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Coordinates: 25°11′49″N 85°31′05″E / 25.197°N 85.518°E / 25.197; 85.518
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Removed photo of the remains of tomb on Badi Pahadi, as Odantapuri monastery was most likely not on the hill
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== Location ==
== Location ==
About the location of Odantapuri, S.C.Das depending on Sumpa Khan-po’s account thought that it was “erected on a hill near the town of modern Behar.”<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sumpa Khan-po Yeçe Pal Jor|first1=1702-1775|url=https://archive.org/details/pagsamjonzang00jorgoog|title=Pag sam jon zang|last2=Das|first2=Sarat Chandra|date=1908|publisher=Calcutta, Pub. by the Presidency jail press|others=University of California}}</ref> The Tibetan scholar [[Gendün Chöphel|dge-’dun-chos-’phel]] stated : “On the railway line from Patna to Rajgir, there is a station called Bihar-Sharif. If one looks to the west after reaching the station, one will see a low mound." This is said to contain the ruins of Odantapuri Vihara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barua|first=Dipak Kumar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533799|title=Viharas In Ancient India|date=1969}}</ref> Hence, the modern city of [[Bihar Sharif]] is identified as the location of Odantapuri Mahavihara.
About the location of Odantapuri, S.C.Das depending on Sumpa Khan-po’s account thought that it was “erected on a hill near the town of modern Behar.”<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sumpa Khan-po Yeçe Pal Jor|first1=1702-1775|url=https://archive.org/details/pagsamjonzang00jorgoog|title=Pag sam jon zang|last2=Das|first2=Sarat Chandra|date=1908|publisher=Calcutta, Pub. by the Presidency jail press|others=University of California}}</ref> The Tibetan scholar [[Gendün Chöphel|dge-’dun-chos-’phel]] stated: “On the railway line from Patna to Rajgir, there is a station called Bihar-Sharif. If one looks to the west after reaching the station, one will see a low mound." This is said to contain the ruins of Odantapuri Vihara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barua|first=Dipak Kumar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533799|title=Viharas In Ancient India|date=1969}}</ref> Hence, the modern city of [[Bihar Sharif]] is identified as the location of Odantapuri Mahavihara.

However, the location of Odantapuri has not yet been conclusively established.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rajani|first=M. B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kyAAEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA71&dq=Odantapuri&hl=en|title=Patterns in Past Settlements: Geospatial Analysis of Imprints of Cultural Heritage on Landscapes|date=2020-09-29|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-15-7466-5|pages=71-72|language=en}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
[[Gopala I|Gopala]], the founder of the Pala dynasty, who ascended the throne of Bengal in 750 CE; founded the monastery at Odantapuri. However, [[Bu-ston]], the Tibetan Buddhist leader, was of the opinion that the Odantapuri monastery was built by [[Gopala I|Gopala]]'s son and successor, [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]].
[[Gopala I|Gopala]], the founder of the Pala dynasty, who ascended the throne of Bengal in 750 CE, founded the monastery at Odantapuri. However, according to [[Bu-ston]], the Odantapuri monastery was built by [[Gopala I|Gopala]]'s son and successor, [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]]; while according to [[Taranatha]], it was founded by either Gopala or [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=0&redir_esc=y&id=0CsLAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22magnificent+monastery+at%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22magnificent+monastery+at%22|title=The History of Bengal ...|date=1943|publisher=University of Dacca|language=en}}</ref>


