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== Later life ==
== Later life ==
In 1971, Hawkes was elected Vice-President of the [[Council for British Archaeology]] in recognition of her life's work.<ref name=":2" /> In 1980 she published ''A Quest for Love'', which was a veiled memoir of her romantic and sexual life, where she imagined herself as different women across time, from a Palaeolithic shaman called Jakka to a Victorian governess.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Finn|first=Christine|date=2001|title=A Rare Bird - Archaeology Magazine Archive|url=https://archive.archaeology.org/0101/abstracts/hawkes.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-25|website=archive.archaeology.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Pollitt|first=Katha|date=1981-03-08|title=HAWKES'S MANY SELVES|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/books/hawkes-s-many-selves.html|access-date=2021-09-25|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Perhaps the least popular of her works, it was described by the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' critic [[Katha Pollitt]] as "antifeminist", a "humourless rambling document" and a "masochistic fantasia of the unconscious".<ref name=":12" /> [[John Sutherland (author)|John Sutherland]] in the [[London Review of Books]] praise the "candour" of the final section, but was negative overall.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sutherland|first=John|date=1980-10-16|title=In Praise of Follett|language=en|volume=02|work=London Review of Books|issue=20|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v02/n20/john-sutherland/in-praise-of-follett|access-date=2021-10-07|issn=0260-9592}}</ref> In 1982 she published a biography of [[Mortimer Wheeler]].<ref name=":7" /> Reviewed by [[F H Thompson]] in ''Antiquity'', the biography was criticised for its over-emphasis on, and criticism of, Wheeler's sex life.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=F. H.|date=1983|title=Mortimer Wheeler: Adventurer in Archaeology. By Jacquetta Hawkes. 24 × 16 cm. Pp. xiv +387 + 16 pls. + 8 figs. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982. ISBN 0-297-78056-5. £10.95.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000358150001444X/type/journal_article|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|language=en|volume=63|issue=1|pages=141–142|doi=10.1017/S000358150001444X|issn=0003-5815}}</ref>
In 1971, Hawkes was elected Vice-President of the [[Council for British Archaeology]] in recognition of her life's work.<ref name=":2" /> In 1980 she published ''A Quest for Love'', which was a veiled memoir of her romantic and sexual life, where she imagined herself as different women across time, from a Palaeolithic shaman called Jakka to a Victorian governess.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Finn|first=Christine|date=2001|title=A Rare Bird - Archaeology Magazine Archive|url=https://archive.archaeology.org/0101/abstracts/hawkes.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-25|website=archive.archaeology.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Pollitt|first=Katha|date=1981-03-08|title=HAWKES'S MANY SELVES|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/books/hawkes-s-many-selves.html|access-date=2021-09-25|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It was described by the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' critic [[Katha Pollitt]] as "antifeminist", a "humourless rambling document" and a "masochistic fantasia of the unconscious".<ref name=":12" /> [[John Sutherland (author)|John Sutherland]] in the [[London Review of Books]] praise the "candour" of the final section, but was negative overall.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sutherland|first=John|date=1980-10-16|title=In Praise of Follett|language=en|volume=02|work=London Review of Books|issue=20|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v02/n20/john-sutherland/in-praise-of-follett|access-date=2021-10-07|issn=0260-9592}}</ref> However, in a recent reappraisal of the work, literary theorist [[Ina Habermann|Ina Haberman]] described it as a "visonary autobiography" and an "overlooked exercise in ''écriture feminine".''<ref>{{Citation|last=Habermann|first=Ina|title=English Visions: The Work of Jacquetta Hawkes Priestley|date=2018|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92126-6_11|work=Fashioning England and the English: Literature, Nation, Gender|pages=253–271|editor-last=Orgis|editor-first=Rahel|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92126-6_11|isbn=978-3-319-92126-6|access-date=2021-10-10|editor2-last=Heim|editor2-first=Matthias}}</ref> In 1982 she published a biography of [[Mortimer Wheeler]].<ref name=":7" /> Reviewed by [[F H Thompson]] in ''Antiquity'', the biography was criticised for its over-emphasis on, and criticism of, Wheeler's sex life.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=F. H.|date=1983|title=Mortimer Wheeler: Adventurer in Archaeology. By Jacquetta Hawkes. 24 × 16 cm. Pp. xiv +387 + 16 pls. + 8 figs. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982. ISBN 0-297-78056-5. £10.95.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000358150001444X/type/journal_article|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|language=en|volume=63|issue=1|pages=141–142|doi=10.1017/S000358150001444X|issn=0003-5815}}</ref>


