== Age ==
The base of the Wahweap Formation has been dated to ~81 Ma based on the presence of a 80.63 Ma date at the base of the middle member. The top of the uppermost member, the capping sandstone, would be similar to the basal age of the overlying [[Kaiparowits Formation]], therefore around 76.6 Ma. The lower member of the Wahweap would date from ~81-80.7 Ma, the middle member would date from ~80.7-80 Ma, and the upper member would date from ~80-78.7 Ma. The capping sandstone is closer to the Kaiparowits Formation in deposition and there would have been a gap between the upper and capping sandstone members of the Wahweap Formation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Albright|first=L. Barry|last2=Titus|first2=Alan L.|date=2016|title=Magnetostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous strata in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah: The Santonian–Campanian Stage boundary, reassessment of the C33N/C33R magnetochron boundary, and implications for regional sedimentation patterns within the Sevier Foreland Basin|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297896921_Magnetostratigraphy_of_Upper_Cretaceous_strata_in_Grand_Staircase-Escalante_National_Monument_southern_Utah_The_Santonian-Campanian_Stage_boundary_reassessment_of_the_C33NC33R_magnetochron_boundary_an|journal=Cretaceous Research|language=en|volume=63|pages=77–94|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2016.03.004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fowler|first=Denver Warwick|date=2017-11-22|title=Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188426|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=11|pages=e0188426|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188426|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5699823|pmid=29166406}}</ref>
The base of the Wahweap Formation has been estimated to be ~81 Ma based on the presence of a 80.63 Ma date at the base of the middle member. The top of the uppermost member, the capping sandstone, would be similar to the basal age of the overlying [[Kaiparowits Formation]], therefore around 76.7 Ma. The lower member of the Wahweap would date from ~81-80.7 Ma, the middle member would date from ~80.7-79.7 Ma, and the upper member would date from ~79.7-78.8 Ma. The capping sandstone is closer to the Kaiparowits Formation in deposition and there would have been a gap between the upper and capping sandstone members of the Wahweap Formation. The capping sandstone would then date ~77-76.7 Ma, based on a 77 Ma date from the base of the sandstone.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Albright|first=L. Barry|last2=Titus|first2=Alan L.|date=2016|title=Magnetostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous strata in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah: The Santonian–Campanian Stage boundary, reassessment of the C33N/C33R magnetochron boundary, and implications for regional sedimentation patterns within the Sevier Foreland Basin|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297896921_Magnetostratigraphy_of_Upper_Cretaceous_strata_in_Grand_Staircase-Escalante_National_Monument_southern_Utah_The_Santonian-Campanian_Stage_boundary_reassessment_of_the_C33NC33R_magnetochron_boundary_an|journal=Cretaceous Research|language=en|volume=63|pages=77–94|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2016.03.004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fowler|first=Denver Warwick|date=2017-11-22|title=Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188426|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=11|pages=e0188426|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188426|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5699823|pmid=29166406}}</ref>


==Paleobiota==
==Paleobiota==
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The Wahweap Formation shows a substantial amount of invertebrate activity ranging from fossilized insect burrows in [[petrified wood|petrified logs]]<ref>De Blieux, Donald D. "Analysis of Jim's hadrosaur site; a dinosaur site in the middle Campanian (Cretaceous) Wahweap Formation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM), southern Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.6, May 2007</ref> to various [[mollusk]]s that characterize the shell beds. Large fossilized crabs are common at most shell bed sites in the Wahweap,<ref>Kirkland, James Ian. "An inventory of paleontological resources in the lower Wahweap Formation (lower Campanian), southern Kaiparowits Plateau, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol.37, no.7, pp.114, Oct 2005.</ref> and over 1,900 [[gastropod]] specimens (of four likely genera) have been unearthed in the formation's [[siltstone]].<ref name="Williams">Williams, Jessica A J; Lohrengel, C Frederick. ''Preliminary study of freshwater gastropods in the Wahweap Formation, Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah.'' Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.43, May 2007</ref>
The Wahweap Formation shows a substantial amount of invertebrate activity ranging from fossilized insect burrows in [[petrified wood|petrified logs]]<ref>De Blieux, Donald D. "Analysis of Jim's hadrosaur site; a dinosaur site in the middle Campanian (Cretaceous) Wahweap Formation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM), southern Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.6, May 2007</ref> to various [[mollusk]]s that characterize the shell beds. Large fossilized crabs are common at most shell bed sites in the Wahweap,<ref>Kirkland, James Ian. "An inventory of paleontological resources in the lower Wahweap Formation (lower Campanian), southern Kaiparowits Plateau, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol.37, no.7, pp.114, Oct 2005.</ref> and over 1,900 [[gastropod]] specimens (of four likely genera) have been unearthed in the formation's [[siltstone]].<ref name="Williams">Williams, Jessica A J; Lohrengel, C Frederick. ''Preliminary study of freshwater gastropods in the Wahweap Formation, Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah.'' Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.43, May 2007</ref>


