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'''Brevirostres''' is a group of [[crocodylian|crocodilian]]s that includes some [[alligatoroid]]s and [[crocodyloid]]s. Brevirostres are crocodilians with small snouts, and are distinguished from the long-snouted [[gharial]]s. It is defined [[phylogenetic]]ally as the [[last common ancestor]] of ''[[Alligator mississippiensis]]'' (the American alligator) and ''[[Crocodylus niloticus]]'' (the Nile crocodile) and all of its descendants.<ref name=BCA03>{{cite journal |last=Brochu |first=C. A. |year=2003 |title=Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=31 |issue=31 |pages=357–97 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308 |bibcode=2003AREPS..31..357B }}</ref> Below is a [[cladogram]] showing the phylogenetic relations of Brevirostres from Brochu (1997):<ref name=CB97>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02724634.1997.10011017 |last=Brochu |first=C.A. |year=1997 |title=A review of "Leidyosuchus" (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Cretaceous through Eocene of North America |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=679–697 |jstor=4523857}}</ref>
'''Brevirostres''' is a [[paraphyletic]] group of [[crocodylian|crocodilian]]s that included [[alligatoroid]]s and [[crocodyloid]]s. Brevirostres are crocodilians with small snouts, and are distinguished from the long-snouted [[gharial]]s. It is defined [[phylogenetic]]ally as the [[last common ancestor]] of ''[[Alligator mississippiensis]]'' (the American alligator) and ''[[Crocodylus niloticus]]'' (the Nile crocodile) and all of its descendants.<ref name=BCA03>{{cite journal |last=Brochu |first=C. A. |year=2003 |title=Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=31 |issue=31 |pages=357–97 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308 |bibcode=2003AREPS..31..357B }}</ref> This classification was based on [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] studies primarily focused on analyzing skeletal traits of living and extinct fossil species, and placed the gharials outside the group due to their unique skull structure,<ref>{{cite journal | author=Holliday, Casey M. | author2=Gardner, Nicholas M. | year=2012 | title=A new eusuchian crocodyliform with novel cranial integument and its significance for the origin and evolution of Crocodylia | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=7 |issue=1 | pages=e30471 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030471 |editor1-last=Farke |editor1-first=Andrew A |pmid=22303441 |pmc=3269432 |bibcode = 2012PLoSO...730471H }}</ref> and can be shown in the simplified [[cladogram]] below:<ref name=CB97>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02724634.1997.10011017 |last=Brochu |first=C.A. |year=1997 |title=A review of "Leidyosuchus" (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Cretaceous through Eocene of North America |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=679–697 |jstor=4523857}}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Crocodylia]]&nbsp;
⚫
|1={{clade
|1=[[Gavialoidea]][[File:Gavialis gangeticus (Gharial, Gavial) white background.jpg|70 px]]
⚫
|label2=&nbsp;'''Brevirostres'''&nbsp;
⚫
|2={{clade
⚫
|1=[[Alligatoroidea]][[File:Alligator white background.jpg|50 px]]
⚫
|2=[[Crocodyloidea]][[File:Siamese Crocodile white background.jpg|50 px]]
⚫
}} }} }}