Priestley died in 1982. After his death Hawkes moved to [[Chipping Campden|Chipping Camden]] and continued her interests in archaeology and science, particularly ornithology.<ref name=":1" /> Her last publication, ''The Shell Guide to British Archaeology'', was co-written with archaeologist [[Paul Bahn]] and published in 1986.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Paul Bahn|url=https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/travel/dr-paul-bahn|access-date=2021-09-25|website=Alumni|language=en}}</ref> Noted for her striking looks, she was the subject of the work of several photographers across her lifetime, including [[Lord Snowdon]], [[Bern Schwartz (photographer)|Bern Schwartz]], [[Mark Gerson]], [[J.S. Lewinski]] and [[Tara Heinemann]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Image Search - Jacquetta Hawkes|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp10859/jacquetta-hawkes|access-date=20 September 2019|website=National Portrait Gallery}}</ref>
Priestley died in 1982. After his death Hawkes moved to [[Chipping Campden|Chipping Camden]] and continued her interests in archaeology and science, particularly ornithology.<ref name=":1" /> Her last publication, ''The Shell Guide to British Archaeology'', was co-written with archaeologist [[Paul Bahn]] and published in 1986.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Paul Bahn|url=https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/travel/dr-paul-bahn|access-date=2021-09-25|website=Alumni|language=en}}</ref> Noted for her striking looks, she was the subject of the work of several photographers across her lifetime, including [[Lord Snowdon]], [[Bern Schwartz (photographer)|Bern Schwartz]], [[Mark Gerson]], [[J.S. Lewinski]] and [[Tara Heinemann]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Image Search - Jacquetta Hawkes|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp10859/jacquetta-hawkes|access-date=20 September 2019|website=National Portrait Gallery}}</ref>

Revision as of 07:50, 10 October 2021

Jacquetta Hawkes
Hawkes (left) and J. B. Priestley in 1960
Hawkes (left) and J. B. Priestley in 1960
Born(1910-08-05)5 August 1910
Cambridge, England
Died18 March 1996(1996-03-18) (aged 85)
OccupationWriter and archaeologist
NationalityBritish
Period20th century
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1933⁠–⁠1953)​

​
(m. 1953)​

Jacquetta Hawkes FSA OBE (5 August 1910 – 18 March 1996) was an English archaeologist and writer. She was the first woman to study Archaeology & Anthropology at the University of Cambridge. She was a representative for the UK at UNESCO, and was responsible for the 'People of Britain' pavilion at the Festival of Britain. Widely known for her book A Land (1951), she wrote widely on archaeology, fusing a literary style of writing with a deep knowledge of landscape and past human lives. Other works include The World of the Past (1963), The Atlas of Early Man (1976), The Shell Guide to British Archaeology (1986), and a volume of poetry Symbols & Speculations (1948). With Christopher Hawkes, she co-authored Prehistoric Britain (1943), with J. B. Priestley she wrote Dragon's Mouth (1952) and Journey Down a Rainbow (1955), and Prehistory (History of Mankind: Cultural and Scientific Development, Volume 1 Part 1) (1963) prepared with Sir Leonard Woolley under the auspices of UNESCO. She was also one of the founders of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

Early life and education

Born Jessie Jacquetta Hopkins, on 5 August 1910 in Cambridge, she was the youngest child of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947), biochemist and Nobel Prize winner, and his wife Jessie Ann (1869–1956), daughter of Edward William Stevens, ship's fitter, of Ramsgate.[1][2] She had one brother and one sister.[2] Her father was a cousin of the poet Gerald Manley Hopkins.[3] Her parents met at Guy's Hospital, where they both worked.[3] Interested in archaeology from a young age, she made her first investigations aged nine when she found out her home was on the site of an early medieval cemetery, sneaking out of the house at night to dig in the garden.[4][5]