===Fishes===
===Elasmobranchs===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
In addition to terrestrial vertebrates, [[freshwater fish]] fossils have been uncovered from the Wahweap which include [[bowfin]] vertebrae,<ref name="Williams" /> [[Batoidea|ray]] teeth,<ref>Thompson, Cameron R. "A preliminary report on biostratigraphy of Cretaceous freshwater rays, Wahweap Formation and John Henry Member of the Straight Cliffs Formation, southern Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol.36, no.4, pp.91, Apr 2004</ref> and probable [[lungfish]] burrows.<ref>Orsulak, Megan et al. "A lungfish burrow in late Cretaceous upper capping sandstone member of the Wahweap Formation Cockscomb area, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.43, May 2007</ref>
|+
! colspan="7" |[[Elasmobranchii|Elasmobranchs]] of the Wahweap Formation
|-
!Taxon
!Species
!Locality
!Member
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|''[[Cantioscyllium]]''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Kirkland|first=James I.|title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah|last2=Eaton|first2=Jeffrey G.|last3=Brinkman|first3=Donald B.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780253008961|editor-last=Titus|editor-first=Alan L.|location=Bloomington|pages=153-194|chapter=Elasmobranchs from Upper Cretaceous Freshwater Facies in Southern Utah|editor-last2=Loewen|editor-first2=Mark A.|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/5063358/Elasmobranchs_from_Upper_Cretaceous_Freshwater_Facies_in_Southern_Utah}}</ref>
|''C. estesi''
|
* MNA Locality 705
* MNA Locality 455-1
* UMNH VP Locality 82
|
|'''MNA V10230-32''', '''MNA V10384-85''', '''MNA 10390''', '''UMNH VP 18915-16''', '''UMNH VP 18919'''; teeth
|A [[Nurse sharks|nurse shark]] which inhabited freshwater.
| rowspan="8" |[[File:Chiloscyllium griseum.jpg|thumb|''Chiloscyllium griseum'' ([[grey bamboo shark]])]][[File:Hybodus NT.jpg|thumb|''Hybodus fraasi'']]
|-
|''[[Chiloscyllium]]''<ref name=":3" />
|''C. missouriense''
|
* UMNH VP Locality 77
* MNA Locality 455-1
|
|'''MNA V10386''', '''UMNH VP 18880''', '''UMNH VP 18882''', '''UMMNH VP 18886''', '''UMNH VP 18887''', '''UMNH VP 18888'''; teeth
|A [[Bamboo Shark|bamboo shark]] which inhabited freshwater. One specimen is similar to ''[[Restesia americana]].''
|-
|''[[Columbusia]]''<ref name=":3" />
|''C. deblieuxi''
|UMNH VP Locality 77
|
|'''UMNH VP 18877''', '''UMNH VP 18879''', '''UMNH VP 18836''', '''UMNH VP 18876''', '''UMNH VP 18878'''; teeth
|A [[Sclerorhynchidae|sclerorhynchid]] ray, closely related to ''[[Squatirhina]].''
|-
|''[[Cristomylus]]''<ref name=":3" />
|''C. ciffelli''
|
* MNA Locality 456-1
* UMNH VP Locality 77
* UMNH VP Locality 82
|
|
* '''MNA V9531''', '''MNA V9568''', '''MNA V9600''', '''UMNH VP 17393'''; [[Symphysis|symphysial]] teeth
* '''MNA V9502''', '''MNA V9525''', '''MNA V9569''', '''MNA V9633''', '''MNA V9635''', '''MNA V9652''', '''UMNH VP 17393''', '''UMNH VP 17395''', '''UMNH VP 17399''', '''UMNH VP 17404'''; small teeth
* '''MNA V9593''', '''MNA V9683''', '''MNA V9686''', '''UMNH VP 17401'''; large teeth
|A small guitarfish, suited for handling hard-shelled prey.
|-
|''[[Hybodus]]''<ref name=":3" />
|''H.'' sp.
|MNA Locality 456-2
|
|'''MNA V10387'''; Tooth
|A large hybodont shark reaching over {{Convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length. Normally a marine species but would enter freshwater environments
|-
|''[[Lonchidion]]''<ref name=":3" />
|''L.'' sp.
|UMNH VP Locality 82
|
|'''UMNH VP 18917'''; Tooth
|Smaller than ''Lonchidon selachos.''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Texatrygon]]''<ref name=":3" />
|''T. brycensis''
|
* UMNH VP Locality 77
* UMNH VP Locality 82
|
|
* '''UMNH VP 18882-83;''' Rostral teeth
* '''UMNH VP 18836''', '''UMNH VP 18885''', '''UMNH VP 18889-94''', '''UMNH VP 18920'''; Oral teeth
* '''UMNH VP 18918'''; denticle
|A [[sawfish]].
|}


===Dinosaurs===
=== Osteichthyes ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="7" |[[Osteichthyes]] of the Wahweap Formation
|-
!Taxon
!Genus
!Locality
!Member
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|''[[Lepidotes]]''<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Brinkman|first=Donald B.|title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah|last2=Newbrey|first2=Michael G.|last3=Neuman|first3=Andrew G.|last4=Eaton|first4=Jeffrey G.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780253008961|editor-last=Titus|editor-first=Alan L.|location=Bloomington|pages=195-236|chapter=Freshwater Osteichthyes from the Cenomanian to Late Campanian of Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah|editor-last2=Loewen|editor-first2=Mark A.|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Donald_Brinkman2/publication/289813917_Freshwater_osteichthyes_from_the_cenomanian_to_late_campanian_of_grand_staircase-escalante_national_monument_Utah/links/5800e99b08ae1d2d72eae27f/Freshwater-osteichthyes-from-the-cenomanian-to-late-campanian-of-grand-staircase-escalante-national-monument-Utah.pdf}}</ref>
|Indeterminate
|
|
|Teeth
|A [[Semionotiformes|seminotiform]] fish, no extant relatives live today.
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Bonefish Albula vulpes.jpg|thumb|''Albula vulpes'' ([[Bonefish]])]]
|-
|''[[Micropycnodon]]''
|''M.'' sp.
|MNA Locality 706-2
|
|'''MNA V10336'''; pharyngeal tooth
|A [[Pycnodontiformes|pycnodontiform]] fish, adapted to crush its prey.
|-
|''[[Paralbula]]''
|''P.'' sp.
|
|
|Teeth
|A [[Bonefishes|bonefish]] which is adapted to eating hard-shelled prey.
|-
|[[Polyodontidae]]<ref name=":4" />
|Indeterminate
|MNA Locality 456-2
|
|'''MNA 10356'''; denticle
|A [[paddlefish]], very rare in the Wahweap Formation.
|}