Odantapuri was part of a network of five [[Mahavihara|Mahaviharas]] in eastern India. The others were [[Nalanda]], [[Vikramashila]], [[Somapura Mahavihara|Somapura]], and [[Jagaddala Mahavihara|Jagaddala]]. Tibetan sources detail that at its height in the 8th-century, Odantapuri had approximately twelve thousand students.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buswell |first1=Robert |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=601 |isbn=9780691157863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGmYDwAAQBAJ&q=princeton+dictionary+of+buddhism+varanasi}}</ref>
Odantapuri was part of a network of five [[Mahavihara|Mahaviharas]] in eastern India. The others were [[Nalanda]], [[Vikramashila]], [[Somapura Mahavihara|Somapura]], and [[Jagaddala Mahavihara|Jagaddala]]. Tibetan sources detail that at its height in the 8th-century, Odantapuri had approximately twelve thousand students.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buswell |first1=Robert |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=601 |isbn=9780691157863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGmYDwAAQBAJ&q=princeton+dictionary+of+buddhism+varanasi}}</ref>
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== Destruction ==
== Destruction ==
[[File:The end of Buddhist Monks, A.D. 1193.jpg|left|thumb|The image, in the chapter on India in ''Hutchison's Story of the Nations'' edited by [[James Meston, 1st Baron Meston|James Meston]], depicts the Muslim Turkic general [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]]'s massacre of Buddhist monks in [[Bihar, India]]. Khaliji destroyed the [[Nalanda]], [[Vikramashila]], and Odantapuri universities during his raids across North Indian plains, massacring many [[Buddhist]] and [[Brahmin]] scholars.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Sanjeev|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu-O9eNmQXMC&pg=PT130|title=Land of seven rivers: History of India's Geography|date=15 November 2012|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-671-5|pages=130–1}}</ref>]]
[[File:The end of Buddhist Monks, A.D. 1193.jpg|left|thumb|The image, in the chapter on India in ''Hutchison's Story of the Nations'' edited by [[James Meston, 1st Baron Meston|James Meston]], depicts the Muslim Turkic general Bakhtiyar Khalji's massacre of Buddhist monks in Bihar, India. Khaliji destroyed the Nalanda, Vikramashila, and Odantapuri universities during his raids across North Indian plains, massacring many Buddhist and [[Brahmin]] scholars.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Sanjeev|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu-O9eNmQXMC&pg=PT130|title=Land of seven rivers: History of India's Geography|date=15 November 2012|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-671-5|pages=130–1}}</ref>]]
In around 1193 CE, [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] chieftain out to make a name for himself, was in the service of a commander in [[Awadh]]. The Persian historian, [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]] in his ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'', recorded his deeds a few decades later. Khalji was assigned two villages on the border of Bihar which had become a political no-man's land. Sensing an opportunity, he began a series of plundering raids into Bihar and was recognised and rewarded for his efforts by his superiors. Emboldened, Khalji decided to attack a fort in Bihar and was able to successfully capture it, looting it of a great booty.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=41}}
In around 1193 CE, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] chieftain out to make a name for himself, was in the service of a commander in [[Awadh]]. The Persian historian, [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]] in his ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'', recorded his deeds a few decades later. Khalji was assigned two villages on the border of Bihar which had become a political no-man's land. Sensing an opportunity, he began a series of plundering raids into Bihar and was recognised and rewarded for his efforts by his superiors. Emboldened, Khalji decided to attack a fort in Bihar and was able to successfully capture it, looting it of a great booty.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=41}}


Minhaj-i-Siraj wrote of this attack:{{sfn|Minhaj-ud-Din|1881|p=552}}{{quote|Muhammad-i-Bakht-yar, by the force of his intrepidity, threw himself into the postern of the gateway of the place, and they captured the fortress, and acquired great booty. The greater number of the inhabitants of that place were Brahmans, and the whole of those Brahmans had their heads shaven; and they were all slain. There were a great number of books there; and, when all these books came under the observation of the Musalmans, they summoned a number of Hindus that they might give them information respecting the import of those books; but the whole of the Hindus had been killed. On becoming acquainted [with the contents of those books], it was found that the whole of that fortress and city was a college, and in the Hindui tongue, they call a college [مدرسه] Bihar.}}
Minhaj-i-Siraj wrote of this attack:{{sfn|Minhaj-ud-Din|1881|p=552}}{{quote|Muhammad-i-Bakht-yar, by the force of his intrepidity, threw himself into the postern of the gateway of the place, and they captured the fortress, and acquired great booty. The greater number of the inhabitants of that place were Brahmans, and the whole of those Brahmans had their heads shaven; and they were all slain. There were a great number of books there; and, when all these books came under the observation of the Musalmans, they summoned a number of Hindus that they might give them information respecting the import of those books; but the whole of the Hindus had been killed. On becoming acquainted [with the contents of those books], it was found that the whole of that fortress and city was a college, and in the Hindui tongue, they call a college [مدرسه] Bihar.}}
This passage refers to an attack on a Buddhist monastery (the "Bihar" or ''Vihara'') and its monks (the shaved Brahmans). The exact date of this event is not known with scholarly estimates ranging from 1197 to 1206.
This passage refers to an attack on a Buddhist monastery (the "Bihar" or ''Vihara'') and its monks (the shaved Brahmans). The exact date of this event is not known, with scholarly estimates ranging from 1197 to 1206.