From 1921 to 1928 she attended Perse School, going on in 1929 to study the new degree of Archaeology & Anthropology at the University of Cambridge, where she was the first woman to do so.[3] She graduated with a first class honours degree from Newnham College.[1] In her second year at university she took part in the excavation of a Roman site near Colchester, and there met her future first husband, the archaeologist Christopher Hawkes (1905–1992).[3]

Early career

After her graduation, in 1932, she travelled to Palestine and joined the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem,[6] in order to excavate in Mount Carmel, alongside Yusra and Dorothy Garrod.[3][5] There she supervised the excavation of a Neanderthal skeleton.[3] On her return from Palestine, she married Christopher Hawkes on 7 October 1933 at Trinity College, Cambridge, when she was aged 22.[1][2] Their only son, Nicholas, was born in 1937.[2] In 1934 she had published her first article "Aspects of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods in western Europe" in Antiquity.[2] The same year, she visited a seven-year old David Attenborough's "museum" of fossils and geology, donating specimens to it.[7] In 1935 she led a BBC Radio programme "Ancient Britain Out of Doors", introducing key ideas about archaeology then discussing them with colleagues Stuart Piggott and Nowell Myres.[6] In 1938 Hawkes' first book The Archaeology of Jersey was published - it was the second work in a series on the archaeology of the Channel Islands that had been begun by Tom Kendrick.[8] As a result of the academic success of the monograph, she was elected as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.[8] In 1939 she travelled to Ireland to supervise the excavation of Harristown Passage Tomb, near Waterford.[9] The excavation was funded by the Office of Public Works Employment Relief Scheme.[10]

World War 2

During the Second World War, Hawkes worked as a civil servant and was involved with moving items from the British Museum to the Aldwych tube station for safe-keeping.[2] She began work in 1941 as Assistant Principal of the Post-War Reconstruction Secretariat.[3] Her next post, begun in 1943 and one she held until 1949, was in the Ministry of Education, where she became Secretary of the UK National Committee for UNESCO.[8][3] In her work in the Ministry of Education she was editor-in-chief of the film unit, where she commissioned and produced The Beginning of History - an early attempt to present prehistory on film.[1] During her time as Secretary, a major task was the preparations for UNESCO's first conference, which was held in Mexico City in 1947.[3] One of the UK representatives was her future husband, J B Priestley, although Hawkes initially opposed his inclusion.[3] However, at the conference Hawkes and Priestley fell in love.[3] Priestley famously described demeanour as "Ice without! Fire within!"[1] Whilst working for the government she continued to publish, including Prehistoric Britain (1944, co-authored with her husband), and Early Britain (1945).[3] Prehistoric Britain was used by many students in the 1940s and 1950s and underwent several editions and reprints.[2]

During the war she met the poet Walter J Turner, with whom she had an affair. Turner died of a brain haemorrhage in 1946 and Hawkes was grief-stricken.[3] Inspired by Turner's writing and their love, she published her only poetry collection Symbols and Speculations in 1948.[3] It recalled, through poetry, both mystical and physical experiences in her archaeological career.[11] According to her biographer, Christine Finn, during the war she also had an affair with a woman, which left Hawkes "emotionally confused".[1] The writer Robert Macfarlane described her as "bisexual through much of the 1930s".[12]

Festival of Britain

In 1949 Hawkes left the civil service, in order to work full-time as a writer.[3] She was interested in communicating archaeology and art in new ways to new audiences, including through writing creatively and through film.[13][14] In 1950 the British Film Institute made her a governor.[1] Writing with empathy, in what became termed the 'archaeological imagination', was central to her practice.[15] One of her first creative projects was as archaeological advisor to the Festival of Britain in 1951, where she produced the 'People of Britain' pavilion.[2][16] The pavilion's architect was H T Cadbury Brown and it was designed by James Gardner.[6] The vision of the pavilion created by Hawkes showed archaeological sites as if they were being discovered for the first time, proceeding chronologically from a prehistoric burial, to a Bronze Age gold necklace, to a Roman mosaic floor. From the Roman section, the visitors met a recreation of the Sutton Hoo ship burial.[6]

