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{{Short description|Three towns in the Dutch Republic}} |
{{Short description|Three towns in the Dutch Republic}} |
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The '''Cautionary Towns''' |
The '''Cautionary Towns''' were three strategic [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] ports which under the 1585 [[Treaty of Nonsuch]] were held by English troops as security for assistance provided by [[Elizabeth I]] during the [[Eighty Years' War]] against [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]]. They included [[Brielle]] or Briel, [[Vlissingen]], generally known to the English as Flushing, and Fort Rammekens on the nearby island of [[Walcheren]]. |
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==Background== |
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English and Scottish troops who had volunteered to fight for the Dutch Protestant cause had helped the [[capture of Brielle]], Rammekens and Flushing in 1572 and garrisoned them soon after.<ref name="Knight">Knight, Charles Raleigh: ''Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment''. Vol I. London, Gale & Polden, 1905, [https://archive.org/stream/historicalrecor00kniggoog#page/n36/mode/2up p. 8]</ref> That continued until 1585, with the outbreak of war with Spain. The handover of the garrisons was made during the [[Treaty of Nonsuch]] in 1585 and were kept during the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]], which England would garrison at its own expense.<ref name=Wernham>[[R. B. Wernham]], ''Before the Armada: The growth of English foreign policy 1485–1588'' (1966), p. 371.</ref> The primary objective was to keep these ports out of Spanish hands.<ref name="Mattingly">[[Garrett Mattingly]] (1959), ''[[The Armada (book)|The Armada]]'', Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Ch. V, "Plans of Operations", p. 44.</ref> |
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{{Location map many|Netherlands|caption = The Cautionary Ports|relief = yes|border = black|width =350|float = left |
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|label = Vlissingen|pos = top|lat_deg = 51.45 |lon_deg = 3.566667 |
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|label2 = Brielle|pos2 = right|lat2_deg = 51.9|lon2_deg = 4.166667 |
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|label3 = Fort Rammekens|pos3 = right|lat3_deg = 51.452703|lon3_deg = 3.654261}} |
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English and Scottish volunteers serving with the Dutch Protestants against Spain helped capture [[capture of Brielle|Brielle]], Rammekens and Vlissingen in 1572 and garrisoned them soon after.{{Sfn|Knight|1905|p=8}} When the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]] began in 1585, it was important to keep these strategic ports out of Spanish hands.{{Sfn|Mattingly|1959|p=44}} |
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| ⚫ | [[Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester]] was made governor of |
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| ⚫ | In the [[Treaty of Nonsuch]], the Dutch effectively ceded control of the three ports to [[Elizabeth I]] as security for her assistance and it was agreed that England would garrison them at its own expense.{{Sfn|Wernham|1969|p=371}} Elizabeth's favourite, [[Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester]] was made governor of Vlissingen in 1588, with [[Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter]], appointed governor of Brielle; he was succeeded by [[Edward Conway, 1st Viscount Conway]] who named his daughter [[Brilliana Harley|Brilliana]] in honour of the city.{{Sfn|Mattingly|1959|p=44}} |
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When peace was made at the [[Treaty of London (1604)|Treaty of London]] in 1604, the Spanish demanded the return of the Cautionary Towns, but the English refused to hand them over.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=William|title=An historical and critical account of the lives and writings of James I. and Charles I. and of the lives of Oliver Cromwell and Charles II|date=1814|publisher=F.C. and J. Rivington|page=[https://archive.org/details/anhistoricaland14harrgoog/page/n252 196]|url=https://archive.org/details/anhistoricaland14harrgoog}}</ref> Instead, King [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] of Spain allowed himself to view the towns as neutral to gain access through the English Channel.<ref>Malland p. 32</ref> |
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When the 1604 [[Treaty of London (1604)|Treaty of London]] ended the Anglo-Spanish War, the Spanish demanded the Cautionary Towns be returned to them but the English refused.{{Sfn|Harris|1814|p=196}} [[Philip III of Spain]] eventually conceded the point, having decided their neutrality permitted him to gain access to the [[English Channel]].{{Sfn|Malland|1980|p=32}} This presented a threat to the Dutch and when it became apparent the 1609 [[Twelve Years' Truce]] would not be renewed, they sought to recover the towns; with [[James I]] unwilling to recall [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] and thus short of funds, the Dutch ambassador was authorised to offer up to £250,000 for their purchase.{{Sfn|Croft|2002|p=96}} In May 1616, they agreed a price of £213,000.{{Sfn|Jackson|2021|p=153}} |
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The towns were eventually restored to the Dutch by purchase through [[King James I]] in 1616 for the sum of £250,000.<ref>Croft p. 96</ref> |