=== Salamanders ===
Dinosaurs known from the Wahweap include, at least 2 species of [[hadrosaur]], at least two [[ceratopsian]]s<ref>http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/articles/pdf/horned_dinos_39-3.pdf</ref> and at least one [[theropod]].<ref>John Wesley Powell Memorial Museum display, visited April 30, 2009</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="7" |[[Lissamphibia|Lissamphibians]] of the Wahweap Formation
|-
!Taxon
!Species
!Locality
!Member
!Material
!Notes
!Images
|-
|Gen. nov.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Gardner|first=James D.|title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah|last2=Eaton|first2=Jeffrey G.|last3=Cifelli|first3=Richard L.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780253008961|editor-last=Titus|editor-first=Alan L.|location=Bloomington|pages=237-272|chapter=Preliminary Report on Salamanders (Lissamphibia; Caudata) from the Late Cretaceous (Late Cenomanian–Late Campanian) of Southern Utah, U.S.A.|editor-last2=Loewen|editor-first2=Mark A.}}</ref>
|sp. nov.
|UMNH VP Locality 77
|
|'''UMNH VP 19209'''; trunk vertebra
|Higher level relationships are uncertain. Similar to [[Sirenidae|sirenids]], but lacks sirenid synapomorphies.
|
|-
|''[[Opisthotriton]]''<ref name=":5" />
|''O.'' sp.
|UMNH VP Locality 130
|
|
* '''UMNH VP 19194-19198'''; atlantes
* '''UMNH VP 19199-19200'''; trunk vertebrae
|A [[Batrachosauroididae|batrachosauroidid]], a family of extinct aquatic salamanders.
|
|-
|''[[Scapherpeton]]''<ref name=":5" />
|''S.'' sp.
|UMNH VP Locality 77
|
|'''UMNH VP 19186'''; atlas
|A [[Scapherpetontidae|scapherpetontid]].
|
|}