A Land (1951)

Published one month after the opening of the Festival of Britain, and perhaps Hawkes' most widely recognised work, A Land (1951) characterised the archaeology of Britain, and thus the story of Britishness, as one of repeated waves of migration.[17] The book was illustrated by Henry Moore.[17] Described by geographer Hayden Lorimer as "an unconventional geological history",[18] it was a bestseller in the UK and was described by Robert MacFarlane as "one of the defining British non-fiction books of the postwar decade".[12] Reviewed on its publication in The Journal of Geology as "literary expression ... rather than scientific description",[19] even Hawkes was aware that it was a difficult book to classify.[12] Nevertheless, a review by Harold Nicolson helped to boost its popularity where he described "the weird beauty in this prophetic book …it is written with a passion of love and hate".[12] In 1952 she was awarded an OBE.[20]

Marriage to J B Priestley

Hawkes (left) and J. B. Priestley, 1953

In 1953, after her divorce from Christopher Hawkes,[21] she and Priestley married.[3] They lived on the Isle of Wight, before moving to Alveston in 1960.[1] In addition to their marriage they collaborated on a number of experimental works, including the play Dragon's Mouth, and an epistolary work entitled Through the Rainbow, based on imagined letters. Priestley's letters in the work were set in a brash new America in Texas, whilst Hawkes' were written from the perspectives of indigenous societies in New Mexico.[3] In 1953 the film Figures in a Landscape, a documentary about the work of Barbara Hepworth, came out, whose script had been written by Hawkes.[2][22][23] In 1956 she began excavations on the Mottistone Estate, whose land adjoined hers and Priestley's home of Brook Hill House.[24] The subject of Hawkes' investigation was The Longstone; her research, which was published in Antiquity, demonstrated that it was the remains of the entrance to a Neolithic long barrow.[24] Politically engaged, in late 1957 and early 1958 she and Priestley were involved with the foundation of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.[2][3]

After the couple's move to Alveston in the early 1960s, Hawkes became President of the Warwickshire branch of the Campaign for the Preservation of Rural England and a trustee of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.[3] Her archaeological research continued, co-editing with Leonard Woolley UNESCO's book on prehistory entitled History of Mankind, which was published in 1963.[25] Hawkes was responsible for writing the sections on the palaeolithic and neolithic, whereas Woolley's approach renounced the global and he wrote on the Bronze Age in the area that was then termed 'the fertile crescent'.[25] Reviewed by Dutch archaeologist Sigfried J. De Laet, Hawkes' writing style was praised as was her emphasis on a 'global' prehistory; however some of the factual information she included was accused of being out of date.[25]

Dawn of the Gods (1968)

In 1968 she published Dawn of the Gods, which examined Minoan civilisation, and argued that it was a 'feminine' society.[26][27] Hawkes was also one of the first archaeologists to suggest that the ancient Minoans might have been ruled by women; the idea had been discussed long before by historians of culture and religion, such as Joseph Campbell,[citation needed] and it had also been discussed outside the academic community, sometimes by feminists.[28] She used evidence from art to argue that the society was matriarchal: "the absence of these manifestations of the all-powerful male ruler that are so widespread at this time and in this stage of cultural development as to be almost universal, is one of the reasons for supposing that the occupants of Minoan thrones may have been queens".[29] Reviewed by Frank Stubbings, he praised the book, describing how "the writer remembers always that these were real human beings"; however, he also had several caveats - some on questions of dating, but most of all on account of the poetic language used by Hawkes.[30] Archaeologist Nicoletta Momigliano has placed Hawkes' Dawn of the Gods as part of a canon of 1960s "pacifist and hippie interpretations" that were influenced by Jungian psychology.[31]

