AIM2: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Add: bibcode, s2cid. | You can use this bot yourself. Report bugs here. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Human chromosome 1 gene stubs | via #UCB_Category 55/803 |
update and addition of information |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Infobox_gene}} |
{{Infobox_gene}} |
||
'''Interferon-inducible protein AIM2''' also known as '''absent in melanoma 2''' or simply '''AIM2''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''AIM2'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9242382">{{cite journal | vauthors = DeYoung KL, Ray ME, Su YA, Anzick SL, Johnstone RW, Trapani JA, Meltzer PS, Trent JM | title = Cloning a novel member of the human interferon-inducible gene family associated with control of tumorigenicity in a model of human melanoma | journal = Oncogene | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 453–7 | date = Aug 1997 | pmid = 9242382 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1201206 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: AIM2 absent in melanoma 2| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9447}}</ref> |
'''Interferon-inducible protein AIM2''' also known as '''absent in melanoma 2''' or simply '''AIM2''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''AIM2'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9242382">{{cite journal | vauthors = DeYoung KL, Ray ME, Su YA, Anzick SL, Johnstone RW, Trapani JA, Meltzer PS, Trent JM | title = Cloning a novel member of the human interferon-inducible gene family associated with control of tumorigenicity in a model of human melanoma | journal = Oncogene | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 453–7 | date = Aug 1997 | pmid = 9242382 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1201206 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: AIM2 absent in melanoma 2| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9447}}</ref> |
||
AIM2 is a cytoplasmic sensor that recognizes the presence of double-stranded [[DNA]] (dsDNA) of microbial or host cellular origin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Man|first=Si Ming|last2=Karki|first2=Rajendra|last3=Kanneganti|first3=Thirumala-Devi|date=2016-02|title=AIM2 inflammasome in infection, cancer, and autoimmunity: Role in DNA sensing, inflammation, and innate immunity|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/eji.201545839|journal=European Journal of Immunology|language=en|volume=46|issue=2|pages=269–280|doi=10.1002/eji.201545839|pmc=PMC4758349|pmid=26626159}}</ref> AIM2-like receptor (ALR) family was found on AIM2 and now consists of four members in human genome.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cridland|first=Jasmyn A|last2=Curley|first2=Eva Z|last3=Wykes|first3=Michelle N|last4=Schroder|first4=Kate|last5=Sweet|first5=Matthew J|last6=Roberts|first6=Tara L|last7=Ragan|first7=Mark A|last8=Kassahn|first8=Karin S|last9=Stacey|first9=Katryn J|date=2012|title=The mammalian PYHIN gene family: Phylogeny, evolution and expression|url=http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-12-140|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=140|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-140|issn=1471-2148|pmc=PMC3458909|pmid=22871040}}</ref> Activated AIM2 recruits [[PYCARD|apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC)]], resulting in [[Caspase 1|caspase-1]] binding, and forming of AIM2 [[inflammasome]]. This signaling contributes to the defense against bacterial and viral DNA. |
|||
== Structure == |
== Structure == |
||
Proteins belonging to ALR family usually contain an N-terminal [[Pyrin domain|pyrin (PYD) domain]], and one or two HIN domains. AIM2 consists of two domains connected through a long linker: an N-terminal PYD domain (amino acids 1-87), and a C-terminal HIN-200 domain (amino acids 138-337). The PYD domain mediates homotypic protein-protein interaction, while the HIN domain binds to [[DNA]] with its two tandem oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding (OB) folds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Bing|last2=Yin|first2=Qian|date=2017-12|title=AIM2 inflammasome activation and regulation: A structural perspective|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1047847717301326|journal=Journal of Structural Biology|language=en|volume=200|issue=3|pages=279–282|doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2017.08.001|pmc=PMC5733693|pmid=28813641}}</ref> |
|||
== Function == |
== Function == |
||
AIM2 is a component of the innate immune system that functions as a cytoplasmic dsDNA sensor playing a role in antiviral and antibacterial defenses, as well as in autoimmune diseases involving self [[DNA]]. Together with the adaptor ASC protein AIM2 forms a [[caspase-1]] activating complex known as the AIM2 [[inflammasome]]. |