While many historians believe that this monastery which was mistaken for a fort was Odantapura, some are of the opinion that it was [[Nalanda]] instead.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=41}} But the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri mentions "Adwand Bihar" as one of the territories acquired by Khalji,<ref>{{Cite book|last=H G Raverty|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.82765|title=Tabakat I Nasiri|date=1873}}</ref> which is obviously a corruption of the name "Uddandapura vihara".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chattopadhyaya|first1=Alaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRrsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Adwand-Bihar&pg=PA442|title=Taranatha's History of Buddhism in India|last2=Chimpa|first2=Lama|last3=Chattopadhyaya|first3=Debiprasad|date=2018-01-01|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3470-5|language=en}}</ref> However, considering that the two Mahaviharas were only a few kilometres apart, both very likely befell a similar fate.{{sfn|Ghosh|1965|p=14}}
While many historians believe that this monastery which was mistaken for a fort was Odantapura, some are of the opinion that it was [[Nalanda]] instead.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=41}} But the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri mentions "Adwand Bihar" as one of the territories acquired by Khalji,<ref>{{Cite book|last=H G Raverty|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.82765|title=Tabakat I Nasiri|date=1873}}</ref> which is obviously a corruption of the name "Uddandapura vihara".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chattopadhyaya|first1=Alaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRrsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Adwand-Bihar&pg=PA442|title=Taranatha's History of Buddhism in India|last2=Chimpa|first2=Lama|last3=Chattopadhyaya|first3=Debiprasad|date=2018-01-01|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3470-5|language=en}}</ref> However, considering that the two Mahaviharas were only a few kilometres apart, both very likely befell a similar fate.{{sfn|Ghosh|1965|p=14}}


[[Taranatha]], the Tibetan monk, writes that the emperor of Magadha had fortified the monastery and stationed some soldiers with whom the monks joined in repulsing the invaders. He mentions that one of the early raids on Odantapuri was repulsed and the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]] force of five hundreds was defeated.<ref name=":0" /> According to the biography of the Tibetan monk-pilgrim, [[Dharmasvamin]], who journeyed to India between 1234 and 1236; after its destruction, Odantapuri was turned into a military headquarters of the Turkic forces.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dutt|first=Sukumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C|title=Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture|date=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe|isbn=978-81-208-0498-2|language=en}}</ref>
Taranatha writes that the emperor of Magadha had fortified the monastery and stationed some soldiers with whom the monks joined in repulsing the invaders. He mentions that one of the early raids on Odantapuri was repulsed and the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]] force of five hundreds was defeated.<ref name=":0" /> According to the biography of the Tibetan monk-pilgrim, [[Dharmasvamin]], who journeyed to India between 1234 and 1236, Odantapuri was turned into a military headquarters of the Turkic forces after its destruction.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dutt|first=Sukumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C|title=Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture|date=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe|isbn=978-81-208-0498-2|language=en}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 18:39, 25 February 2022

Odantapuri
Photograph of the old ruined gate of the fort at Bihar Sharif in Bihar, taken by Joseph David Beglar in the 1870s. The fort is considered to be the remains of the Odantapuri monastery.
Odantapuri is located in India
Odantapuri
Shown within India
Odantapuri is located in Bihar
Odantapuri
Odantapuri (Bihar)
LocationBihar, India
Coordinates25°11′49″N 85°31′05″E / 25.197°N 85.518°E / 25.197; 85.518
TypeCentre of learning
History
Founded8th–9th century CE
Abandoned13th century CE
EventsDestroyed by Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji in the late 12th-century

Odantapuri (also called Odantapura or Uddandapura) was a prominent Buddhist Mahavihara in what is now Bihar, India. It is believed to have been established by Gopala I in the 8th century. It is considered the second oldest of India's Mahaviharas after Nalanda and was situated in Magadha.[1] Inscriptional evidence also indicates that the Mahavihara was supported by local Buddhist kings like the Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya.[2]

The vihara perished at the hands of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, a Turko-Muslim invader in late 1100s, when he launched multiple raids on Bihar and adjoining territories.[3]

Location

About the location of Odantapuri, S.C.Das depending on Sumpa Khan-po’s account thought that it was “erected on a hill near the town of modern Behar.”[4] The Tibetan scholar dge-’dun-chos-’phel stated: “On the railway line from Patna to Rajgir, there is a station called Bihar-Sharif. If one looks to the west after reaching the station, one will see a low mound." This is said to contain the ruins of Odantapuri Vihara.[5] Hence, the modern city of Bihar Sharif is identified as the location of Odantapuri Mahavihara.

However, the location of Odantapuri has not yet been conclusively established.[6]

History

Gopala, the founder of the Pala dynasty, who ascended the throne of Bengal in 750 CE, founded the monastery at Odantapuri. However, according to Bu-ston, the Odantapuri monastery was built by Gopala's son and successor, Dharmapala; while according to Taranatha, it was founded by either Gopala or Devapala.[7]

Odantapuri was part of a network of five Mahaviharas in eastern India. The others were Nalanda, Vikramashila, Somapura, and Jagaddala. Tibetan sources detail that at its height in the 8th-century, Odantapuri had approximately twelve thousand students.[8]

Around the 11th century CE, while Nalanda was struggling for survival, Odantapuri “had a rival institution functioning under the royal patronage of Palas and, being a capital town, it must have inevitably snatched away the fortunes of Nalanda”.[9]

Influences

Tibetan sources indicate that the 8th century Samye monastery in Tibet was modeled upon Odantapuri.[10]