Also in 1968, Hawkes published a paper in Antiquity entitled 'The Proper Study of Mankind'. In it she argued against an over-emphasis on science in archaeological discourse.[8] The paper was widely debated, with archaeologist D P Agrawal suggesting in 1970 that her article was the 'protests of a passing generation' and that it contributed to polemicisation of the field.[32] In 1973, James K. Feibleman challenged her interpretation of archaeological science as reductionist.[33]

Later life

In 1971, Hawkes was elected Vice-President of the Council for British Archaeology in recognition of her life's work.[5] In 1980 she published A Quest for Love, which was a veiled memoir of her romantic and sexual life, where she imagined herself as different women across time, from a Palaeolithic shaman called Jakka to a Victorian governess.[8][34][35] It was described by the New York Times critic Katha Pollitt as "antifeminist", a "humourless rambling document" and a "masochistic fantasia of the unconscious".[35] John Sutherland in the London Review of Books praise the "candour" of the final section, but was negative overall.[36] However, in a recent reappraisal of the work, literary theorist Ina Haberman described it as a "visonary autobiography" and an "overlooked exercise in écriture feminine".[37] In 1982 she published a biography of Mortimer Wheeler.[8] Reviewed by F H Thompson in Antiquity, the biography was criticised for its over-emphasis on, and criticism of, Wheeler's sex life.[38]

Priestley died in 1982. After his death Hawkes moved to Chipping Camden and continued her interests in archaeology and science, particularly ornithology.[3] Her last publication, The Shell Guide to British Archaeology, was co-written with archaeologist Paul Bahn and published in 1986.[8][39] Noted for her striking looks, she was the subject of the work of several photographers across her lifetime, including Lord Snowdon, Bern Schwartz, Mark Gerson, J.S. Lewinski and Tara Heinemann.[40]

Death and legacy

Hawkes died in Cheltenham on 18 March 1996.[3] Cremated, her ashes are interred with Priestley's at an unknown location in Hubberholme churchyard.[8][41] Whilst Hawkes' views and writing may have been too "poetic" for the archaeological establishment, particularly in the context of processual archaeology's popularity in the later mid-twentieth century,[28] in the twenty-first century her writing found new audiences, with a re-issue of A Land in 2012 with a new foreword by nature writer and academic Robert Macfarlane.[8][12] Her artistry and humanity in her view of archaeology has been termed "creative archaeology" by biographer Christine Finn.[8]

Archive

Special Collections at the University of Bradford holds her archive, which contains diaries, letters, photographs, notebooks, drafts, unpublished works, school reports and nature diaries.[42] This material shows how she developed as a thinker, from archaeology through journalism and poetry, as well as her work as an activist and details on her personal life.[43]

Exhibitions

Exhibitions inspired by Hawkes' life and works include:

Selected works

Books

  • Hawkes, Jacquetta. Symbols & Speculations. Cresset Press, 1948.[11]
  • Hawkes, Jacquetta. A Land. Cresset Press, 1951.[48]
  • Hawkes, Jacquetta, and Sir Leonard Woolley. History of mankind. Vol. 1. International Commission for a History of the Scientific and Cultural Development of Mankind, 1963.[49]
  • Hawkes, Jacquetta. Dawn of the Gods. Chatto & Windus, 1968.[50]
  • Hawkes, Jacquetta. Mortimer Wheeler: Adventurer in Archaeology. St Martin's Press, 1982.[51]

