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The citation for the award of Honorary Membership of the European Geophysical Society (now the [[European Geosciences Union]]) in 1994 emphasised the importance and breadth of Dungey's work both as a scientist and in training later generations.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=EGS Honorary Membership 1994 |url=https://www.egu.eu/egs/medalists/dungley94.htm |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=www.egu.eu}}</ref>
The citation for the award of Honorary Membership of the European Geophysical Society (now the [[European Geosciences Union]]) in 1994 emphasised the importance and breadth of Dungey's work both as a scientist and in training later generations.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=EGS Honorary Membership 1994 |url=https://www.egu.eu/egs/medalists/dungley94.htm |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=www.egu.eu}}</ref>


A great many features of Earth's [[magnetosphere]] that are now known to be of great importance, were first proposed and investigated by Dungey. The list is very long and just a few highlights are given here. He was the first to compute the length of the geomagnetic tail<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dungey |first=J. W. |date=1965-04-01 |title=The length of the magnetospheric tail |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JZ070i007p01753 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |language=en |volume=70 |issue=7 |pages=1753–1753 |doi=10.1029/JZ070i007p01753}}</ref> and his value was in good agreement with that found by the first spacecraft missions to visit that region of space <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |author-last= Hughes |author-first= J.W. |title= The magnetopause, magnetotail, and magnetic reconnection |pages= 227-285 |encyclopedia=Introduction to Space Physics |date= 1995 |publisher=Cambridge University press |isbn=0-521-45104-3 |editor-last1=Kivelson |editor-first1=M. G. |editor-last2=Russell |editor-first2=C. T |location=Cambridge U.K.}}</ref>. He predicted "lobe reconnection" when the [[interplanetary magnetic field]] points northward <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dungey |first=JW |title=The structure of the exosphere of adventures in velocity space, in Geophysics, The Earth's Environment, Ed. C. DeWitt, J. Hieblot, and A. Lebeau |publisher=Gordon and Breach |year=1963 |location=New York |pages=505–550}}</ref>, which is observed by low-Earth orbit spacecraft (for example during the [[Space hurricane]] event) and in observations of dayside auroral forms <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lockwood |first1=M. |last2=Moen |first2=J. I. |date=1999-08-31 |title= Reconfiguration and closure of lobe flux by reconnection during northward IMF: possible evidence for signatures in cusp/cleft auroral emissions |url=https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/38744/ |journal=Annales Geophysicae|language=en |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=996-1011 |issn=0992-7689 |doi=10.1007/s00585-999-0996-2}}</ref>. Lobe reconnection has the important implication that the magnetosphere is rarely, if ever an equilibrium system. Dungey was the first to suggest that [[Magnetohydrodynamics|MHD]] waves in the outer magnetosphere were the sources of oscillations seen at the Earth's surface and that these continuous pulsations were a resonant process <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |author-last= Kivelson |author-first= M. G. |title= Pulsations and magnetohydrodynamic wayes |pages= 330-3555 |encyclopedia=Introduction to Space Physics |date= 1995 |publisher=Cambridge University press |isbn=0-521-45104-3 |editor-last1=Kivelson |editor-first1=M. G. |editor-last2=Russell |editor-first2=C. T |location=Cambridge U.K.}}</ref> and, in particular he recognised the role of [[Kelvin-Helmholtz wave|Kelvin-Helmholz waves]] on magnetospheric boundaries in this context;<ref>{{Citation |last=Dungey |first=J. W. |title=Instabilities in the Magnetosphere (Theoretical Treatment) |date=1972 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-010-3130-1_8 |work=The Magnetosphere |pages=219–235 |editor-last=Dyer |editor-first=E. R. |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-010-3130-1_8 |isbn=978-90-277-0212-8 |access-date=2022-02-26 |editor2-last=Roederer |editor2-first=J. G.}}</ref> and (with [[David Southwood]]) showed gave important mechanisms and diagnostics <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dungey |first=J.W. |last2=Southwood |first2=D.J. |date=April 1970 |title=Ultra low frequency waves in the magnetosphere |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00171551 |journal=Space Science Reviews |language=en |volume=10 |issue=5 |doi=10.1007/BF00171551 |issn=0038-6308}}</ref>) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Southwood |first=D.J. |last2=Dungey |first2=J.W. |last3=Etherington |first3=R.J. |date=March 1969 |title=Bounce resonant interaction between pulsations and trapped particles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0032063369900683 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=349–361 