===Dinosaurs===


Dinosaurs known from the Wahweap include at least 2 species of [[hadrosaur]], at least two [[ceratopsian]]s<ref>http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/articles/pdf/horned_dinos_39-3.pdf</ref> and at least one [[theropod]].<ref>John Wesley Powell Memorial Museum display, visited April 30, 2009</ref>
{{paleobiota-key-compact}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" |'''[[Dinosaur]]s of the Wahweap Formation
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Dinosaur]]s of the Wahweap Formation
'''
|-
|-
! Genus
! Taxon
! Species
! Species
!Locality
! Member
! Member
! Material
! Abundance
! Notes
! Notes
! Images
! Images
Line 59: Line 224:
|
|
''A. gagslarsoni''
''A. gagslarsoni''
|"near the junction of Smokey Mountain Road and Right Hand Collet Canyon"
|Upper part of middle
|Upper part of middle
|'''UMNH VP 16607'''; "a partial articulated skull roof including lacrimals and entire braincase, and a single cervical vertebra"
|
|
A hadrosaurid closely related to ''[[Brachylophosaurus]]'' and ''[[Maiasaura]].'' Also known from the [[Two Medicine Formation]].
|
| rowspan="13" |[[File:Acristavus gagslarsoni.jpg|thumb|''Acristavus'']][[File:Adelolophus LM.png|thumb|''Adelolophus'']][[File:Brachylophosaurus NT.png|thumb|''Brachylophosaurus'']][[File:Diabloceratops NT.jpg|thumb|''Diabloceratops'']][[File:Lythronax by Tomopteryx.png|thumb|alt=Lythronax|''Lythronax'']][[File:Machairoceratops NT small.jpg|thumb|''Machairoceratops'']]
A hadrosaurid closely related to ''[[Brachylophosaurus]]'' and ''[[Maiasaura]]''
|[[file:Acristavus gagslarsoni.jpg|thumb|''[[Acristavus]]'' skull]]
|-
|-
|
|
''[[Adelolophus]]''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Gates|first=Terry A.|title=Hadrosaurs|last2=Jinnah|first2=Zubair|last3=Levitt|first3=Carolyn|last4=Getty|first4=Michael A.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780253013859|editor-last=Eberth|editor-first=David A.|location=|pages=156-173|chapter=New Hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) Specimens from the Lower—Middle Campanian Wahweap Formation of Southern Utah|editor-last2=Evans|editor-first2=David Christopher|editor-last3=Ralrick|editor-first3=Patricia E.|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290300564_New_Hadrosaurid_Dinosauria_Ornithopoda_specimens_from_the_lower-middle_campanian_wahweap_formation_of_southern_Utah}}</ref>
''[[Adelolophus]]''<ref name=":2">Gates, Jinnah, Levitt, and Getty, 2014. New hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) specimens from the lower-middle Campanian Wahweap Formation of southern Utah. pp. 156–173. In The Hadrosaurs: Proceedings of the International Hadrosaur Symposium (D. A. Eberth and D. C. Evans, eds), Indiana University Press, Bloomington.</ref>
|
|
''A. hutchisoni''
''A. hutchisoni''
|UCMP V98173<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holroyd|first=Patricia A.|last2=Hutchison|first2=J. Howard|date=2016-06-09|title=Fauna and setting of the ''Adelolophus hutchisoni'' type locality in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Wahweap Formation of Utah|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p9448w7/qt8p9448w7.pdf|journal=PaleoBios|language=en|volume=33|issue=0|pages=|issn=0031-0298|via=}}</ref>
|Lower part of upper
|Lower part of upper
|
|
One partial {{dinogloss|maxilla}}.
'''UCMP 152028'''; partial {{dinogloss|maxilla}}
|
|
A [[lambeosaurine]] [[hadrosaurid]].
A [[lambeosaurine]] [[hadrosaurid]], possibly a [[Parasaurolophini|parasaurolophin]].
|[[File:Adelolophus LM.png|thumb|''[[Adelolophus]]'']]
|-
|-
|[[Ankylosauridae]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Loewen|first=Mark A.|title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase-The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah|last2=Burns|first2=Michael E.|last3=Getty|first3=Michael E.|last4=Kirkland|first4=James I.|last5=Matthew K.|first5=Vickaryous|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780253008961|editor-last=Titus|editor-first=Alan L.|pages=445-462|chapter=Review of Late Cretaceous Ankylosaurian Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase Region, Southern Utah|editor-last2=Loewen|editor-first2=Mark A.|chapter-url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52584778/2013_Loewen_et_al_Ankylosaurs_AtTGS_C18.pdf?1491938132=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DLoewen_et_al_Ankylosaurs_AtTGS_C.pdf&Expires=1607651316&Signature=NVINXXyvnmI17zskosTTBkRqanEMCLrPYTdHzN5XVpSAtvPzpO48mUIPJ3H5x8EFX02bs7GIYByT9as0fLRQqe8nUuyzYUhlZsyD6ybPjkS3CcD35OLzSWrVx5~rVormDRpodoKM5uVs4yh5l8BEJv-fk6obV6hcRSaEqM57HVONB1Hb6caK2NbZlhMc~X1Du1jos~NZ-ho9hp2f4FpU0fMLo7-rUuRju5jCU7VQCYWl3koHOZDYU7-56tqEIRbVs8gKtXU9EwXQzyc6l1vOJGXpdLUQmQ-BeyiunJt0sH~~7agUDSHrpyufwaQBr~qmLx0Yro0IEcGUmplqX0esMw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA}}</ref>
|[[Ankylosauridae]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Loewen|first=Mark A.|title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase-The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah|last2=Burns|first2=Michael E.|last3=Getty|first3=Michael E.|last4=Kirkland|first4=James I.|last5=Matthew K.|first5=Vickaryous|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780253008961|editor-last=Titus|editor-first=Alan L.|location=Bloomington|pages=445-462|chapter=Review of Late Cretaceous Ankylosaurian Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase Region, Southern Utah|editor-last2=Loewen|editor-first2=Mark A.|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/32383049/Loewen_et_al_Ankylosaurs_AtTGS_C?pls=RHC1nnpvlZ}}</ref>
|Indeterminate
|Indeterminate
|
|Upper
|Upper
|'''OMNH 21280''' (in part), '''OMNH 21858''', '''OMNH 24276'''; Teeth
|Teeth
|
|
|
|-
|-
|''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gates|first=Terry A.|title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah|last2=Lund|first2=Eric K.|last3=Boyd|first3=C.A.|last4=DeBlieux|first4=Donald D.|last5=Titus|first5=Alan L.|last6=Evans|first6=David C.|last7=Getty|first7=Michael A.|last8=Kirkland|first8=James I.|last9=Eaton|first9=Jeffrey J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780253008961|editor-last=Titus|editor-first=Alan L.|pages=463-481|chapter=Ornithopod Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument Region, Utah, and Their Role in Paleobiogeographic and Macroevolutionary Studies|editor-last2=Loewen|editor-first2=Mark A.|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Terry_Gates/publication/259970123_Ornithopod_Dinosaurs_from_the_Grand_Staircase-Escalante_National_Monument_Region_Utah_and_Their_Role_in_Paleobiogeographic_and_Macroevolutionary_Studies/links/0a85e52ebc1cb66d89000000/Ornithopod-Dinosaurs-from-the-Grand-Staircase-Escalante-National-Monument-Region-Utah-and-Their-Role-in-Paleobiogeographic-and-Macroevolutionary-Studies.pdf}}</ref>
|''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gates|first=Terry A.|title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah|last2=Lund|first2=Eric K.|last3=Boyd|first3=C.A.|last4=DeBlieux|first4=Donald D.|last5=Titus|first5=Alan L.|last6=Evans|first6=David C.|last7=Getty|first7=Michael A.|last8=Kirkland|first8=James I.|last9=Eaton|first9=Jeffrey J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780253008961|editor-last=Titus|editor-first=Alan L.|location=Bloomington|pages=463-481|chapter=Ornithopod Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument Region, Utah, and Their Role in Paleobiogeographic and Macroevolutionary Studies|editor-last2=Loewen|editor-first2=Mark A.|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Terry_Gates/publication/259970123_Ornithopod_Dinosaurs_from_the_Grand_Staircase-Escalante_National_Monument_Region_Utah_and_Their_Role_in_Paleobiogeographic_and_Macroevolutionary_Studies/links/0a85e52ebc1cb66d89000000/Ornithopod-Dinosaurs-from-the-Grand-Staircase-Escalante-National-Monument-Region-Utah-and-Their-Role-in-Paleobiogeographic-and-Macroevolutionary-Studies.pdf}}</ref>
|Indeterminate
|Indeterminate
|Death Ridge
|Uppermost
|Uppermost
|"Partial limb bones and a partial maxilla."
|'''UMNH VP 4548'''; "Partial limb bones and a partial maxilla"
|Different from ''Acristavus.''
|Different from ''Acristavus.''
|[[File:Brachylophosaurus NT.png|thumb|''[[Brachylophosaurus]]'']]
|-
|-