Articles

  • Hawkes, Jacquetta (1935). "The Place Origin of Windmill Hill Culture". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. 1: 127–9.[52]
  • Hawkes, Jacquetta (1938). "The Significance of Channelled Ware in Neolithic Western Europe". The Archaeological Journal. 95 (1): 126–173.[53]
  • Hawkes, Jacquetta (1941). "Excavation of a Meglithic Tomb at Harristown, Co. Waterford". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 11 (4): 130–47.[54]
  • Hawkes, Jacquetta (1951). "A Quarter Century of Antiquity". Antiquity. 25 (100): 171–3.[55]
  • Hawkes, Jacquetta (1968). "The Proper Study of Mankind". Antiquity. 62: 252–66.[56]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Finn, Christine (2004-09-23). "Hawkes [née Hopkins; other married name Priestley], (Jessie) Jacquetta (1910–1996), archaeologist and writer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/61934. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cooke, Rachel (2013). Her Brilliant Career – Ten Extraordinary Women of the 1950s. Great Britain: Virago. p. 224-34, 250-53. ISBN 9781844087419.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Obituary: Jacquetta Hawkes". The Independent. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  4. ^ Gussow, Mel (1996-03-21). "Jacquetta Hawkes, Archeologist, Is Dead at 85". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
  5. ^ a b c Bell, Katy. "Jacquetta Hawkes". Trowel Blazers. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d Thornton, Amara (2021). "13. A Land" (PDF). Online Exhibition: The MERL is 70. Museum of English Rural Life.
  7. ^ Attenborough, David (2002). Life on Air: Memoirs of a Broadcaster. BBC. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-563-53461-7.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Finn, Christine (2020), "Jacquetta Hawkes", Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–2, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_2660-1, hdl:10454/18315, ISBN 978-3-319-51726-1, retrieved 2021-09-25
  9. ^ "Women in Archaeology: IWW 2014". UK Archaeology News. 2014-03-16. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
  10. ^ Hawkes, Jacquetta (1941). "Excavation of a Megalithic Tomb at Harristown, Co. Waterford". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 11 (4): 130–147. ISSN 0035-9106. JSTOR 25510313.
  11. ^ a b Hawkes, Jacquetta (1949). Symbols & Speculations. The Cresset Press.
  12. ^ a b c d e McFarlane, Robert. "A Land - Jacquetta Hawkes". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  13. ^ Finn, Christine (2000). "Ways of Telling: Jacquetta Hawkes as Film-maker". Antiquity. 74 (283): 127–130. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00066229. S2CID 162582214.
  14. ^ Hawkes, Jacquetta (1946). "The Beginning of History - a film". Antiquity. 20 (78): 78–82. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00019402.
  15. ^ Hick, Dan. "Jacquetta Hawkes, Sir Isaac Newton & the idea of stratigraphy". Day of Archaeology. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  16. ^ Cox, Ian (1951). The South Bank Exhibition: A guide to the story it tells. London: H M Stationery Office. pp. 62–66.
  17. ^ a b "A Land – The MERL". Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  18. ^ Lorimer, Hayden (2012). "Memoirs for the Earth: Jacquetta Hawkes' experiments in deep time". Cultural Geographies. 19 (1): 87–106. doi:10.1177/1474474011432377. JSTOR 44251454. S2CID 143802706.
  19. ^ "Review: A Land". The Journal of Geology. 61 (3): 287–8. 1953.
  20. ^ "Hawkes, Jacquetta (1910–1996) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  21. ^ Díaz-Andreu, Margarita; Price, Megan; Gosden, Chris (2009). "Christopher Hawkes: his archive and networks in British and European archaeology". The Antiquaries Journal. 89: 405–426. doi:10.1017/S0003581509000080. ISSN 1758-5309. S2CID 161938354.
  22. ^ "39. Figure in the Landscape: Jacquetta Hawkes and Barbara Hepworth". 100 Objects. 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  23. ^ Finn, Christine (2005). "Jacquetta and the Artists". British Archaeology. 80: 24–7.