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(69)90068-3}}</ref>). He was the first to recognise the importance of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dungey |first=J. W. |date=1994 |title=Memories, maxims, and motives |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/94JA00105 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |language=en |volume=99 |issue=A10 |pages=19189 |doi=10.1029/94JA00105 |issn=0148-0227}}</ref> and worked with his student Stephen Knight on the generation of field-aligned potential drops <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knight |first=Stephen |date=May 1973 |title=Parallel electric fields |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0032063373900937 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |language=en |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=741–750 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(73)90093-7}}</ref>). He proposed [[particle diffusion]] in the [[radiation belt]]s,<ref>{{Citation |last=Dungey |first=J.W. |title=The Radiation Belts |date=1964 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780080100036500225 |work=The Planet Earth |pages=311–324 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-010003-6.50022-5 |isbn=978-0-08-010003-6 |access-date=2022-02-26}}</ref> and (with [[Stan Cowley]]) waves and particles in neutral current sheets <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=C. |last2=Cowley |first2=S.W.H. |last3=Dungey |first3=J.W. |date=April 1981 |title=Wave-particle interactions in a magnetic neutral sheet |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0032063381900830 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=399–403 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(81)90083-0}}</ref>) Dungey was also the first to recognise gyro-resonant interactions between whistler-mode waves and [[Van Allen radiation belt]] electrons could be significant for precipitating the latter into the [[ionosphere]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dungey |first=J.W. |date=June 1963 |title=Loss of van allen electrons due to whistlers |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0032063363901661 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |language=en |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=591–595 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(63)90166-1}}</ref> a mechanism that is fundamental to modern studies of the radiation belts <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qin |first1=M.|display-authors=etal |date=2021-12-10 |title=Multi-Point Observations of Modulated Whistler-Mode Waves and Energetic Electron Precipitation |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JA029505 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |language=en |volume=126 |issue=12|doi=10.1029/2021JA029505}}</ref>
A great many features of Earth's [[magnetosphere]] that are now known to be of great importance, were first proposed and investigated by Dungey. The list is very long and just a few highlights are given here. He was the first to compute the length of the geomagnetic tail<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dungey |first=J. W. |date=1965-04-01 |title=The length of the magnetospheric tail |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JZ070i007p01753 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |language=en |volume=70 |issue=7 |pages=1753–1753 |doi=10.1029/JZ070i007p01753}}</ref> and his value was in good agreement with that found by the first spacecraft missions to visit that region of space <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |author-last= Hughes |author-first= J.W. |title= The magnetopause, magnetotail, and magnetic reconnection |pages= 227-285 |encyclopedia=Introduction to Space Physics |date= 1995 |publisher=Cambridge University press |isbn=0-521-45104-3 |editor-last1=Kivelson |editor-first1=M. G. |editor-last2=Russell |editor-first2=C. T |location=Cambridge U.K.}}</ref>. He predicted "lobe reconnection" when the [[interplanetary magnetic field]] points northward <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dungey |first=JW |title=The structure of the exosphere of adventures in velocity space, in Geophysics, The Earth's Environment, Ed. C. DeWitt, J. Hieblot, and A. Lebeau |publisher=Gordon and Breach |year=1963 |location=New York |pages=505–550}}</ref>, which is observed by low-Earth orbit spacecraft (for example during the [[Space hurricane]] event) and in observations of dayside auroral forms <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lockwood |first1=M. |last2=Moen |first2=J. I. |date=1999-08-31 |title= Reconfiguration and closure of lobe flux by reconnection during northward IMF: possible evidence for signatures in cusp/cleft auroral emissions |url=https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/38744/ |journal=Annales Geophysicae|language=en |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=996-1011 |issn=0992-7689 |doi=10.1007/s00585-999-0996-2}}</ref>. Lobe reconnection has the important implication that the magnetosphere is rarely, if ever an equilibrium system <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lockwood |first=M. |date=2022-02-24 |title=The Joined-up Magnetosphere |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2022.856188/full |journal=Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |language=en |volume=9 |papernumber= 856188 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.3389/fspas.2022.856188}}</ref>. Dungey was the first to suggest that [[Magnetohydrodynamics|MHD]] waves in the outer magnetosphere were the sources of oscillations seen at the Earth's surface and that these continuous pulsations were a resonant process <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |author-last= Kivelson |author-first= M. G. |title= Pulsations and magnetohydrodynamic wayes |pages= 330-3555 |encyclopedia=Introduction to Space Physics |date= 1995 |publisher=Cambridge University press |isbn=0-521-45104-3 |editor-last1=Kivelson |editor-first1=M. G. |editor-last2=Russell |editor-first2=C. T |location=Cambridge U.K.}}</ref> and, in particular he recognised the role of [[Kelvin-Helmholtz wave|Kelvin-Helmholz waves]] on magnetospheric boundaries in this context;<ref>{{Citation |last=Dungey |first=J. W. |title=Instabilities in the Magnetosphere (Theoretical Treatment) |date=1972 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-010-3130-1_8 |work=The Magnetosphere |pages=219–235 |editor-last=Dyer |editor-first=E. R. |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-010-3130-1_8 |isbn=978-90-277-0212-8 |access-date=2022-02-26 |editor2-last=Roederer |editor2-first=J. G.}}</ref> and (with [[David Southwood]]) showed gave important mechanisms and diagnostics <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dungey |first=J.W. |last2=Southwood |first2=D.J. |date=April 1970 |title=Ultra low frequency waves in the magnetosphere |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00171551 |journal=Space Science Reviews |language=en |volume=10 |issue=5 |doi=10.1007/BF00171551 |issn=0038-6308}}</ref>) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Southwood |first=D.J. |last2=Dungey |first2=J.W. |last3=Etherington |first3=R.J. |date=March 1969 |title=Bounce resonant interaction between pulsations and trapped particles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0032063369900683 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=349–361 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(69)90068-3}}</ref>). He was the first to recognise the importance of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dungey |first=J. W. |date=1994 |title=Memories, maxims, and motives |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/94JA00105 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |language=en |volume=99 |issue=A10 |pages=19189 |doi=10.1029/94JA00105 |issn=0148-0227}}</ref> and worked with his student Stephen Knight on the generation of field-aligned potential drops <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knight |first=Stephen |date=May 1973 |title=Parallel electric fields |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0032063373900937 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |language=en |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=741–750 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(73)90093-7}}</ref>). He proposed [[particle diffusion]] in the [[radiation belt]]s,<ref>{{Citation |last=Dungey |first=J.W. |title=The Radiation Belts |date=1964 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780080100036500225 |work=The Planet Earth |pages=311–324 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-010003-6.50022-5 |isbn=978-0-08-010003-6 |access-date=2022-02-26}}</ref> and (with [[Stan Cowley]]) waves and particles in neutral current sheets <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=C. |last2=Cowley |first2=S.W.H. |last3=Dungey |first3=J.W. |date=April 1981 |title=Wave-particle interactions in a magnetic neutral sheet |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0032063381900830 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=399–403 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(81)90083-0}}</ref>) Dungey was also the first to recognise gyro-resonant interactions between whistler-mode waves and [[Van Allen radiation belt]] electrons could be significant for precipitating the latter into the [[ionosphere]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dungey |first=J.W. |date=June 1963 |title=Loss of van allen electrons due to whistlers |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0032063363901661 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |language=en |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=591–595 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(63)90166-1}}</ref> a mechanism that is fundamental to modern studies of the radiation belts <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qin |first1=M.|display-authors=etal |date=2021-12-10 |title=Multi-Point Observations of Modulated Whistler-Mode Waves and Energetic Electron Precipitation |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JA029505 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |language=en |volume=126 |issue=12|doi=10.1029/2021JA029505}}</ref>


