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'''Advanced cardiac life support''', or '''advanced cardiovascular life support''', often referred to by its acronym, "'''ACLS'''", refers to a set of clinical guidelines for the urgent and emergent treatment of life-threatening cardiovascular conditions that will cause or have caused [[cardiac arrest]], using advanced medical procedures, medications, and techniques. The term ACLS comes from the American Heart Association Guidelines and is primarily used in the Americas. There are guidelines internationally that are produced by different bodies that are similar in use to ACLS. The international guidelines are often called "Advanced Life Support."
'''Advanced cardiac life support''', '''advanced cardiovascular life support''', often referred to by its acronym, "'''ACLS'''", refers to a set of clinical guidelines for the urgent and emergent treatment of life-threatening cardiovascular conditions that will cause or have caused [[cardiac arrest]], using advanced medical procedures, medications, and techniques. ACLS expands on [[Basic life support|Basic Life Support]] (BLS) by adding recommendations on medication and electrotherapy and advanced procedure use to the CPR guidelines that are fundamental to BLS. Those who administer ACLS-freqently physicians, nurses and paramedics- are frequently called "ACLS providers" and must be specifically certified to do so<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ryynänen|first=Olli-Pekka|last2=Iirola|first2=Timo|last3=Reitala|first3=Janne|last4=Pälve|first4=Heikki|last5=Malmivaara|first5=Antti|date=2010|title=Is advanced life support better than basic life support in prehospital care? A systematic review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3001418/|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine|language=en|volume=18|pages=62|doi=10.1186/1757-7241-18-62|pmid=21092256}}</ref>.


== Overview ==
== Overview ==

Revision as of 13:18, 25 January 2022

Advanced cardiac life support
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of an avalanche victim who was medically evacuated to Craig Joint Theater Hospital in February 2010
Other namesadvanced cardiovascular life support, ACLS
SpecialtyAll
UsesCardiac arrest treatment, Cardiovascular emergency treatment
FrequencyCommon

Advanced cardiac life support, advanced cardiovascular life support, often referred to by its acronym, "ACLS", refers to a set of clinical guidelines for the urgent and emergent treatment of life-threatening cardiovascular conditions that will cause or have caused cardiac arrest, using advanced medical procedures, medications, and techniques. ACLS expands on Basic Life Support (BLS) by adding recommendations on medication and electrotherapy and advanced procedure use to the CPR guidelines that are fundamental to BLS. Those who administer ACLS-freqently physicians, nurses and paramedics- are frequently called "ACLS providers" and must be specifically certified to do so[1].

Overview

Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) refers to a set of guidelines used by medical providers to treat life-threatening cardiovascular conditions that will cause or have caused cardiac arrest. ACLS is one part of the larger, evidence-based guidelines for resuscitation published by the American Heart Association (AHA), "American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care." The AHA publishes these guidelines as member of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR).[2] Multiple countries and regions have guidelines under different names that are used in the same way as ACLS, some of those countries are also members of ILCOR.[3]

Scope

ACLS guidelines are recommendations on the advanced treatment of cardiac arrest from any cause. ACLS guidelines make recommendations that are in addition to the recommendations of Basic Cardiac Life Support. ACLS guidelines are specific to the advanced medical interventions provided, including medications such as epinephrine and amiodarone, procedures like endotracheal intubation and intravenous access, and techniques such as dual-sequential defibrillation. ACLS guidelines include recommendations on advanced treatment for some conditions that commonly commonly cause or complicate cardiac arrest. Some of the conditions that the ACLS guidelines offer recommendations on include cardiac arrhythmias and common reversible causes of cardiac arrest. ACLS guidelines also cover post-arrest care such as targeted temperature management and post-arrest percutaneous coronary intervention.[4]

The scope of what ACLS guidelines apply to should not be confused with medical personnel's scope of practice.

Algorithmic Approach

The implementation of ACLS uses algorithms to streamline the use of the guidelines. These algorithms are a way to format some of the information from the guidelines in a step-wise fashion. The algorithms are not fully inclusive of all the information involved in ACLS. The AHA notes that the algorithms should serve as memory aides and clinicians may need to adjust or deviate from the algorithms as necessary.[5]

Example ACLS algorithm

ACLS Certification

The AHA offers a certification in ACLS. This certification is for medical providers and required by many healthcare entities in North America. The ACLS Guidelines should not be confused with the AHA ACLS certification. The certification is based on the guidelines but the guidelines are independent of the certification.[6] The AHA recommends ACLS certification for any healthcare provider or emergency responder that are part of cardiac arrest or cardiovascular emergency treatment.[7]

International guidelines

ILCOR

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) serves as a way for international resuscitation organizations to communicate and collaborate.[3] ILCOR publishes scientific evidence reviews on resuscitation known as "Continuous Evidence Evaluation (CEE) and Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations (CoSTRs)".[8] The ILCOR members as of 2021 are American Heart Association (AHA), European Resuscitation Council (ERC), Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (HSFC), Australian Resuscitation Council, New Zealand Resuscitation Council, Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa (RCSA), InterAmerican Heart Foundation (IAHF), Resuscitation Council of Asia (RCA).[3]