|||
AIM2 is a member of the [[Ifi202]]/[[IFI16]] family. It plays a putative role in tumorigenic reversion and may control [[cell growth|cell proliferation]]. [[Interferon-gamma]] induces expression of AIM2.<ref name="entrez" /> |
|||
The first step in the formation of AIM2 inflammasome is DNA binding. The HIN domain of AIM2 binds to both strands of B-form dsDNA (either viral, bacterial, or even host) in a sequence-independent manner. However, the DNA sequence must be at least 80 base pairs in length.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jin|first=Tengchuan|last2=Perry|first2=Andrew|last3=Jiang|first3=Jiansheng|last4=Smith|first4=Patrick|last5=Curry|first5=James A.|last6=Unterholzner|first6=Leonie|last7=Jiang|first7=Zhaozhao|last8=Horvath|first8=Gabor|last9=Rathinam|first9=Vijay A.|last10=Johnstone|first10=Ricky W.|last11=Hornung|first11=Veit|date=2012-04|title=Structures of the HIN Domain:DNA Complexes Reveal Ligand Binding and Activation Mechanisms of the AIM2 Inflammasome and IFI16 Receptor|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1074761312001240|journal=Immunity|language=en|volume=36|issue=4|pages=561–571|doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.014|pmc=PMC3334467|pmid=22483801}}</ref> The interaction is mainly electrostatic, where positively charged amino acid residues are coordinating with phosphates and sugar moieties on DNA backbone. Binding of dsDNA displaces [[Pyrin domain|PYD domain]], which then engages the downstream inflammasome adaptor protein [[PYCARD|ASC]] through homotypic PYD-PYD interactions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morrone|first=Seamus R.|last2=Matyszewski|first2=Mariusz|last3=Yu|first3=Xiong|last4=Delannoy|first4=Michael|last5=Egelman|first5=Edward H.|last6=Sohn|first6=Jungsan|date=2015-11|title=Assembly-driven activation of the AIM2 foreign-dsDNA sensor provides a polymerization template for downstream ASC|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms8827|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=7827|doi=10.1038/ncomms8827|issn=2041-1723|pmc=PMC4525163|pmid=26197926}}</ref> ASC is a bipartite PYD-CARD-containing protein. [[CARD domain]] of ASC recruits procaspase-1 (CARD-CARD interaction) to the complex creating the basic structural elements of the AIM2 inflammasome. Caspase-1 autoactivates and processes cleavage of pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18, and [[gasdermin D]]. The N-terminal fragment of gasdermin D induces pyroptosis that allows mature cytokines [[IL-1β]], and [[Interleukin 18|IL-18]] to be released from the cell. |
|||
Though there has been virtually no biochemistry performed, a model based on cell-based or in vivo experiments has led to the current model of how AIM2 triggers the inflammasome. The C-terminal HIN domain binds double stranded [[DNA]] (either viral, bacterial, or even host) and acts as a cytosolic dsDNA sensor. This leads to the oligomerization of the inflammasome complex. The N-terminal pyrin domain of AIM2 interacts with the pyrin domain of another protein [[PYCARD|ASC]] (or Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain). ASC also contains a [[CARD domain]] (caspase activation and recruitment domain), that recruits procaspase-1 to the complex. This leads to the autoactivation of [[caspase 1|caspase-1]], an enzyme that processes proinflammatory [[cytokine]]s ([[IL1B|IL-1b]] and [[interleukin 18|IL-18]]).<ref name="pmid20303873"/> |
|||
AIM2 inflammasome is activated by pharmacological disruption of nuclear envelope integrity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Di Micco A, Frera G, Lugrin J, Jamilloux Y, Hsu ET, Tardivel A, De Gassart A, Zaffalon L, Bujisic B, Siegert S, Quadroni M, Broz P, Henry T, Hrycyna CA, Martinon F | title = AIM2 inflammasome is activated by pharmacological disruption of nuclear envelope integrity | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 113 | issue = 32 | pages = E4671-80 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27462105 | pmc = 4987819 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1602419113 }}</ref> |
|||
==Clinical relevance== |
==Clinical relevance== |
||
Revision as of 15:11, 17 June 2021
Interferon-inducible protein AIM2 also known as absent in melanoma 2 or simply AIM2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIM2 gene.[5][6]
AIM2 is a cytoplasmic sensor that recognizes the presence of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) of microbial or host cellular origin.[7] AIM2-like receptor (ALR) family was found on AIM2 and now consists of four members in human genome.[8] Activated AIM2 recruits apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), resulting in caspase-1 binding, and forming of AIM2 inflammasome. This signaling contributes to the defense against bacterial and viral DNA.