|[[Centrosaurinae]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Loewen|first=Mark A.|title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah|last2=Farke|first2=Andrew A.|last3=Sampson|first3=Scott D.|last4=Getty|first4=Michael A.|last5=Lund|first5=Eric K.|last6=O'Connor|first6=Patrick M.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780253008961|editor-last=Titus|editor-first=Alan L.|pages=488-503|chapter=Ceratopsid Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase of Southern Utah|editor-last2=Loewen|editor-first2=Mark A.|chapter-url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52584773/2013_Loewen_et_al_Ceratopsids_IUP_AtTGS_C21.pdf?1491938128=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DCeratopsid_Dinosaurs_from_the_Grand_Stai.pdf&Expires=1607294020&Signature=Yx92ruwrRLbi97rLWCL7aXDAPiRP7QRcNcl1oQJtLkGzrB8sDICUBpJ5p4EM~0ErhMnSP2rsy~sjW~lwB6VvBFSuuEzd1ZzMXjouNjUjSKg2atTJDBfPXSusoBOyJj9~58g6CoJlZ1waKVUiwJ9d0y1XqKErWqXGJxgUWkoPWbDJTuwusLt1RUJkjtIvB~-I8zEjXuAfvbVbnGo4Nx2qLmOZwWQlJVufRbVh-4BY~rvbVZGJ6wPbOQbkDOsJAYKR~VfAj-c5wK26K92PLZXAZxouSdG145sKb9YZ~9NXlz9lX7sDYfjfbjcsyJTiIRV8gHZXd9hWCB3gpqXmksSbYg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA}}</ref>
|[[Centrosaurinae]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Loewen|first=Mark A.|title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah|last2=Farke|first2=Andrew A.|last3=Sampson|first3=Scott D.|last4=Getty|first4=Michael A.|last5=Lund|first5=Eric K.|last6=O'Connor|first6=Patrick M.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780253008961|editor-last=Titus|editor-first=Alan L.|location=Bloomington|pages=488-503|chapter=Ceratopsid Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase of Southern Utah|editor-last2=Loewen|editor-first2=Mark A.|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/32383050/Ceratopsid_Dinosaurs_from_the_Grand_Staircase_of_Southern_Utah}}</ref>
|Indeterminate
|Indeterminate
|Nipple Butte
|Upper part of lower
|Upper part of lower
|Partial skull.
|'''UMNH VP 16704'''; Partial skull
|Originally referred to ''Diabloceratops,'' but is more derived.
|Originally referred to ''Diabloceratops,'' but is more derived, possibly a [[Nasutoceratopsini|nasutoceratopsin]].
|
|-
|-
|[[Centrosaurinae]]<ref name=":0" />
|[[Centrosaurinae]]<ref name=":0" />
|Indeteminate
|Indeteminate
|Pilot Knoll
|Upper part of lower
|Upper part of lower
|"A partial braincase and a nearly complete parietosquamosal frill."
|'''UMNH VP 25600'''; "A partial braincase and a nearly complete parietosquamosal frill"
|Also known as "Wahweap Centrosaurine A."
|Also known as "Wahweap Centrosaurine A." Similar to ''[[Albertaceratops]].''
|
|-
|-
|[[Centrosaurinae]]<ref name=":0" />
|[[Centrosaurinae]]<ref name=":0" />
|Indeterminate
|Indeterminate
|
|Uppermost
|Uppermost
|"Partial frill and some postcranial elements"
|'''UMNH VP 9549'''; "Partial frill and some postcranial elements"
|Also known as "Wahweap Centrosaurine C."
|Also known as "Wahweap Centrosaurine C." Possibly has spikes similar to ''[[Styracosaurus]].''
|
|-
|-
|
|
''[[Diabloceratops]]''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kirkland|first=James I.|title=New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium|last2=Deblieux|first2=Donald D.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780253007797|editor-last=Ryan|editor-first=M.J.|location=Bloomington|pages=117-140|chapter=New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, southern Utah|editor-last2=Chinnery-Allgeier|editor-first2=B.J.|editor-last3=Eberth|editor-first3=D.A.|chapter-url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/942413/Kirkland___DeBlieux_2010__Diabloceratops_preprint_w_figs.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DKirkland_J_I_and_DeBlieux_D_D_2010_New_b.pdf&Expires=1612042784&Signature=dRCzcX-hXjqTB4aqUHD4Am1ku4HHnsy499syx5EBl8tH~8FFcGr0X8LXlvJmMd3ayfYgzDCh3z3w9yiWAN35eNc-epBK7c8OlupAAm0mZMA9qWBtWI5KXs8KQu~dzIRdrY0ShOjskJcC1QG-x5DU1GjUUagzDr3yRj-pmXlGbLGCC1t7If25rWiUxtZksnVW-9tedkQ229z5pQ3rPu-mI31s01HL11iF7sKZDaA0yXVl2o2bkE4bCD9GFT8KC56TJDPqiracSIIeWc~5pPcS7z9YncOwh~e04wUgZuVb-LYsquI9qmPZnXjuDcErVdEOoC1z8purZAW1~dD4XCaxGQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA}}</ref>
''[[Diabloceratops]]''
|
|
''D. eatoni''
''D. eatoni''
|42Ka800V, south side of [[Last Chance Canyon]]
|Middle part of middle
|Middle part of middle
|
|
'''UMNH VP 166999'''; "a skull preserving the entire left side of the skull and portions of the right side"
Two incomplete skulls
|The older specimen from Nipple Butte may not belong to ''Diabloceratops.''
|The older specimen from Nipple Butte may not belong to ''Diabloceratops.''
|[[File:Diabloceratops NT.jpg|thumb|''[[Diabloceratops]]'']]
|-
|-
|
|
''[[Lythronax]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Loewen|first=Mark A.|last2=Irmis|first2=Randall B.|last3=Sertich|first3=Joseph J. W.|last4=Currie|first4=Philip J.|last5=Sampson|first5=Scott D.|date=2013-11-06|title=Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819173/|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=8|issue=11|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0079420|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3819173|pmid=24223179}}</ref>
''[[Lythronax]]''
|
|
''L. argestes''
''L. argestes''
|UMNH VP Locality 1501
|Lower part of middle
|Lower part of middle
|A partial skeleton.
|'''UMNH VP 20200'''; partial skeleton
|
|
A [[tyrannosaurine]]
A [[tyrannosaurine]]
|[[File:Lythronax by Tomopteryx.png|thumb|alt=Lythronax|''[[Lythronax]]'']]
|-
|-
|
|
''[[Machairoceratops]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lund|first=Eric K.|last2=O’Connor|first2=Patrick M.|last3=Loewen|first3=Mark A.|last4=Jinnah|first4=Zubair A.|date=2016-05-18|title=A New Centrosaurine Ceratopsid, Machairoceratops cronusi gen et sp. nov., from the Upper Sand Member of the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Southern Utah|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4871575/|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=11|issue=5|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0154403|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4871575|pmid=27192148}}</ref>
''[[Machairoceratops]]''
|
|
''M. cronusi''
''M. cronusi''
|Star Seep
|Upper
|Upper
|
|
A partial skull
'''UMNH VP 20550'''; partial skull
| A centrosaurine closely related to ''Diabloceratops.'' Previously known as "Wahweap Centrosaurine B."
| A centrosaurine closely related to ''Diabloceratops.'' Previously known as "Wahweap Centrosaurine B."
|[[File:Machairoceratops NT small.jpg|thumb|''[[Machairoceratops]]'']]
|-
|-
|[[Nodosauridae]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Nodosauridae]]<ref name=":1" />
|Indeterminate
|Indeterminate
|
|?Lower, Middle and Upper
|?Lower, Middle and Upper
|Teeth, some osteoderms, a cranium(lost), and a partial skeleton
|The skeleton was under excavation as of 2013. The cranium was only tentatively identified as a nodosaurid, but can't be confirmed.
|
|
* '''OMNH 21280''' (in part), '''OMNH 21992''', '''OMNH 24278'''; Teeth
* '''UMNH VP 13981''', '''UMNH VP 15664''', '''UMNH VP 16408''', '''UMNH VP 21207'''; osteoderms
* a cranium (lost)
* a partial skeleton
|The skeleton was under excavation as of 2013. The cranium was only tentatively identified as a nodosaurid, but now can't be confirmed.
|-
|-
|[[Pachycephalosauria|Pachycephalosauridae]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Evans|first=David C.|title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah|last2=Williamson|first2=Thomas|last3=Loewen|first3=Mark A.|last4=Kirkland|first4=James I.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780253008961|editor-last=Titus|editor-first=Alan L.|location=Bloomington|pages=482-487|chapter=Review of Pachycephalosaurian Dinosaurs from Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Southern Utah|editor-last2=Loewen|editor-first2=Mark A.}}</ref>
|[[Pachycephalosauria|Pachycephalosauridae]]
|Indeterminate
|Indeterminate
|Clints Cove
|Lower part of middle
|Lower part of middle
|"Isolated teeth and incomplete frontoparietal dome"
|
|
|
* '''UMNH VP 11939'''; incomplete frontoparietal dome
* some isolated teeth
|The dome doesn't preserve diagnostic features, so its affinity with other pachycephalosaurids is uncertain.
|-
|-
|[[Saurolophinae]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[Saurolophinae]]<ref name=":2" />
|Indeterminate
|Indeterminate
|
|Middle
|Middle
|Two skeletons, one adult, one juvenile
|Probably represents a new distinct taxon.
|
|
* '''UMNH VP 21087'''; partial juvenile skeleton
* '''UMNH VP 13881'''; partial adult skeleton
|Probably represents a new distinct taxon.
|}
|}