Dungey also nurtured and supervised a series of space physicist who went on to make contributions to the field, such as [[David Southwood]], [[Stan Cowley]], [[Jeff Hughes (historian)|Jeff Hughes]], Don Fairfield and [[Maha Ashour-Abdalla]]. He was also an enthusiastic supporter of proposed missions and facilities that were used by the next generation of scientists, such as the [[European Space Agency]]'s [[Cluster II (spacecraft)|Cluster]] multi-spacecraft mission and the European Incoherent Scatter ([[EISCAT]]) radars.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
Dungey also nurtured and supervised a series of space physicist who went on to make contributions to the field, such as [[David Southwood]], [[Stan Cowley]], [[Jeff Hughes (historian)|Jeff Hughes]], Don Fairfield and [[Maha Ashour-Abdalla]]. He was also an enthusiastic supporter of proposed missions and facilities that were used by the next generation of scientists, such as the [[European Space Agency]]'s [[Cluster II (spacecraft)|Cluster]] multi-spacecraft mission and the European Incoherent Scatter ([[EISCAT]]) radars.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Revision as of 14:30, 28 February 2022

File:Dungey.png
Dungey outside his home in Wabbleswick holding aloft a weather vane given to him by colleagues at Imperial College on his retirement in 1985. The vane is in the form of the famous schematic in his seminal 1961 paper which introduced the concepts of magnetic reconnection and the open magnetosphere.

James Wynne "Jim" Dungey (1923–2015) was a British space scientist who was pivotal in establishing the field of space weather and made significant contributions to the fundamental understanding of plasma physics.

Early life and career

Jim Dungey grew up in Stamford, Lincolnshire, the son of a schoolteacher. During World War II, he worked at British Thompson-Houston in Rugby, on developments for radar. After the end of the war, he gained a degree from Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1947, where he stayed to pursue a Ph.D. under the supervision British polymath scientist Fred Hoyle. From 1950 to 1953 he worked at the University of Sydney with Ron Giovanelli, from 1953 to 1954 at Pennsylvania State University and from 1954 to 1957 back at Cambridge. From 1957 to 1959 he was a mathematics lecturer at King's College, Newcastle upon Tyne (now Newcastle University) and from 1959 to 1963 he worked at Aldermaston. In 1963 he moved to the Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, where he was a physics professor from 1965 to 1984.[1][2]

The discovery of magnetic reconnection

Dungey introduced the concept of magnetic reconnection, a mechanism that was not initially accepted but is now recognized to be of fundamental importance in all areas of plasma (ionized gas) physics. Magnetic reconnection has key effects on astrophysical, space, and laboratory plasmas in converting magnetic energy into heat and energised charged particles. It also enables a wide range of phenomena by reconfiguring magnetic field lines. It is central to our understanding of the solar corona, interplanetary space, Earth's magnetosphere, fusion tokamaks and many astrophysical objects. It is also the key factor in space weather effects on operational systems, being involved in the release of energy in solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and is the key mechanism that transfers energy from the solar wind flow (and its enhancement due to CMEs) to Earth's space environment, the magnetosphere.[3] It is also central to fusion research, causing problems for the magnetic confinement of the plasma in tokamaks but is harnessed in some devices to help compress the plasma.