Structure
Proteins belonging to ALR family usually contain an N-terminal pyrin (PYD) domain, and one or two HIN domains. AIM2 consists of two domains connected through a long linker: an N-terminal PYD domain (amino acids 1-87), and a C-terminal HIN-200 domain (amino acids 138-337). The PYD domain mediates homotypic protein-protein interaction, while the HIN domain binds to DNA with its two tandem oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding (OB) folds.[9]
Function
AIM2 is a component of the innate immune system that functions as a cytoplasmic dsDNA sensor playing a role in antiviral and antibacterial defenses, as well as in autoimmune diseases involving self DNA. Together with the adaptor ASC protein AIM2 forms a caspase-1 activating complex known as the AIM2 inflammasome.
The first step in the formation of AIM2 inflammasome is DNA binding. The HIN domain of AIM2 binds to both strands of B-form dsDNA (either viral, bacterial, or even host) in a sequence-independent manner. However, the DNA sequence must be at least 80 base pairs in length.[10] The interaction is mainly electrostatic, where positively charged amino acid residues are coordinating with phosphates and sugar moieties on DNA backbone. Binding of dsDNA displaces PYD domain, which then engages the downstream inflammasome adaptor protein ASC through homotypic PYD-PYD interactions.[11] ASC is a bipartite PYD-CARD-containing protein. CARD domain of ASC recruits procaspase-1 (CARD-CARD interaction) to the complex creating the basic structural elements of the AIM2 inflammasome. Caspase-1 autoactivates and processes cleavage of pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18, and gasdermin D. The N-terminal fragment of gasdermin D induces pyroptosis that allows mature cytokines IL-1β, and IL-18 to be released from the cell.
Clinical relevance
Elevated levels of AIM2 expression are found in skin cells from people with psoriasis.[12] In systemic lupus erythematosus, lysosome dysfunction allows DNA to gain access to the cytosol and activate AIM2 resulting in increased type 1 interferon production.[13]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163568 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037860 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ DeYoung KL, Ray ME, Su YA, Anzick SL, Johnstone RW, Trapani JA, Meltzer PS, Trent JM (Aug 1997). "Cloning a novel member of the human interferon-inducible gene family associated with control of tumorigenicity in a model of human melanoma". Oncogene. 15 (4): 453–7. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201206. PMID 9242382.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: AIM2 absent in melanoma 2".