Revision as of 15:54, 7 February 2021

Wahweap Formation
Stratigraphic range: Campanian, 81–76.7 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofKaiparowits Plateau
UnderliesKaiparowits Formation
OverliesStraight Cliffs Formation
Location
Coordinates37°30′N 111°42′W / 37.5°N 111.7°W / 37.5; -111.7
RegionNorth America
Country USA
ExtentSouthern Utah, Northern Arizona
Type section
Named forWahweap Creek

The Wahweap Formation of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument is a geological formation in southern Utah and northern Arizona, around the Lake Powell region, whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous (Campanian stage). Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.[1]

Age

The base of the Wahweap Formation has been estimated to be ~81 Ma based on the presence of a 80.63 Ma date at the base of the middle member. The top of the uppermost member, the capping sandstone, would be similar to the basal age of the overlying Kaiparowits Formation, therefore around 76.7 Ma. The lower member of the Wahweap would date from ~81-80.7 Ma, the middle member would date from ~80.7-79.7 Ma, and the upper member would date from ~79.7-78.8 Ma. The capping sandstone is closer to the Kaiparowits Formation in deposition and there would have been a gap between the upper and capping sandstone members of the Wahweap Formation. The capping sandstone would then date ~77-76.7 Ma, based on a 77 Ma date from the base of the sandstone.[2][3]

Paleobiota

Invertebrates

The Wahweap Formation shows a substantial amount of invertebrate activity ranging from fossilized insect burrows in petrified logs[4] to various mollusks that characterize the shell beds. Large fossilized crabs are common at most shell bed sites in the Wahweap,[5] and over 1,900 gastropod specimens (of four likely genera) have been unearthed in the formation's siltstone.[6]

Elasmobranchs

Elasmobranchs of the Wahweap Formation
Taxon Species Locality Member Material Notes Images
Cantioscyllium[7] C. estesi
  • MNA Locality 705
  • MNA Locality 455-1
  • UMNH VP Locality 82
 MNA V10230-32, MNA V10384-85, MNA 10390, UMNH VP 18915-16, UMNH VP 18919; teeth A nurse shark which inhabited freshwater.
Chiloscyllium griseum (grey bamboo shark)
Hybodus fraasi
Chiloscyllium[7] C. missouriense
  • UMNH VP Locality 77
  • MNA Locality 455-1
 MNA V10386, UMNH VP 18880, UMNH VP 18882, UMMNH VP 18886, UMNH VP 18887, UMNH VP 18888; teeth A bamboo shark which inhabited freshwater. One specimen is similar to Restesia americana.
Columbusia[7] C. deblieuxi UMNH VP Locality 77 UMNH VP 18877, UMNH VP 18879, UMNH VP 18836, UMNH VP 18876, UMNH VP 18878; teeth A sclerorhynchid ray, closely related to Squatirhina.
Cristomylus[7] C. ciffelli
  • MNA Locality 456-1
  • UMNH VP Locality 77
  • UMNH VP Locality 82
  • MNA V9531, MNA V9568, MNA V9600, UMNH VP 17393; symphysial teeth
  • MNA V9502, MNA V9525, MNA V9569, MNA V9633, MNA V9635, MNA V9652, UMNH VP 17393, UMNH VP 17395, UMNH VP 17399, UMNH VP 17404; small teeth
  • MNA V9593, MNA V9683, MNA V9686, UMNH VP 17401; large teeth
 A small guitarfish, suited for handling hard-shelled prey.
Hybodus[7] H. sp. MNA Locality 456-2 MNA V10387; Tooth A large hybodont shark reaching over 2 m (6.6 ft) in length. Normally a marine species but would enter freshwater environments
Lonchidion[7] L. sp. UMNH VP Locality 82 UMNH VP 18917; Tooth Smaller than Lonchidon selachos.
Texatrygon[7] T. brycensis
  • UMNH VP Locality 77
  • UMNH VP Locality 82
  • UMNH VP 18882-83; Rostral teeth
  • UMNH VP 18836, UMNH VP 18885, UMNH VP 18889-94, UMNH VP 18920; Oral teeth
  • UMNH VP 18918; denticle
 A sawfish.