However, recent molecular studies using [[DNA sequencing]] have rejected Brevirostres upon finding the crocodiles and gavialids to be more closely related than the alligators.<ref name="Harshman2003">{{cite journal |pmid=12775527 |year=2003 |last1=Harshman |first1=J. |title=True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=52|issue=3|pages=386–402|last2=Huddleston|first2=C. J. |last3=Bollback |first3=J. P. |last4=Parsons|first4=T. J.|last5=Braun|first5=M. J.|doi=10.1080/10635150309323 |url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/6275/2003C_Harshman_et_al.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Gatesy2008">{{cite journal|last1=Gatesy |first1=J. |last2=Amato |first2=G. |year=2008 |title=The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]]|volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=1232–1237 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.009|pmid=18372192}}</ref><ref name=bite>{{cite journal| author=Erickson, G. M.| author2=Gignac, P. M.| author3=Steppan, S. J.| author4=Lappin, A. K.| author5=Vliet, K. A.| author6=Brueggen, J. A.| author7=Inouye, B. D.| author8=Kledzik, D.| author9=Webb, G. J. W. | year=2012 | title=Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=7 |issue=3 |page=e31781 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031781|editor1-last=Claessens|editor1-first=Leon|bibcode = 2012PLoSO...731781E | pmid=22431965 | pmc=3303775}}</ref><ref name="LeeYates2018">{{cite journal | author=Michael S. Y. Lee |author2=Adam M. Yates |date=27 June 2018 |title=Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=285 |issue=1881 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.1071 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Hekkala2021">{{Cite journal|last=Hekkala |first=E. |last2=Gatesy |first2=J. |last3=Narechania |first3=A. |last4=Meredith |first4=R. |last5=Russello |first5=M. |last6=Aardema |first6=M. L. |last7=Jensen |first7=E. |last8=Montanari |first8=S. |last9=Brochu |first9=C. |last10=Norell |first10=M. |last11=Amato |first11=G. |date=2021-04-27 |title=Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene “horned” crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02017-0 |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0 |issn=2399-3642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The new clade [[Longirostres]] was named by Harshman ''et al.'' in 2003,<ref name="Harshman2003"/> and can be shown in the cladogram below:
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Crocodylia]]&nbsp;
|label1=[[Crocodylia]]&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Gavialoidea]][[File:Gavialis gangeticus (Gharial, Gavial) white background.jpg|70 px]]
|1=[[Alligatoroidea]][[File:Alligator white background.jpg|50 px]]
|label2=&nbsp;'''[[Longirostres]]'''&nbsp;
⚫
|2={{clade
⚫
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}''[[Borealosuchus]]''
|1=[[Gavialoidea]][[File:Gavialis gangeticus (Gharial, Gavial) white background.jpg|70 px]]
⚫
|2={{clade
|2=[[Crocodyloidea]][[File:Siamese Crocodile white background.jpg|50 px]]
|1={{extinct}}''[[Pristichampsus]]''
}} }} }}
⚫
|label2=&nbsp;'''Brevirostres'''&nbsp;
⚫
|2={{clade
⚫
|1=[[Alligatoroidea]][[File:Alligator white background.jpg|50 px]]
⚫
|2=[[Crocodyloidea]][[File:Siamese Crocodile white background.jpg|50 px]]
⚫
}} }} }} }} }}


==History==
Brevirostres was first named by [[Karl Alfred von Zittel]] in 1890. Von Zittel considered ''[[Gavialis]]'', the gharial, to be closely related to ''[[Tomistoma]]'', the false gharial, and excluded them from the group. ''Tomistoma'', as its name implies, is traditionally not considered closely related to ''Gavialis'', but instead classified as a [[Crocodylidae|crocodylid]]. Under this classification, all members of Brevirostres are brevirostrine, or short-snouted. Recent molecular analyses support von Zittel's classification in placing ''Tomistoma'' as a close relative of ''Gavialis''. If this classification is accepted, Brevirostres can be considered a [[junior synonym]] of [[Crocodylia]]. If Brevirostres is defined as the last common ancestor of all brevirostrines, including ''Tomistoma'', and all of its descendants, the common ancestor's descendants would include ''Gharial'', and thus all crocodylians.<ref name=BCA99>{{cite journal |last=Brochu |first=C.A. |year=1999 |title=Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea |journal=Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology) |volume=6 |pages=9–100 |doi=10.2307/3889340|jstor=3889340 }}</ref>
Brevirostres was first named by [[Karl Alfred von Zittel]] in 1890. Von Zittel considered ''[[Gavialis]]'', the gharial, to be closely related to ''[[Tomistoma]]'', the false gharial, and excluded them from the group. ''Tomistoma'', as its name implies, is traditionally not considered closely related to ''Gavialis'', but instead classified as a [[Crocodylidae|crocodylid]]. Under this classification, all members of Brevirostres are brevirostrine, or short-snouted. Recent molecular analyses support von Zittel's classification in placing ''Tomistoma'' as a close relative of ''Gavialis''. If this classification is accepted, Brevirostres can be considered a [[junior synonym]] of [[Crocodylia]]. If Brevirostres is defined as the last common ancestor of all brevirostrines, including ''Tomistoma'', and all of its descendants, the common ancestor's descendants would include the gharial, and thus all crocodylians.<ref name=BCA99>{{cite journal |last=Brochu |first=C.A. |year=1999 |title=Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea |journal=Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology) |volume=6 |pages=9–100 |doi=10.2307/3889340|jstor=3889340 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:59, 19 July 2021