Dungey's seminal paper arose when he considered the origins of the known system of currents in the polar ionospheres detected using high-latitude magnetometers.[4] He had been steered toward this work by his PhD supervisor, Fred Hoyle, after Hoyle examined the DSc thesis of Ron Giovanelli in Sydney, Australia—a thesis that contained the concept of magnetic nulls acting to power solar flares by annihilating oppositely-directed magnetic fields at current sheets. Hoyle wondered if some such mechanism could power Earth's aurora. Dungey's key innovations were to restrict the region of magnetic interaction in the current sheet and predict the magnetic field topology changes: this allowed energised paricles and reconnected magnetic flux to escape along the current sheet [1][5]

Initial reaction and acceptance of reconnection

Dungey had great difficulty in getting his work published and his academic career suffered as a result: only in 1963 as the power of his ideas began to be apparent did he establish himself at Imperial College.[2] The most important journal for British space physics research at the time was Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society but his submission there was rejected by two hostile referees. On the advice of Sydney Chapman he submitted the work to Philosophical Magazine, where it was finally accepted.[6] There were technical problems to overcome. For example the initial theory of Parker and Sweet,[7][8] although giving magnetic reconnection, is not fast enough and could not deliver enough voltage (which, by Faraday's law, equals flux magnetic transfer rate). This was solved by aerodynamicist Harry Petschek[9] who added shock fronts standing on the inflow to the reconnection site: these have a number of effects but crucially open up the outflow region to allow more rapid ejection of reconnected flux and plasma along the current sheet, that being the limitation to Parker-Sweet reconnection and the cause of the choking-off of magnetic annihilation. Now it is recognised that the same role is played by Alfvén waves.

In addition to this valid problem which needed to be overcome, a great many false problems were raised: for example, the inappropriate application of "Lenz's law" (a problem Dungey was aware of and had solved in his PhD work) and unnecessary philosophical objections to the concept of moving magnetic field lines. Dungey's 1961 paper described what came to be called the "open magnetosphere model" and only shortly preceded the advent of in-situ measurements by spacecraft. As ever more space data were accrued, the longer the list grew of features of magnetospheric and ionospheric structure and behaviour that were elegantly and uniquely explained by his idea.[10][11] Nevertheless, ironically, acceptance of the concept was more universal in areas away from magnetospheric physics, such as solar physics, astrophysics and laboratory plasma physics, which was a source of considerable frustration and bewilderment to Dungey himself.[3] In particular, Nobel laureate Hannes Alfvén was a vocal, trenchant and influential critic,[12] rejecting reconnection along with his own (and now almost universally-used) concept of frozen-in magnetic flux theorem for large-scale plasmas (also called "Alfvén's theorem" or "ideal MHD") , which was part of the formulation of magnetohydrodyanmics (MHD) for which he gained the Nobel prize in 1970. Reconnection is a breakdown of ideal MHD that occurs in thin current sheets and, ironically, reconnection provides the solution to one of the biggest objections to ideal MHD by untangling field lines that would be ever more tangled if frozen-in applied without it. Today, reconnection is so well established as a key mechanism that no serious and effective space plasma scientist doubts the concept, which is vital in explaining the transfer of mass, energy and momentum from the solar wind to the magnetosphere, thereby driving terrestrial space weather and geomagnetic disturbance.[3]

Later life

The citation for the award of Honorary Membership of the European Geophysical Society (now the European Geosciences Union) in 1994 emphasised the importance and breadth of Dungey's work both as a scientist and in training later generations.[13]