Osteichthyes

Osteichthyes of the Wahweap Formation
Taxon Genus Locality Member Material Notes Images
Lepidotes[8] Indeterminate Teeth A seminotiform fish, no extant relatives live today.
Albula vulpes (Bonefish)
Micropycnodon M. sp. MNA Locality 706-2 MNA V10336; pharyngeal tooth A pycnodontiform fish, adapted to crush its prey.
Paralbula P. sp. Teeth A bonefish which is adapted to eating hard-shelled prey.
Polyodontidae[8] Indeterminate MNA Locality 456-2 MNA 10356; denticle A paddlefish, very rare in the Wahweap Formation.

Salamanders

Lissamphibians of the Wahweap Formation
Taxon Species Locality Member Material Notes Images
Gen. nov.[9] sp. nov. UMNH VP Locality 77 UMNH VP 19209; trunk vertebra Higher level relationships are uncertain. Similar to sirenids, but lacks sirenid synapomorphies.
Opisthotriton[9] O. sp. UMNH VP Locality 130
  • UMNH VP 19194-19198; atlantes
  • UMNH VP 19199-19200; trunk vertebrae
 A batrachosauroidid, a family of extinct aquatic salamanders.
Scapherpeton[9] S. sp. UMNH VP Locality 77 UMNH VP 19186; atlas A scapherpetontid.

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs known from the Wahweap include at least 2 species of hadrosaur, at least two ceratopsians[10] and at least one theropod.[11]

Dinosaurs of the Wahweap Formation
Taxon Species Locality Member Material Notes Images

Acristavus[12]

A. gagslarsoni

"near the junction of Smokey Mountain Road and Right Hand Collet Canyon" Upper part of middle UMNH VP 16607; "a partial articulated skull roof including lacrimals and entire braincase, and a single cervical vertebra"

A hadrosaurid closely related to Brachylophosaurus and Maiasaura. Also known from the Two Medicine Formation.

Acristavus
Adelolophus
Brachylophosaurus
Diabloceratops
Lythronax
Lythronax
Machairoceratops

Adelolophus[13]

A. hutchisoni

UCMP V98173[14] Lower part of upper

UCMP 152028; partial maxilla

A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid, possibly a parasaurolophin.

Ankylosauridae[15] Indeterminate Upper OMNH 21280 (in part), OMNH 21858, OMNH 24276; Teeth
Brachylophosaurus[16] Indeterminate Death Ridge Uppermost UMNH VP 4548; "Partial limb bones and a partial maxilla" Different from Acristavus.
Centrosaurinae[17] Indeterminate Nipple Butte Upper part of lower UMNH VP 16704; Partial skull Originally referred to Diabloceratops, but is more derived, possibly a nasutoceratopsin.
Centrosaurinae[17] Indeteminate Pilot Knoll Upper part of lower UMNH VP 25600; "A partial braincase and a nearly complete parietosquamosal frill" Also known as "Wahweap Centrosaurine A." Similar to Albertaceratops.
Centrosaurinae[17] Indeterminate Uppermost UMNH VP 9549; "Partial frill and some postcranial elements" Also known as "Wahweap Centrosaurine C." Possibly has spikes similar to Styracosaurus.

Diabloceratops[18]

D. eatoni

42Ka800V, south side of Last Chance Canyon Middle part of middle

UMNH VP 166999; "a skull preserving the entire left side of the skull and portions of the right side"

The older specimen from Nipple Butte may not belong to Diabloceratops.

Lythronax[19]

L. argestes

UMNH VP Locality 1501 Lower part of middle UMNH VP 20200; partial skeleton

A tyrannosaurine

Machairoceratops[20]

M. cronusi

Star Seep Upper

UMNH VP 20550; partial skull

A centrosaurine closely related to Diabloceratops. Previously known as "Wahweap Centrosaurine B."
Nodosauridae[15] Indeterminate ?Lower, Middle and Upper
  • OMNH 21280 (in part), OMNH 21992, OMNH 24278; Teeth
  • UMNH VP 13981, UMNH VP 15664, UMNH VP 16408, UMNH VP 21207; osteoderms
  • a cranium (lost)
  • a partial skeleton
 The skeleton was under excavation as of 2013. The cranium was only tentatively identified as a nodosaurid, but now can't be confirmed.
Pachycephalosauridae[21] Indeterminate Clints Cove Lower part of middle
  • UMNH VP 11939; incomplete frontoparietal dome
  • some isolated teeth
 The dome doesn't preserve diagnostic features, so its affinity with other pachycephalosaurids is uncertain.
Saurolophinae[13] Indeterminate Middle
  • UMNH VP 21087; partial juvenile skeleton
  • UMNH VP 13881; partial adult skeleton
 Probably represents a new distinct taxon.

