Drought in Turkey: Difference between revisions
←Created page with 'thumb|[[Kızılırmak Delta January 2021]] Drought in Turkey in the south and center of the country, is common a...' |
(No difference)
|
Revision as of 09:36, 30 March 2021
Drought in Turkey in the south and center of the country, is common and is forecast to become more frequent due to climate change in Turkey. Most water loss is due to poor irrigation.
Water resources
Turkey's renewable water potential, groundwater is 41 billion m 3, surface waters 193 billion m 3, and a total of 234 billion m 3. The amount of underground and surface water that can be used economically and technically is 110 billion m 3 . Countries with 10.000 m 3 fresh water per capita are considered water rich, those less than 1000 m 3 are considered water poor [1] . The amount of water available per person in 2019 was 1400 m 3 [2] with Turkey is the country facing water restrictions. Turkey in 2030, 100 million population, 1100 m 3 per person will go to the poor grade water with the amount of available water [3] . Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations estimates show the best performance in winter and the lowest performance in spring .[4]
Climate
Weather patterns
Much of the climate of Turkey is a Mediterranean climate. Turkey's climate is affected by the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Mediterranean Circulation Index,[5] and the Southern Oscillation Index.[6]
Climate change
Due to climate change, extreme droughts are predicted to increase,[7] for example in Ankara Province.[8]
Geography
Parts of the country are arid or becoming arid. Between 1931 and 2010 extreme drought occurred in 3% of the country, severe drought in 4% and moderate drought in 7%.[9] The lowest precipitation in Turkey is around Lake Tuz[10] at around 35 cm per year.[11]
Major droughts
Severe droughts were experienced in 1804, 1876, 1928,[12] and often since the 1970s.[13]
Recent severe droughts
2007-2008 drought
Between December 2006 and December 2008 there was significantly less winter and autumn precipitation. Hydrological, agricultural and socioeconomic droughts developed due to the meteorological drought. Loss of agricultural products, insufficiency of above ground and underground water, insufficiency and cuts in drinking water in big cities such as Ankara and Istanbul were observed. The drought mostly affected the Aegean, Marmara, Mediterranean and Central Anatolia regions. Drinking water was supplied from the Kızılırmak River to Ankara and from Melen Stream to Istanbul.[13]
2013-2014 drought
The 2012 Eastern and Central Anatolia drought combined with the summer drought of the Mediterranean Climate, was experienced as a moderate and severe drought in most of the country in 2013. The total amount of precipitation between October 1, 2013 and January 17, 2014 was about half of the same period in the previous year and 37% below the long-term average.[13]
2020-2021 drought
Precipitation was below average from mid-2019, and particularly the second half of 2020, and the drought mainly impacted agriculture in Turkey,[14] because big city reservoirs received rain before they ran out.[15]
Desertification risk
More than 60% (51.5 mil. ha) of environmentally sensitive areas are fragile and critical.[16]
Agriculture
Grain in Konya Province is affected[17] Almost three-quarters of the water supply is used for irrigation[18] and most water loss is due to poor irrigation,[19] and more widespread use of drip irrigation has been suggested.[13]
Other uses of water
Hydroelectricity in Turkey is reduced by climate change.[20]
Methods to combat drought include better protecting river basins,[21] building underground dams, [22] rainwater harvesting, use of grey water[23] and praying for rain.[24]
References
- ^ "Küresel Isinma ve İkli̇m Deği̇şi̇kli̇ği̇ni̇n Su Kaynaklarina Etki̇leri̇" (PDF). imo.org.tr.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Türkiye'de kişi başına düşen su miktarı yılda 1400 metreküp". Anadolu Agency. 18 November 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Türkiye'nin Mevcut Su Kıtlığı Sorunu - 2007" (PDF). imo.org.tr.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Aksu, Hakan; Akgül, Mehmet Ali (2020-10-01). "Performance evaluation of CHIRPS satellite precipitation estimates over Turkey". Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 142 (1): 71–84. doi:10.1007/s00704-020-03301-5. ISSN 1434-4483.
- ^ Topuz, Muhammet; Feidas, Haralambos; Karabulut, Murat (2020). "Trend analysis of precipitation data in Turkey and relations to atmospheric circulation: (1955-2013)". Italian Journal of Agrometeorology (2): 91–107. doi:10.13128/ijam-887. ISSN 2038-5625.
- ^ Harisuseno, Donny (2020-10-01). "Meteorological Drought and its Relationship with Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)". Civil Engineering Journal. 6 (10): 1864–1875. doi:10.28991/cej-2020-03091588. ISSN 2476-3055.
- ^ Gönençgil, Barbaros; Acar, Zahide (2021), Lois-González, Rubén Camilo (ed.), "Turkey: Clımate Variability, Extreme Temperature, and Precipitation", Geographies of Mediterranean Europe, Springer Geography, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 167–180, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49464-3_8, ISBN 978-3-030-49464-3, retrieved 2021-03-29
- ^ "Climate change impact assessment on mild and extreme drought events using copulas over Ankara, Turkey". ODTÜ - Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi. 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- ^ Dabanlı, İsmail; Mishra, Ashok K.; Şen, Zekai (2017-09-01). "Long-term spatio-temporal drought variability in Turkey". Journal of Hydrology. 552: 779–792. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.07.038. ISSN 0022-1694.
- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Lake Tuz Special Environmental Protection Area (SEPA)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
- ^ Aydin, Fulya; Erlat, Ecmel; Türkeş, Murat (2020-06-01). "Impact of climate variability on the surface of Lake Tuz (Turkey), 1985–2016". Regional Environmental Change. 20 (2): 68. doi:10.1007/s10113-020-01656-z. ISSN 1436-378X.
- ^ "Droughts in Turkey". Climatechangepost.com. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- ^ a b c d Kurnaz, Levent (April 2014). "Drought in Turkey" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Drought in Turkey" (PDF). Global Drought Observatory (GDO) of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS). January 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "GDO Analytical Report: Drought in Turkey". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. January 2021.
- ^ Uzuner, Çağlar; Dengiz, Orhan (2020-07-01). "Desertification risk assessment in Turkey based on environmentally sensitive areas". Ecological Indicators. 114: 106295. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106295. ISSN 1470-160X.
- ^ "Better irrigation saves water, energy in Turkish grain hub Konya". Daily Sabah. 2021-02-08. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- ^ "Fresh water resources in Turkey". Climatechangepost.com. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
- ^ "Poor irrigation main cause of water loss, data shows - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- ^ "Impacts of climate change and distribution of precipitation on hydroelectric power generation in Turkey". IOP Science. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1032/1/012043/meta. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Strategy and Action Plans". www.tarimorman.gov.tr. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
- ^ Ateş, Hazal (2020-12-14). "Turkey's action plan to fight drought focuses on saving water sources". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- ^ SABAH, DAILY (2021-01-20). "Rain harvesting, gray water can solve Turkey's drought: Expert". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- ^ "Turkey drought: Istanbul could run out of water in 45 days". the Guardian. 2021-01-13. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
External links
"Kuraklık Analizi" [Drought Analysis]. Turkish State Meteorological Service (in Turkish).
Further reading
- Harmancioglu, Nilgun B.; Altinbilek, Dogan, eds. (2020). Water Resources of Turkey. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11729-0. ISSN 2509-7385.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help)