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A '''tophus''' (Latin: "stone", plural '''tophi''') is a deposit of monosodium urate crystals, in people with longstanding high levels of [[uric acid]] in the blood, a condition known as [[hyperuricemia]]. Tophi are [[pathognomonic]] for the disease [[gout]]. Most people with tophi have had previous attacks of acute [[arthritis]], eventually leading to the formation of tophi. Chronic tophaceous gout is known as [[Harrison Syndrome]]. |
A '''tophus''' (Latin: "stone", plural '''tophi''') is a deposit of monosodium urate crystals, in people with longstanding high levels of [[uric acid]] in the blood, a condition known as [[hyperuricemia]]. Tophi are [[pathognomonic]] for the disease [[gout]]. Most people with tophi have had previous attacks of acute [[arthritis]], eventually leading to the formation of tophi. Chronic tophaceous gout is known as [[Harrison Syndrome]]. |
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Tophi form in the [[joints]], [[cartilage]], [[bone]]s, and other places throughout the body. Sometimes, tophi break through the [[skin]] and appear as white or yellowish-white, chalky [[Nodule (dermatology)|nodules]]. Without treatment, tophi may develop on average about ten years after the onset of gout, although their first appearance can range from three to forty-two years. The development of gouty tophi can also limit joint function and cause bone destruction, leading to noticeable disabilities, especially when gout cannot successfully be treated.<ref name=Edwards>{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=N. Lawrence|title=Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases: |
Tophi form in the [[joints]], [[cartilage]], [[bone]]s, and other places throughout the body. Sometimes, tophi break through the [[skin]] and appear as white or yellowish-white, chalky [[Nodule (dermatology)|nodules]]. Without treatment, tophi may develop on average about ten years after the onset of gout, although their first appearance can range from three to forty-two years. The development of gouty tophi can also limit joint function and cause bone destruction, leading to noticeable disabilities, especially when gout cannot successfully be treated.<ref name=Edwards>{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=N. Lawrence|title=Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases|date=2008|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68566-3_12|pages=241–262|chapter=Gout A. Clinical Features |place=New York, NY|publisher=Springer New York|isbn=978-0-387-35664-8|access-date=2021-07-28}}</ref> When uric acid levels and gout symptoms cannot be controlled with standard gout medicines that decrease the production of [[uric acid]] (e.g., [[allopurinol]], [[febuxostat]]) or increase uric acid [[Waste|elimination]] from the body through the kidneys (e.g., [[probenecid]]), this can be referred to as [[Refractory disease|refractory]] chronic gout (RCG).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ali|first=S|author2=Lally, EV |title=Treatment failure gout |journal=Medicine and health, Rhode Island|date=November 2009 |volume=92 |issue=11 |pages=369–71 |pmid=19999896}}</ref> They are more apt to appear early in the course of the disease in people who are older. |
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Although less common, tophi can also form in the kidneys and nasal [[cartilage]]. |
Although less common, tophi can also form in the kidneys and nasal [[cartilage]]. |
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Revision as of 04:20, 28 July 2021
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| A tophus on the elbow of a middle aged man with chronic gout |
A tophus (Latin: "stone", plural tophi) is a deposit of monosodium urate crystals, in people with longstanding high levels of uric acid in the blood, a condition known as hyperuricemia. Tophi are pathognomonic for the disease gout. Most people with tophi have had previous attacks of acute arthritis, eventually leading to the formation of tophi. Chronic tophaceous gout is known as Harrison Syndrome.
Tophi form in the joints, cartilage, bones, and other places throughout the body. Sometimes, tophi break through the skin and appear as white or yellowish-white, chalky nodules. Without treatment, tophi may develop on average about ten years after the onset of gout, although their first appearance can range from three to forty-two years. The development of gouty tophi can also limit joint function and cause bone destruction, leading to noticeable disabilities, especially when gout cannot successfully be treated.[1] When uric acid levels and gout symptoms cannot be controlled with standard gout medicines that decrease the production of uric acid (e.g., allopurinol, febuxostat) or increase uric acid elimination from the body through the kidneys (e.g., probenecid), this can be referred to as refractory chronic gout (RCG).[2] They are more apt to appear early in the course of the disease in people who are older.
Although less common, tophi can also form in the kidneys and nasal cartilage.
Pathophysiology
It appears that monosodium urate crystals trigger a distinct physiological NETosis pathway that coats them in DNA. These coated crystals then persist in tissues as a foreign body granuloma constituting gouty tophus.[3]
Additional images
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Gross pathology of a large tophus -
Micrograph of a gouty tophus -
A tophus inside a knee joint being removed by arthroscopic surgery -
Tophus of uric acid crystals from toe joint fluid (100x polarized light)
See also
- Chondrocalcinosis (pseudogout)
References
- ^ Edwards, N. Lawrence (2008). "Gout A. Clinical Features". Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 241–262. ISBN 978-0-387-35664-8. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
- ^ Ali, S; Lally, EV (November 2009). "Treatment failure gout". Medicine and health, Rhode Island. 92 (11): 369–71. PMID 19999896.
- ^ "Pathophysiology of Gouty Tophi". The Rheumatologist. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
External links
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