Brevirostres
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous - Recent, 83.5–0 Ma
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauromorpha
Clade: Archosauriformes
Order: Crocodilia
(unranked): Brevirostres
von Zittel, 1890
Groups included
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa

Brevirostres is a paraphyletic group of crocodilians that included alligatoroids and crocodyloids. Brevirostres are crocodilians with small snouts, and are distinguished from the long-snouted gharials. It is defined phylogenetically as the last common ancestor of Alligator mississippiensis (the American alligator) and Crocodylus niloticus (the Nile crocodile) and all of its descendants.[1] This classification was based on morphological studies primarily focused on analyzing skeletal traits of living and extinct fossil species, and placed the gharials outside the group due to their unique skull structure,[2] and can be shown in the simplified cladogram below:[3]

Crocodylia 

However, recent molecular studies using DNA sequencing have rejected Brevirostres upon finding the crocodiles and gavialids to be more closely related than the alligators.[4][5][6][7][8] The new clade Longirostres was named by Harshman et al. in 2003,[4] and can be shown in the cladogram below:

Crocodylia 

History

Brevirostres was first named by Karl Alfred von Zittel in 1890. Von Zittel considered Gavialis, the gharial, to be closely related to Tomistoma, the false gharial, and excluded them from the group. Tomistoma, as its name implies, is traditionally not considered closely related to Gavialis, but instead classified as a crocodylid. Under this classification, all members of Brevirostres are brevirostrine, or short-snouted. Recent molecular analyses support von Zittel's classification in placing Tomistoma as a close relative of Gavialis. If this classification is accepted, Brevirostres can be considered a junior synonym of Crocodylia. If Brevirostres is defined as the last common ancestor of all brevirostrines, including Tomistoma, and all of its descendants, the common ancestor's descendants would include the gharial, and thus all crocodylians.[9]

References

  1. ^ Brochu, C. A. (2003). "Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 31 (31): 357–97. Bibcode:2003AREPS..31..357B. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308.
  2. ^ Holliday, Casey M.; Gardner, Nicholas M. (2012). Farke, Andrew A (ed.). "A new eusuchian crocodyliform with novel cranial integument and its significance for the origin and evolution of Crocodylia". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30471. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730471H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030471. PMC 3269432. PMID 22303441.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ Brochu, C.A. (1997). "A review of "Leidyosuchus" (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Cretaceous through Eocene of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (4): 679–697. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011017. JSTOR 4523857.
  4. ^ a b Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bollback, J. P.; Parsons, T. J.; Braun, M. J. (2003). "True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 386–402. doi:10.1080/10635150309323. PMID 12775527.
  5. ^ Gatesy, J.; Amato, G. (2008). "The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (3): 1232–1237. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.009. PMID 18372192.
  6. ^ Erickson, G. M.; Gignac, P. M.; Steppan, S. J.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A.; Brueggen, J. A.; Inouye, B. D.; Kledzik, D.; Webb, G. J. W. (2012). Claessens, Leon (ed.). "Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31781. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731781E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781. PMC 3303775. PMID 22431965.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071.
  8. ^ Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642.
  9. ^ Brochu, C.A. (1999). "Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea". Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology). 6: 9–100. doi:10.2307/3889340. JSTOR 3889340.


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