Destruction

The image, in the chapter on India in Hutchison's Story of the Nations edited by James Meston, depicts the Muslim Turkic general Bakhtiyar Khalji's massacre of Buddhist monks in Bihar, India. Khaliji destroyed the Nalanda, Vikramashila, and Odantapuri universities during his raids across North Indian plains, massacring many Buddhist and Brahmin scholars.[11]

In around 1193 CE, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, a Turkic chieftain out to make a name for himself, was in the service of a commander in Awadh. The Persian historian, Minhaj-i-Siraj in his Tabaqat-i Nasiri, recorded his deeds a few decades later. Khalji was assigned two villages on the border of Bihar which had become a political no-man's land. Sensing an opportunity, he began a series of plundering raids into Bihar and was recognised and rewarded for his efforts by his superiors. Emboldened, Khalji decided to attack a fort in Bihar and was able to successfully capture it, looting it of a great booty.[12]

Minhaj-i-Siraj wrote of this attack:[13]

Muhammad-i-Bakht-yar, by the force of his intrepidity, threw himself into the postern of the gateway of the place, and they captured the fortress, and acquired great booty. The greater number of the inhabitants of that place were Brahmans, and the whole of those Brahmans had their heads shaven; and they were all slain. There were a great number of books there; and, when all these books came under the observation of the Musalmans, they summoned a number of Hindus that they might give them information respecting the import of those books; but the whole of the Hindus had been killed. On becoming acquainted [with the contents of those books], it was found that the whole of that fortress and city was a college, and in the Hindui tongue, they call a college [مدرسه] Bihar.

This passage refers to an attack on a Buddhist monastery (the "Bihar" or Vihara) and its monks (the shaved Brahmans). The exact date of this event is not known, with scholarly estimates ranging from 1197 to 1206.

While many historians believe that this monastery which was mistaken for a fort was Odantapura, some are of the opinion that it was Nalanda instead.[12] But the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri mentions "Adwand Bihar" as one of the territories acquired by Khalji,[14] which is obviously a corruption of the name "Uddandapura vihara".[15] However, considering that the two Mahaviharas were only a few kilometres apart, both very likely befell a similar fate.[16]

Taranatha writes that the emperor of Magadha had fortified the monastery and stationed some soldiers with whom the monks joined in repulsing the invaders. He mentions that one of the early raids on Odantapuri was repulsed and the Turushka force of five hundreds was defeated.[3] According to the biography of the Tibetan monk-pilgrim, Dharmasvamin, who journeyed to India between 1234 and 1236, Odantapuri was turned into a military headquarters of the Turkic forces after its destruction.[17]

References

  1. ^ Anupam, Hitendra (2001). "Significance of Tibetan Sources in the Study of Odantapuri and Vikaramsila Mahavihars". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 61: 424–428. JSTOR 44148119.
  2. ^ Balogh, Daniel (2021). Pithipati Puzzles: Custodians of the Diamond Throne. British Museum Research Publications. pp. 40–58. ISBN 9780861592289.
  3. ^ a b Singh, Anand (2013). "'Destruction' and 'Decline' of Nālandā Mahāvihāra: Prejudices and Praxis". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka. 58 (1): 23–49. ISSN 1391-720X. JSTOR 43854933.
  4. ^ Sumpa Khan-po Yeçe Pal Jor, 1702-1775; Das, Sarat Chandra (1908). Pag sam jon zang. University of California. Calcutta, Pub. by the Presidency jail press. {{cite book}}: |first1= has numeric name (help)
  5. ^ Barua, Dipak Kumar (1969). Viharas In Ancient India.
  6. ^ Rajani, M. B. (2020-09-29). Patterns in Past Settlements: Geospatial Analysis of Imprints of Cultural Heritage on Landscapes. Springer Nature. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-981-15-7466-5.
  7. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1943). The History of Bengal ... University of Dacca.
  8. ^ Buswell, Robert (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 601. ISBN 9780691157863.
  9. ^ Patil, D.R. (1963). The Antiquarian Remains in Bihar. p. 326.
  10. ^ "Odantapuri | Buddhist school". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  11. ^ Sanyal, Sanjeev (15 November 2012). Land of seven rivers: History of India's Geography. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 130–1. ISBN 978-81-8475-671-5.
  12. ^ a b Chandra 2004, p. 41.
  13. ^ Minhaj-ud-Din 1881, p. 552.
  14. ^ H G Raverty (1873). Tabakat I Nasiri.
  15. ^ Chattopadhyaya, Alaka; Chimpa, Lama; Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (2018-01-01). Taranatha's History of Buddhism in India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3470-5.
  16. ^ Ghosh 1965, p. 14.
  17. ^ Dutt, Sukumar (1988). Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. ISBN 978-81-208-0498-2.

Bibliography

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