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During the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] in 1672, when a combined attack by [[Charles II of England]] and [[Louis XIV of France]] brought the Dutch [[Franco-Dutch War|close to defeat]], Charles demanded the permanent cession of Brielle, Vlissingen and [[Sluys]] to England. However, the Dutch rejected these terms and their position soon recovered.{{sfn|Troost|2005|p=81}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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* {{cite book|last1=Croft|first1=Pauline|title=King James|date=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn= |
* {{cite book|last1=Croft|first1=Pauline|title=King James|date=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1403990174}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=William|title=An historical and critical account of the lives and writings of James I. and Charles I. and of the lives of Oliver Cromwell and Charles II|date=1814|publisher=F.C. and J. Rivington}} |
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* {{cite book|editor1-last=Lawrence|editor1-first=J|editor2-last=Wymer|editor2-first=R|editor3-last=Burgess|editor3-first=G|title=The Accession of James I: Historical and Cultural Consequences|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230501584}} |
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* {{cite book| |
* {{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Clare|title=Devil Land; England under Siege 1588-1688|publisher=Allen Lane|year=2021|isbn=978-0241285817}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Charles Raleigh|title=Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment Vol I|publisher=Gale & Polden|year=1905|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00kniggoog/page/10/mode/2up?view=theater}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Malland|first1=David|title=Europe at War 1600-1650|date=1980|publisher=Rowman and Littlefield|isbn=978-0847662135}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Mattingly|first=Garrett|title=The Armada|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1959}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Troost|first1=Wouter|title=William III the Stadholder-king: A Political Biography|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0754650713}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Wernham|first=R.B|title=Before the Armada: The growth of English foreign policy 1485–1588|publisher=Cape|year=1969}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cautionary Towns}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cautionary Towns}} |
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Revision as of 19:27, 24 March 2022
The Cautionary Towns were three strategic Dutch ports which under the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch were held by English troops as security for assistance provided by Elizabeth I during the Eighty Years' War against Spain. They included Brielle or Briel, Vlissingen, generally known to the English as Flushing, and Fort Rammekens on the nearby island of Walcheren.
Background
Vlissingen
Brielle
Fort Rammekens
The Cautionary Ports
English and Scottish volunteers serving with the Dutch Protestants against Spain helped capture Brielle, Rammekens and Vlissingen in 1572 and garrisoned them soon after.[1] When the Anglo-Spanish War began in 1585, it was important to keep these strategic ports out of Spanish hands.[2]
In the Treaty of Nonsuch, the Dutch effectively ceded control of the three ports to Elizabeth I as security for her assistance and it was agreed that England would garrison them at its own expense.[3] Elizabeth's favourite, Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester was made governor of Vlissingen in 1588, with Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter, appointed governor of Brielle; he was succeeded by Edward Conway, 1st Viscount Conway who named his daughter Brilliana in honour of the city.[2]
When the 1604 Treaty of London ended the Anglo-Spanish War, the Spanish demanded the Cautionary Towns be returned to them but the English refused.[4] Philip III of Spain eventually conceded the point, having decided their neutrality permitted him to gain access to the English Channel.[5] This presented a threat to the Dutch and when it became apparent the 1609 Twelve Years' Truce would not be renewed, they sought to recover the towns; with James I unwilling to recall Parliament and thus short of funds, the Dutch ambassador was authorised to offer up to £250,000 for their purchase.[6] In May 1616, they agreed a price of £213,000.[7]
During the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672, when a combined attack by Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France brought the Dutch close to defeat, Charles demanded the permanent cession of Brielle, Vlissingen and Sluys to England. However, the Dutch rejected these terms and their position soon recovered.[8]
References
- ^ Knight 1905, p. 8.
- ^ a b Mattingly 1959, p. 44.
- ^ Wernham 1969, p. 371.
- ^ Harris 1814, p. 196.
- ^ Malland 1980, p. 32.
- ^ Croft 2002, p. 96.
- ^ Jackson 2021, p. 153.
- ^ Troost 2005, p. 81.
Sources
- Croft, Pauline (2002). King James. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403990174.
- Harris, William (1814). An historical and critical account of the lives and writings of James I. and Charles I. and of the lives of Oliver Cromwell and Charles II. F.C. and J. Rivington.
- Jackson, Clare (2021). Devil Land; England under Siege 1588-1688. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0241285817.
- Knight, Charles Raleigh (1905). Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment Vol I. Gale & Polden.
- Malland, David (1980). Europe at War 1600-1650. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-0847662135.
- Mattingly, Garrett (1959). The Armada. Houghton Mifflin.
- Troost, Wouter (2005). William III the Stadholder-king: A Political Biography. Routledge. ISBN 978-0754650713.
- Wernham, R.B (1969). Before the Armada: The growth of English foreign policy 1485–1588. Cape.