Europe and Northern Africa

33 countries in Europe and northern Africa are members of the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) and participate in the ERC Guidelines.[9] The equivalent portion of the ERC guidelines to ACLS is called "Advanced Life Support".[10]

The Americas

The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, The Heart Foundation of Jamaica, The Heart & Stroke Foundation of Barbados Inc., The Trinidad and Tobago Heart Foundation, Fundación InterAmerica del Corazón Argentina, Fundación InterAmerica del Corazón Bolivia, and InterAmerican Heart Foundation Caribbean all participate in the AHA Guidelines and ACLS.[11]

Australia and New Zealand

The Australian Resuscitation Council and the New Zealand Resuscitation Council collaborate to produce the Australian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation Guidelines.[12][13] The equivalent portion of the ERC guidelines to ACLS is called "Advanced Life Support".[14]

Southern Africa

The Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa participates in the AHA Guidelines and ACLS.[15]

UK

The Resuscitation Council UK guidelines are based on the ERC Guidelines and the equivalent portion to ACLS is called "Advanced Life Support".[16]

History

ILCOR

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) was established 1992 to serve as a way for international resuscitation organizations to communicate and collaborate.[3]

AHA Guidelines

The ACLS guidelines were first published in 1974 by the American Heart Association and were updated in 1980, 1986, 1992, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015.[17] In the 2020 update the guidelines were restructured to align with ILCOR recommendations. These changes include the transition since 2015 away from the previous 5-year update cycle to an online format that can be updated as indicated by continuous evidence review.[2]

ERC Guidelines

The first version of the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines were developed in 1992. The 2000 ERC guidelines were developed in collaboration with ILCOR. 5-year updates were published from 2000-2015 and annual updates have been published since 2017.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ryynänen, Olli-Pekka; Iirola, Timo; Reitala, Janne; Pälve, Heikki; Malmivaara, Antti (2010). "Is advanced life support better than basic life support in prehospital care? A systematic review". Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 18: 62. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-18-62. PMID 21092256.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ a b Merchant, Raina M.; Topjian, Alexis A.; Panchal, Ashish R.; Cheng, Adam; Aziz, Khalid; Berg, Katherine M.; Lavonas, Eric J.; Magid, David J.; null, null (2020-10-20). "Part 1: Executive Summary: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 142 (16_suppl_2): S337–S357. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000918.
  3. ^ a b c d "International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation". www.ilcor.org/about. Retrieved 2021-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ Panchal, Ashish R.; Bartos, Jason A.; Cabañas, José G.; Donnino, Michael W.; Drennan, Ian R.; Hirsch, Karen G.; Kudenchuk, Peter J.; Kurz, Michael C.; Lavonas, Eric J.; Morley, Peter T.; O’Neil, Brian J. (2020-10-20). "Part 3: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 142 (16_suppl_2): S366–S468. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000916.
  5. ^ "Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support". Circulation. 102 (suppl_1): I–136. 2000-08-22. doi:10.1161/circ.102.suppl_1.I-136.
  6. ^ "Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS)". cpr.heart.org. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  7. ^ "American Heart Association CPR & First Aid". cpr.heart.org. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  8. ^ "ILCOR CoSTR". www.costr.ilcor.org. Retrieved 2021-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ "European Resuscitation Council". www.erc.edu/about. Retrieved 2021-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Soar, Jasmeet; Böttiger, Bernd W.; Carli, Pierre; Couper, Keith; Deakin, Charles D.; Djärv, Therese; Lott, Carsten; Olasveengen, Theresa; Paal, Peter; Pellis, Tommaso; Perkins, Gavin D. (2021-04-01). "European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Adult advanced life support". Resuscitation. 161: 115–151. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.010. ISSN 0300-9572. PMID 33773825.
  11. ^ "InterAmerican Heart Foundation". www.interamericanheart.org/que-somos/. Retrieved 2021-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ "Australian Resuscitation Council". www.resus.org.au/about/. Retrieved 2021-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ "New Zealand Resuscitation Council". www.nzrc.org.nz/about-us/. Retrieved 2021-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ "Guidelines". resus.org.au. Retrieved 2021-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ "Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa - AHA Letter of Support". www.resus.co.za/subpages/RCSA_Information/Resources/AHA_Letter_of_Support. Retrieved 2021-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ "Resuscitation Council UK | 2021 Guidelines". www.resus.org.uk/library/2021-resuscitation-guidelines. Retrieved 2021-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ^ Mutchner L (January 2007). "The ABCs of CPR—again". Am J Nurs. 107 (1): 60–9, quiz 69–70. doi:10.1097/00000446-200701000-00024. PMID 17200636.
  18. ^ Perkins, Gavin D.; Gräsner, Jan-Thorsen; Semeraro, Federico; Olasveengen, Theresa; Soar, Jasmeet; Lott, Carsten; Voorde, Patrick Van de; Madar, John; Zideman, David; Mentzelopoulos, Spyridon; Bossaert, Leo (2021-04-01). "European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Executive summary". Resuscitation. 161: 1–60. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.003. ISSN 0300-9572. PMID 33773824.

External links

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