A great many features of Earth's magnetosphere that are now known to be of great importance, were first proposed and investigated by Dungey. The list is very long and just a few highlights are given here. He was the first to compute the length of the geomagnetic tail[14] and his value was in good agreement with that found by the first spacecraft missions to visit that region of space [15]. He predicted "lobe reconnection" when the interplanetary magnetic field points northward [16], which is observed by low-Earth orbit spacecraft (for example during the Space hurricane event) and in observations of dayside auroral forms [17]. Lobe reconnection has the important implication that the magnetosphere is rarely, if ever an equilibrium system [18]. Dungey was the first to suggest that MHD waves in the outer magnetosphere were the sources of oscillations seen at the Earth's surface and that these continuous pulsations were a resonant process [19] and, in particular he recognised the role of Kelvin-Helmholz waves on magnetospheric boundaries in this context;[20] and (with David Southwood) showed gave important mechanisms and diagnostics [21]) [22]). He was the first to recognise the importance of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling;[23] and worked with his student Stephen Knight on the generation of field-aligned potential drops [24]). He proposed particle diffusion in the radiation belts,[25] and (with Stan Cowley) waves and particles in neutral current sheets [26]) Dungey was also the first to recognise gyro-resonant interactions between whistler-mode waves and Van Allen radiation belt electrons could be significant for precipitating the latter into the ionosphere,[27] a mechanism that is fundamental to modern studies of the radiation belts [28]

Dungey also nurtured and supervised a series of space physicist who went on to make contributions to the field, such as David Southwood, Stan Cowley, Jeff Hughes, Don Fairfield and Maha Ashour-Abdalla. He was also an enthusiastic supporter of proposed missions and facilities that were used by the next generation of scientists, such as the European Space Agency's Cluster multi-spacecraft mission and the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radars.[citation needed]

Awards and honours

The James Dungey Lecture is presented annually in his honour by the Royal Astronomical Society.[33]