Mammals

A maniraptoran dinosaur digging a primitive mammal out of its burrow, as per the 2010 discovery by Simpson et al. of trace fossils indicating a predator–prey relationship in the Wahweap Formation.[22]

A fair number of mammals spanning the lower Campanian are known from the Wahweap as well, including at least 15 genera of multituberculates, cladotherians, marsupials, and placental insectivores.[23]

Trace fossils

Trace fossils are also relatively abundant in the Wahweap, and include vertebrate tracks as well as burrow activity. Tracks preserved in the capping sandstone indicate the presence of crocodylomorphs, which had been previously known in this area only from teeth elements, as well as ornithischian dinosaurs. At least one possible theropod track has been identified in this area as well.[24]

In 2010 a unique trace fossil from the Wahweap was discovered that indicates a predator–prey relationship between dinosaurs and primitive mammals. The trace fossil includes at least two fossilized mammalian den complexes as well as associated digging grooves presumably caused by a maniraptoran dinosaur. The proximity indicates a case of probable active predation of the burrow inhabitants by the owners of the claw marks.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574–588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  2. ^ Albright, L. Barry; Titus, Alan L. (2016). "Magnetostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous strata in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah: The Santonian–Campanian Stage boundary, reassessment of the C33N/C33R magnetochron boundary, and implications for regional sedimentation patterns within the Sevier Foreland Basin". Cretaceous Research. 63: 77–94. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.03.004.
  3. ^ Fowler, Denver Warwick (November 22, 2017). "Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0188426. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188426. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5699823. PMID 29166406.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ De Blieux, Donald D. "Analysis of Jim's hadrosaur site; a dinosaur site in the middle Campanian (Cretaceous) Wahweap Formation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM), southern Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.6, May 2007
  5. ^ Kirkland, James Ian. "An inventory of paleontological resources in the lower Wahweap Formation (lower Campanian), southern Kaiparowits Plateau, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol.37, no.7, pp.114, Oct 2005.
  6. ^ Williams, Jessica A J; Lohrengel, C Frederick. Preliminary study of freshwater gastropods in the Wahweap Formation, Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah. Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.43, May 2007
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Kirkland, James I.; Eaton, Jeffrey G.; Brinkman, Donald B. (2013). "Elasmobranchs from Upper Cretaceous Freshwater Facies in Southern Utah". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 153–194. ISBN 9780253008961.
  8. ^ a b Brinkman, Donald B.; Newbrey, Michael G.; Neuman, Andrew G.; Eaton, Jeffrey G. (2013). "Freshwater Osteichthyes from the Cenomanian to Late Campanian of Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah" (PDF). In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 195–236. ISBN 9780253008961.
  9. ^ a b c Gardner, James D.; Eaton, Jeffrey G.; Cifelli, Richard L. (2013). "Preliminary Report on Salamanders (Lissamphibia; Caudata) from the Late Cretaceous (Late Cenomanian–Late Campanian) of Southern Utah, U.S.A.". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 237–272. ISBN 9780253008961.
  10. ^ http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/articles/pdf/horned_dinos_39-3.pdf
  11. ^ John Wesley Powell Memorial Museum display, visited April 30, 2009
  12. ^ Gates, T.A.; Horner, J.R.; Hanna, R.R.; Nelson, C.R. (2011). "New unadorned hadrosaurine hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) from the Campanian of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (4): 798–811. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.577854.
  13. ^ a b Gates, Terry A.; Jinnah, Zubair; Levitt, Carolyn; Getty, Michael A. (2014). "New Hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) Specimens from the Lower—Middle Campanian Wahweap Formation of Southern Utah". In Eberth, David A.; Evans, David Christopher; Ralrick, Patricia E. (eds.). Hadrosaurs. Indiana University Press. pp. 156–173. ISBN 9780253013859.
  14. ^ Holroyd, Patricia A.; Hutchison, J. Howard (June 9, 2016). "Fauna and setting of the Adelolophus hutchisoni type locality in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Wahweap Formation of Utah" (PDF). PaleoBios. 33 (0). ISSN 0031-0298.
  15. ^ a b Loewen, Mark A.; Burns, Michael E.; Getty, Michael E.; Kirkland, James I.; Matthew K., Vickaryous (2013). "Review of Late Cretaceous Ankylosaurian Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase Region, Southern Utah". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase-The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 445–462. ISBN 9780253008961.
  16. ^ Gates, Terry A.; Lund, Eric K.; Boyd, C.A.; DeBlieux, Donald D.; Titus, Alan L.; Evans, David C.; Getty, Michael A.; Kirkland, James I.; Eaton, Jeffrey J. (2013). "Ornithopod Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument Region, Utah, and Their Role in Paleobiogeographic and Macroevolutionary Studies" (PDF). In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 463–481. ISBN 9780253008961.
  17. ^ a b c Loewen, Mark A.; Farke, Andrew A.; Sampson, Scott D.; Getty, Michael A.; Lund, Eric K.; O'Connor, Patrick M. (2013). "Ceratopsid Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase of Southern Utah". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 488–503. ISBN 9780253008961.
  18. ^ Kirkland, James I.; Deblieux, Donald D. (2010). "New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, southern Utah" (PDF). In Ryan, M.J.; Chinnery-Allgeier, B.J.; Eberth, D.A. (eds.). New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 117–140. ISBN 9780253007797.
  19. ^ Loewen, Mark A.; Irmis, Randall B.; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Currie, Philip J.; Sampson, Scott D. (November 6, 2013). "Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans". PLoS ONE. 8 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079420. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3819173. PMID 24223179.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  20. ^ Lund, Eric K.; O’Connor, Patrick M.; Loewen, Mark A.; Jinnah, Zubair A. (May 18, 2016). "A New Centrosaurine Ceratopsid, Machairoceratops cronusi gen et sp. nov., from the Upper Sand Member of the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Southern Utah". PLoS ONE. 11 (5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154403. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4871575. PMID 27192148.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  21. ^ Evans, David C.; Williamson, Thomas; Loewen, Mark A.; Kirkland, James I. (2013). "Review of Pachycephalosaurian Dinosaurs from Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Southern Utah". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 482–487. ISBN 9780253008961.
  22. ^ a b Simpson, Edward L.; Hilbert-Wolf, Hannah L.; Wizevich, Michael C.; Tindall, Sarah E.; Fasinski, Ben R.; Storm, Lauren P.; Needle, Mattathias D. (2010). "Predatory digging behavior by dinosaurs". Geology. 38 (8): 699–702. doi:10.1130/G31019.1.
  23. ^ Eaton, Jeffrey G; Cifelli, Richard L. "Review of Cretaceous mammalian paleontology; Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah. Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol.37, no.7, pp.115, Oct 2005
  24. ^ Tester, Edward et al. Isolated vertebrate tracks from the Upper Cretaceous capping sandstone member of the Wahweap Formation; Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.42, May 2007
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