  24. ^ a b "Jacquetta Hawkes - Longstone Mystery Solver". National Trust. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  25. ^ a b c De Laet, Sigfried J. (1963). "PREHISTORY AND THE BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION. (History of Mankind. Cultural and Scientific Development. Vol. 1.) By Jacquetta Hawkes and Sir Leonard Woolley. London, George Allen & Unwin, 1963. xlviii + 873 pp., 56 pls. , 92 text-figs. , 19 maps , 3 charts . £3 15 s ". Antiquity. 37 (148): 322–327. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00030350. ISSN 0003-598X.
  26. ^ Freeman, Charles (2014). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-19-965191-7.
  27. ^ Castleden, Rodney (2002-01-04). Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete. Routledge. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-134-88064-5.
  28. ^ a b Muir, Richard (2003-04-01). "Founders: Jacquetta Hawkes". Landscapes. 4 (1): 99–110. doi:10.1179/lan.2003.4.1.99. ISSN 1466-2035. S2CID 144540319.
  29. ^ Hawkes, Jacquetta. Dawn of the Gods. p. 76.
  30. ^ Stubbings, Frank H. (1969). "Jacquetta Hawkes: Dawn of the Gods. With photographs by Dimitrios Harissiadis. London: Chatto and Windus, 1968. 303 pp., 150 illustrations (45 in colour). 75s". Antiquity. 43 (169): 78–79. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00040114. ISSN 0003-598X.
  31. ^ Momigliano, Nicoletta (2020-09-03). In Search of the Labyrinth: The Cultural Legacy of Minoan Crete. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-15671-5.
  32. ^ Agrawal, D. P. (1970). "Archaeology and the Luddites". Antiquity. 44 (174): 115–119. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00041272. ISSN 0003-598X.
  33. ^ FEIBLEMAN, JAMES K. (1973). "SYMPOSIUM: Human Nature as Recent Science Sees It". The Southwestern Journal of Philosophy. 4 (1): 7–19. doi:10.5840/swjphil1973411. ISSN 0038-481X. JSTOR 43154911.
  34. ^ Finn, Christine (2001). "A Rare Bird - Archaeology Magazine Archive". archive.archaeology.org. Retrieved 2021-09-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ^ a b Pollitt, Katha (1981-03-08). "HAWKES'S MANY SELVES". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  36. ^ Sutherland, John (1980-10-16). "In Praise of Follett". London Review of Books. Vol. 02, no. 20. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  37. ^ Habermann, Ina (2018), Orgis, Rahel; Heim, Matthias (eds.), "English Visions: The Work of Jacquetta Hawkes Priestley", Fashioning England and the English: Literature, Nation, Gender, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 253–271, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92126-6_11, ISBN 978-3-319-92126-6, retrieved 2021-10-10
  38. ^ Thompson, F. H. (1983). "Mortimer Wheeler: Adventurer in Archaeology. By Jacquetta Hawkes. 24 × 16 cm. Pp. xiv +387 + 16 pls. + 8 figs. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982. ISBN 0-297-78056-5. £10.95". The Antiquaries Journal. 63 (1): 141–142. doi:10.1017/S000358150001444X. ISSN 0003-5815.
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  48. ^ Hawkes, Jacquetta (2012). A land. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-745746-5. OCLC 774637410.
  49. ^ Hawkes, Jacquetta; Woolley, Leonard (1963). History of mankind-cultural & scientific development 01-prehistory & the beginnings of civilization. UNESCO. ISBN 0-04-913003-X. OCLC 650331972.
  50. ^ Hawkes, Jacquetta (1968). Dawn of the gods. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-1332-4. OCLC 39422.
  51. ^ Hawkes, Jacquetta (1982). Adventurer in archaeology : the biography of Sir Mortimer Wheeler. New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-00658-6. OCLC 8052106.
  52. ^ Hawkes, Jacquetta (1935). "The Place Origin of Windmill Hill Culture". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. 1: 127–9. doi:10.1017/S0079497X00022258.
  53. ^ Hawkes, Jacquetta (1938). "The Significance of Channelled Ware in Neolithic Western Europe". The Archaeological Journal. 95 (1): 126–173. doi:10.1080/00665983.1938.10853694.
  54. ^ Hawkes, Jacquetta (1941). "Excavation of a Meglithic Tomb at Harristown, Co. Waterford". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 11 (4): 130–47. JSTOR 25510313.
  55. ^ Hawkes, Jacquetta (1951). "A Quarter Century of Antiquity". Antiquity. 25 (100): 171–3. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00020482.
  56. ^ Hawkes, Jacquetta (1968). "The Proper Study of Mankind". Antiquity. 62: 252–66.

External links

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