References

  1. ^ a b Stern, David (1986). "A conversation with Jim Dungey". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 67 (51): 1394. doi:10.1029/eo067i051p01394. ISSN 0096-3941.
  2. ^ a b Southwood, D. (2016-02-02). "James Wynne Dungey (1923–2015)". Eos. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  3. ^ a b c Lockwood, Mike (June 2016). "Jim Dungey, The Open Magnetosphere, and Space Weather". Space Weather. 14 (6): 380–383. doi:10.1002/2016sw001438. ISSN 1542-7390.
  4. ^ Dungey, J. W. (1961-01-15). "Interplanetary Magnetic Field and the Auroral Zones". Physical Review Letters. 6 (2): 47–48. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.47.
  5. ^ Cowley, Stanley W H (February 2016). "Hoyle and the magnetosphere". Astronomy & Geophysics. 57 (1): 1.12–1.12. doi:10.1093/astrogeo/atw033. ISSN 1366-8781.
  6. ^ Dungey, J.W. (1953-07-01). "LXXVI. Conditions for the occurrence of electrical discharges in astrophysical systems". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 44 (354): 725–738. doi:10.1080/14786440708521050. ISSN 1941-5982.
  7. ^ "1958IAUS....6..123S Page 123". adsabs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  8. ^ Parker, E. N. (December 1957). "Sweet's mechanism for merging magnetic fields in conducting fluids". Journal of Geophysical Research. 62 (4): 509–520. doi:10.1029/jz062i004p00509. ISSN 0148-0227.
  9. ^ "1964NASSP..50..425P Page 425". articles.adsabs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  10. ^ Cowley FRS, Stanley W. H.; Southwood, David; Mitton, Simon, eds. (2015). Magnetospheric Plasma Physics: The Impact of Jim Dungey's Research. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Vol. 41. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18359-6. ISBN 978-3-319-18358-9.
  11. ^ Cowley, Stanley W.H. (November 2019). "Brief Portrait of the Scientist as a Young Man: Researches on Dungey's "Open" Magnetosphere From the 1960s to the 1980s". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 124 (11): 8352–8360. doi:10.1029/2019JA027507. ISSN 2169-9380.
  12. ^ "EGS Honorary Membership 1994". www.egu.eu. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  13. ^ a b "EGS Honorary Membership 1994". www.egu.eu. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  14. ^ Dungey, J. W. (1965-04-01). "The length of the magnetospheric tail". Journal of Geophysical Research. 70 (7): 1753–1753. doi:10.1029/JZ070i007p01753.
  15. ^ Hughes, J.W. (1995). "The magnetopause, magnetotail, and magnetic reconnection". In Kivelson, M. G.; Russell, C. T (eds.). Introduction to Space Physics. Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University press. pp. 227–285. ISBN 0-521-45104-3.
  16. ^ Dungey, JW (1963). The structure of the exosphere of adventures in velocity space, in Geophysics, The Earth's Environment, Ed. C. DeWitt, J. Hieblot, and A. Lebeau. New York: Gordon and Breach. pp. 505–550.
  17. ^ Lockwood, M.; Moen, J. I. (1999-08-31). "Reconfiguration and closure of lobe flux by reconnection during northward IMF: possible evidence for signatures in cusp/cleft auroral emissions". Annales Geophysicae. 17 (8): 996–1011. doi:10.1007/s00585-999-0996-2. ISSN 0992-7689.
  18. ^ Lockwood, M. (2022-02-24). "The Joined-up Magnetosphere". Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. 9: 1–7. doi:10.3389/fspas.2022.856188. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |papernumber= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ Kivelson, M. G. (1995). "Pulsations and magnetohydrodynamic wayes". In Kivelson, M. G.; Russell, C. T (eds.). Introduction to Space Physics. Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University press. pp. 330–3555. ISBN 0-521-45104-3.
  20. ^ Dungey, J. W. (1972), Dyer, E. R.; Roederer, J. G. (eds.), "Instabilities in the Magnetosphere (Theoretical Treatment)", The Magnetosphere, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 219–235, doi:10.1007/978-94-010-3130-1_8, ISBN 978-90-277-0212-8, retrieved 2022-02-26
  21. ^ Dungey, J.W.; Southwood, D.J. (April 1970). "Ultra low frequency waves in the magnetosphere". Space Science Reviews. 10 (5). doi:10.1007/BF00171551. ISSN 0038-6308.
  22. ^ Southwood, D.J.; Dungey, J.W.; Etherington, R.J. (March 1969). "Bounce resonant interaction between pulsations and trapped particles". Planetary and Space Science. 17 (3): 349–361. doi:10.1016/0032-0633(69)90068-3.
  23. ^ Dungey, J. W. (1994). "Memories, maxims, and motives". Journal of Geophysical Research. 99 (A10): 19189. doi:10.1029/94JA00105. ISSN 0148-0227.
  24. ^ Knight, Stephen (May 1973). "Parallel electric fields". Planetary and Space Science. 21 (5): 741–750. doi:10.1016/0032-0633(73)90093-7.
  25. ^ Dungey, J.W. (1964), "The Radiation Belts", The Planet Earth, Elsevier, pp. 311–324, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-010003-6.50022-5, ISBN 978-0-08-010003-6, retrieved 2022-02-26
  26. ^ Robertson, C.; Cowley, S.W.H.; Dungey, J.W. (April 1981). "Wave-particle interactions in a magnetic neutral sheet". Planetary and Space Science. 29 (4): 399–403. doi:10.1016/0032-0633(81)90083-0.
  27. ^ Dungey, J.W. (June 1963). "Loss of van allen electrons due to whistlers". Planetary and Space Science. 11 (6): 591–595. doi:10.1016/0032-0633(63)90166-1.
  28. ^ Qin, M.; et al. (2021-12-10). "Multi-Point Observations of Modulated Whistler-Mode Waves and Energetic Electron Precipitation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 126 (12). doi:10.1029/2021JA029505.
  29. ^ "RAS Chapman Medallists" (PDF). RAS Chapman medalists.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ^ "RAS Gold medalists" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ "James W. Dungey |". honors.agu.org. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  32. ^ Anonymous (1991). "James Dungey receives Fleming Medal". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 72 (29): 309–309. doi:10.1029/90EO10239. ISSN 0096-3941.
  33. ^ Royal Astronomical Society Website. "James Dungey Lecture". The Royal Astronomical Society. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
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