- ^ Man, Si Ming; Karki, Rajendra; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi (2016-02). "AIM2 inflammasome in infection, cancer, and autoimmunity: Role in DNA sensing, inflammation, and innate immunity". European Journal of Immunology. 46 (2): 269–280. doi:10.1002/eji.201545839. PMC 4758349. PMID 26626159.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Cridland, Jasmyn A; Curley, Eva Z; Wykes, Michelle N; Schroder, Kate; Sweet, Matthew J; Roberts, Tara L; Ragan, Mark A; Kassahn, Karin S; Stacey, Katryn J (2012). "The mammalian PYHIN gene family: Phylogeny, evolution and expression". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12 (1): 140. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-140. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3458909. PMID 22871040.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Wang, Bing; Yin, Qian (2017-12). "AIM2 inflammasome activation and regulation: A structural perspective". Journal of Structural Biology. 200 (3): 279–282. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2017.08.001. PMC 5733693. PMID 28813641.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Jin, Tengchuan; Perry, Andrew; Jiang, Jiansheng; Smith, Patrick; Curry, James A.; Unterholzner, Leonie; Jiang, Zhaozhao; Horvath, Gabor; Rathinam, Vijay A.; Johnstone, Ricky W.; Hornung, Veit (2012-04). "Structures of the HIN Domain:DNA Complexes Reveal Ligand Binding and Activation Mechanisms of the AIM2 Inflammasome and IFI16 Receptor". Immunity. 36 (4): 561–571. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.014. PMC 3334467. PMID 22483801.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); no-break space character in|first10=at position 6 (help); no-break space character in|first5=at position 6 (help); no-break space character in|first9=at position 6 (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Morrone, Seamus R.; Matyszewski, Mariusz; Yu, Xiong; Delannoy, Michael; Egelman, Edward H.; Sohn, Jungsan (2015-11). "Assembly-driven activation of the AIM2 foreign-dsDNA sensor provides a polymerization template for downstream ASC". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 7827. doi:10.1038/ncomms8827. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4525163. PMID 26197926.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Dombrowski Y, Peric M, Koglin S, Kammerbauer C, Göss C, Anz D, Simanski M, Gläser R, Harder J, Hornung V, Gallo RL, Ruzicka T, Besch R, Schauber J (May 2011). "Cytosolic DNA triggers inflammasome activation in keratinocytes in psoriatic lesions". Science Translational Medicine. 3 (82): 82ra38. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002001. PMC 3235683. PMID 21562230.
- ^ Monteith AJ, Kang S, Scott E, Hillman K, Rajfur Z, Jacobson K, Costello MJ, Vilen BJ (April 2016). "Defects in lysosomal maturation facilitate the activation of innate sensors in systemic lupus erythematosus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (15): E2142-51. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113E2142M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1513943113. PMC 4839468. PMID 27035940.
External links
- Human AIM2 genome location and AIM2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
Further reading
- Landolfo S, Gariglio M, Gribaudo G, Lembo D (1999). "The Ifi 200 genes: an emerging family of IFN-inducible genes". Biochimie. 80 (8–9): 721–8. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(99)80025-X. PMID 9865494.
- Woerner SM, Kloor M, Schwitalle Y, Youmans H, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Gebert J, Dihlmann S (2007). "The putative tumor suppressor AIM2 is frequently affected by different genetic alterations in microsatellite unstable colon cancers". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 46 (12): 1080–9. doi:10.1002/gcc.20493. PMID 17726700. S2CID 23562458.
- Chen IF, Ou-Yang F, Hung JY, Liu JC, Wang H, Wang SC, Hou MF, Hortobagyi GN, Hung MC (2006). "AIM2 suppresses human breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and mammary tumor growth in a mouse model". Mol. Cancer Ther. 5 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0310. PMID 16432157.
- Cresswell KS, Clarke CJ, Jackson JT, Darcy PK, Trapani JA, Johnstone RW (2005). "Biochemical and growth regulatory activities of the HIN-200 family member and putative tumor suppressor protein, AIM2". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 326 (2): 417–24. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.048. PMID 15582594.
- Liu G, Yu JS, Zeng G, Yin D, Xie D, Black KL, Ying H (2004). "AIM-2: a novel tumor antigen is expressed and presented by human glioma cells". J. Immunother. 27 (3): 220–6. doi:10.1097/00002371-200405000-00006. PMID 15076139. S2CID 38018552.
- Choubey D, Walter S, Geng Y, Xin H (2000). "Cytoplasmic localization of the interferon-inducible protein that is encoded by the AIM2 (absent in melanoma) gene from the 200-gene family". FEBS Lett. 474 (1): 38–42. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01571-4. PMID 10828447.
 | This article on a gene on human chromosome 1 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |