Black-fronted titi monkey: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Monkbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,119,769 edits
m Task 19: convert/update IUCN references to {{cite iucn}} using data from IUCN Red List API; IUCN status confirmed (2×); IUCN status ref updated; (3/00:03.59);
Jdonnini (talk | contribs)
48 edits
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Species of New World monkey}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
Line 15: Line 14:
}}
}}


The '''black-fronted titi''' (''Callicebus nigrifrons'') is a species of [[titi]], a type of [[New World monkey]], endemic to [[Brazil]].
The '''black-fronted titi''' (''Callicebus nigrifrons'') is a species of [[titi]], a type of [[New World monkey]].

The black-fronted titi is a small diurnal primate. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Caselli |first=Christini B. |last2=Gestich |first2=Carla C. |last3=Nagy-Reis |first3=Mariana B. |date=2017-08-01 |title=Sleeping above the enemy: Sleeping site choice by black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons
) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22688 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=79 |issue=10 |pages=e22688 |doi=10.1002/ajp.22688 |issn=0275-2565}}</ref> The body of this primate is covered in grey to brown fur with black fur concentrated around the face, the tail is slightly orange in color. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=dos Santos |first=Glênio Pereira |last2=Galvão |first2=Cristiane |last3=Young |first3=Robert J. |date=2012-02-05 |title=The diet of wild black-fronted titi monkeys Callicebus nigrifrons during a bamboo masting year |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-012-0295-5 |journal=Primates |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=265–272 |doi=10.1007/s10329-012-0295-5 |issn=0032-8332}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cristiane. |first=Cäsar, |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/806194348 |title=Anti-predator behaviour of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons). |date=2012 |publisher=University of St Andrews |oclc=806194348}}</ref> Body weight ranges from 1 to 2 kilograms and the head to body length is around 270 to 450 millimeters.<ref name=":1" /> This species does not exhibit sexual dimorphism. <ref name=":2" /> Members of this species can live up to 12 years of age in captivity.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Berthet |first=Mélissa |last2=Mesbahi |first2=Geoffrey |last3=Duvot |first3=Guilhem |last4=Zuberbühler |first4=Klaus |last5=Cäsar |first5=Cristiane |last6=Bicca‐Marques |first6=Júlio Cèsar |date=2021-10-05 |title=Dramatic decline in a titi monkey population after the 2016–2018 sylvatic yellow fever outbreak in Brazil |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23335 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=83 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/ajp.23335 |issn=0275-2565}}</ref>

== Habitat and Distribution ==
The black-fronted titi is endemic to the [[Atlantic Forest|Atlantic forest]] region of Brazil <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Caselli |first=Christini Barbosa |last2=Setz |first2=Eleonore Zulnara Freire |date=2011-08-23 |title=Feeding ecology and activity pattern of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) in a semideciduous tropical forest of southern Brazil |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-011-0266-2 |journal=Primates |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=351–359 |doi=10.1007/s10329-011-0266-2 |issn=0032-8332}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Duarte |first=M. H. L. |last2=Kaizer |first2=M. C. |last3=Young |first3=R. J. |last4=Rodrigues |first4=M. |last5=Sousa-Lima |first5=R. S. |date=2017-09-11 |title=Mining noise affects loud call structures and emission patterns of wild black-fronted titi monkeys |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-017-0629-4 |journal=Primates |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=89–97 |doi=10.1007/s10329-017-0629-4 |issn=0032-8332}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=dos Santos |first=Glênio Pereira |last2=Galvão |first2=Cristiane |last3=Young |first3=Robert J. |date=2012-02-05 |title=The diet of wild black-fronted titi monkeys Callicebus nigrifrons during a bamboo masting year |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-012-0295-5 |journal=Primates |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=265–272 |doi=10.1007/s10329-012-0295-5 |issn=0032-8332}}</ref> and has a home range averaging 20 hectares.<ref name=":4" /> The black-fronted titi is arboreal and prefers the middle to upper canopy of the forest.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Cristiane. |first=Cäsar, |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/806194348 |title=Anti-predator behaviour of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons). |date=2012 |publisher=University of St Andrews |oclc=806194348}}</ref> However, it will move to the forest floor at times to forage, travel, and play.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Berthet |first=Mélissa |last2=Mesbahi |first2=Geoffrey |last3=Duvot |first3=Guilhem |last4=Zuberbühler |first4=Klaus |last5=Cäsar |first5=Cristiane |last6=Bicca‐Marques |first6=Júlio Cèsar |date=2021-10-05 |title=Dramatic decline in a titi monkey population after the 2016–2018 sylvatic yellow fever outbreak in Brazil |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23335 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=83 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/ajp.23335 |issn=0275-2565}}</ref> Play behavior on the forest floor has been documented between black-fronted titis and marmosets in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Souza-Alves |first=João Pedro |last2=Mourthe |first2=Italo |last3=Hilário |first3=Renato R. |last4=Bicca-Marques |first4=Júlio César |last5=Rehg |first5=Jennifer |last6=Gestich |first6=Carla C. |last7=Acero-Murcia |first7=Adriana C. |last8=Adret |first8=Patrice |last9=Aquino |first9=Rolando |last10=Berthet |first10=Mélissa |last11=Bowler |first11=Mark |date=2019-10-01 |title=Terrestrial Behavior in Titi Monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus): Potential Correlates, Patterns, and Differences between Genera |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00105-x |journal=International Journal of Primatology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=553–572 |doi=10.1007/s10764-019-00105-x |issn=1573-8604}}</ref>

== Ecology ==

==== Diet ====
The diet of the black-fronted titi is frugivorous and they forage in dense vegetation.<ref name=":22" /> They are also known to eat leaves, seeds, invertebrates, and flowers. <ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nagy-Reis |first=Mariana B. |last2=Setz |first2=Eleonore Z. F. |date=2016-08-02 |title=Foraging strategies of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) in relation to food availability in a seasonal tropical forest |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-016-0556-9 |journal=Primates |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=149–158 |doi=10.1007/s10329-016-0556-9 |issn=0032-8332}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Due to their highly frugivorous diet, they play a key role in seed dispersion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gestich |first=Carla Cristina |last2=Nagy-Reis |first2=Mariana B. |last3=Caselli |first3=Christini Barbosa |date=2019-10 |title=From dropping to dropping: The contribution of a small primate to seed dispersal in Atlantic Forest |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2019.103464 |journal=Acta Oecologica |volume=100 |pages=103464 |doi=10.1016/j.actao.2019.103464 |issn=1146-609X}}</ref>

==== Predation ====
Predators of the black-fronted titi include raptors, mammalian carnivores, snakes, and other primates.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Caselli |first=Christini B. |last2=Gestich |first2=Carla C. |last3=Nagy-Reis |first3=Mariana B. |date=2017-08-01 |title=Sleeping above the enemy: Sleeping site choice by black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons
) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22688 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=79 |issue=10 |pages=e22688 |doi=10.1002/ajp.22688 |issn=0275-2565}}</ref> Black-fronted titis are particularly vulnerable to raptor attacks when they move to the upper portion of the canopy to sunbathe on cold mornings.<ref name=":22" /> After detecting a raptor black-fronted titis respond quickly using alarm calls and hiding.<ref name=":22" />

== Behaviour ==
[[File:Parque_das_águas_,_São_Lourenço,_MG,_Brasil_04.jpg|thumb|Black-fronted titi pair]]
The black-fronted titi is socially [[Monogamous pairing in animals|monogamous]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Souza-Alves |first=João Pedro |last2=Caselli |first2=Christini B. |last3=Gestich |first3=Carla C. |last4=Nagy-Reis |first4=Mariana B. |date=2019-02-20 |title=Should I store, or should I sync? The breeding strategy of two small Neotropical primates under predictable resource availability |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-019-00716-1 |journal=Primates |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |doi=10.1007/s10329-019-00716-1 |issn=0032-8332}}</ref><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":12" /> and is typically found in a group of two to six individuals, which includes the adult pair and their offspring.<ref name=":62" /><ref name=":12" /> Females give birth to one offspring per year, usually in July or August.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Cäsar |first=Cristiane |last2=Young |first2=Robert John |date=2007-10-16 |title=A case of adoption in a wild group of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-007-0066-x |journal=Primates |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=146–148 |doi=10.1007/s10329-007-0066-x |issn=0032-8332}}</ref> Parental care and social activities with the offspring are carried out by the male of this species, while the female only provides milk.<ref name=":5" /> Both males and females disperse from their natal group at three years of age. <ref name=":62" />

The black-fronted titi is territorial and will defend territories, food resources, and mates with loud calls individually or in duets or choruses.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":62" /> Loud calls are used for within and between group communication and have a high amplitude and a low frequency which allows them to be heard over long distances.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caselli |first=Christini |last2=Mennill |first2=Daniel |last3=Bicca-Marques |first3=Júlio César |last4=Setz |first4=Eleonore |date=2014-03-03 |title=Vocal behavior of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons): Acoustic properties and behavioral contexts of loud calls |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajp.22270 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=76 |pages=788-800}}</ref> Loud calls are broadcasted at dawn and when titis see or hear another group.<ref name=":4" /> When confronted by a predator, duets and choruses can last up to two hours, with group members alternating between soft and loud calls. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narbona Sabaté |first=Lara |last2=Mesbahi |first2=Geoffrey |last3=Dezecache |first3=Guillaume |last4=Cäsar |first4=Cristiane |last5=Zuberbühler |first5=Klaus |last6=Berthet |first6=Mélissa |date=2022-01-09 |title=Animal linguistics in the making: the Urgency Principle and titi monkeys’ alarm system |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.2015452 |journal=Ethology Ecology & Evolution |volume=0 |issue=0 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1080/03949370.2021.2015452 |issn=0394-9370}}</ref> There are no sex differences in calling behavior during predator interactions, both males and females will call. <ref name=":22" /> The black-fronted titi can produce calls which encode the predator type (aerial or terrestrial) and predator location to nearby conspecifics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cäsar |first=Cristiane |last2=Zuberbühler |first2=Klaus |last3=Young |first3=Robert J. |last4=Byrne |first4=Richard W. |date=2013-10-23 |title=Titi monkey call sequences vary with predator location and type |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0535 |journal=Biology Letters |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=20130535 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2013.0535 |pmc=PMC3971693 |pmid=24004492}}</ref>

Characteristic of the [[Callicebinae]] family, black-fronted titis can be observed with interwoven tails, a behavior thought to reinforce pair bonds and strengthen social relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moynihan |first=M. |date=1966 |title=Communication in the Titi monkey, Callicebus |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02999.x |journal=Journal of Zoology |language=en |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=77–127 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02999.x |issn=1469-7998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-25 |title=Titi monkey |url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/titi-monkey |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=Smithsonian's National Zoo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bezerra |first=BM |last2=Ferrari |first2=S |last3=Boyle |first3=SA |last4=Veiga |first4=LM |date=August 2009 |title=Pitheciine Action Group Newsletter |page=13 |url=https://ruffordorg.s3.amazonaws.com/media/project_reports/PAG%20newsletter%2C%202009.%20Volume%202%2C%20Number%203%2C%20pages%201%20-14.pdf |access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
The black-fronted titi is classified as [[Near-threatened species|near threatened]] by the IUCN due to extensive habitat loss, forest fragmentation, and an estimated population decline of more than 20% in the past 24 years.<ref name=":62" /> Small, isolated populations are common due to fragmentation and in some areas this has led to the species going locally extinct.<ref name=":12" /> Noise pollution can also negatively impact this species. One study found that noise from mining operations restricted the black-fronted titis long distance communication due to the overlap in frequency between mining noise and loud calls, this is significant for a species that relies heavily on vocal communication in social interactions.<ref name=":4" />


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 23:30, 10 April 2022

Black-fronted titi[1]
Black-fronted titi in Prados, Brazil
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Pitheciidae
Genus: Callicebus
Species:
C. nigrifrons
Binomial name
Callicebus nigrifrons
(Spix, 1823)
Black-fronted titi range

The black-fronted titi (Callicebus nigrifrons) is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey.

The black-fronted titi is a small diurnal primate. [3] The body of this primate is covered in grey to brown fur with black fur concentrated around the face, the tail is slightly orange in color. [4][5] Body weight ranges from 1 to 2 kilograms and the head to body length is around 270 to 450 millimeters.[4] This species does not exhibit sexual dimorphism. [5] Members of this species can live up to 12 years of age in captivity.[6]

Habitat and Distribution

The black-fronted titi is endemic to the Atlantic forest region of Brazil [7][8][9] and has a home range averaging 20 hectares.[8] The black-fronted titi is arboreal and prefers the middle to upper canopy of the forest.[10] However, it will move to the forest floor at times to forage, travel, and play.[11] Play behavior on the forest floor has been documented between black-fronted titis and marmosets in Brazil.[12]

Ecology

Diet

The diet of the black-fronted titi is frugivorous and they forage in dense vegetation.[10] They are also known to eat leaves, seeds, invertebrates, and flowers. [7][13][8] Due to their highly frugivorous diet, they play a key role in seed dispersion.[14]

Predation

Predators of the black-fronted titi include raptors, mammalian carnivores, snakes, and other primates.[10][15] Black-fronted titis are particularly vulnerable to raptor attacks when they move to the upper portion of the canopy to sunbathe on cold mornings.[10] After detecting a raptor black-fronted titis respond quickly using alarm calls and hiding.[10]

Behaviour

Black-fronted titi pair

The black-fronted titi is socially monogamous[16][10][9] and is typically found in a group of two to six individuals, which includes the adult pair and their offspring.[11][9] Females give birth to one offspring per year, usually in July or August.[17] Parental care and social activities with the offspring are carried out by the male of this species, while the female only provides milk.[17] Both males and females disperse from their natal group at three years of age. [11]

The black-fronted titi is territorial and will defend territories, food resources, and mates with loud calls individually or in duets or choruses.[8][11] Loud calls are used for within and between group communication and have a high amplitude and a low frequency which allows them to be heard over long distances.[18] Loud calls are broadcasted at dawn and when titis see or hear another group.[8] When confronted by a predator, duets and choruses can last up to two hours, with group members alternating between soft and loud calls. [19] There are no sex differences in calling behavior during predator interactions, both males and females will call. [10] The black-fronted titi can produce calls which encode the predator type (aerial or terrestrial) and predator location to nearby conspecifics.[20]

Characteristic of the Callicebinae family, black-fronted titis can be observed with interwoven tails, a behavior thought to reinforce pair bonds and strengthen social relationships.[21][22][23]

Conservation

The black-fronted titi is classified as near threatened by the IUCN due to extensive habitat loss, forest fragmentation, and an estimated population decline of more than 20% in the past 24 years.[11] Small, isolated populations are common due to fragmentation and in some areas this has led to the species going locally extinct.[9] Noise pollution can also negatively impact this species. One study found that noise from mining operations restricted the black-fronted titis long distance communication due to the overlap in frequency between mining noise and loud calls, this is significant for a species that relies heavily on vocal communication in social interactions.[8]

References

Wikispecies has information related to Black-fronted Titi.
  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Jerusalinsky, L.; de Melo, F.R.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Quadros, S.; Rylands, A.B. (2020). "Callicebus nigrifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39943A17973667. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39943A17973667.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ Caselli, Christini B.; Gestich, Carla C.; Nagy-Reis, Mariana B. (1 August 2017). "Sleeping above the enemy: Sleeping site choice by black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons )". American Journal of Primatology. 79 (10): e22688. doi:10.1002/ajp.22688. ISSN 0275-2565. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 100 (help)
  4. ^ a b dos Santos, Glênio Pereira; Galvão, Cristiane; Young, Robert J. (5 February 2012). "The diet of wild black-fronted titi monkeys Callicebus nigrifrons during a bamboo masting year". Primates. 53 (3): 265–272. doi:10.1007/s10329-012-0295-5. ISSN 0032-8332.
  5. ^ a b Cristiane., Cäsar, (2012). Anti-predator behaviour of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons). University of St Andrews. OCLC 806194348.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Berthet, Mélissa; Mesbahi, Geoffrey; Duvot, Guilhem; Zuberbühler, Klaus; Cäsar, Cristiane; Bicca‐Marques, Júlio Cèsar (5 October 2021). "Dramatic decline in a titi monkey population after the 2016–2018 sylvatic yellow fever outbreak in Brazil". American Journal of Primatology. 83 (12). doi:10.1002/ajp.23335. ISSN 0275-2565.
  7. ^ a b Caselli, Christini Barbosa; Setz, Eleonore Zulnara Freire (23 August 2011). "Feeding ecology and activity pattern of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) in a semideciduous tropical forest of southern Brazil". Primates. 52 (4): 351–359. doi:10.1007/s10329-011-0266-2. ISSN 0032-8332.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Duarte, M. H. L.; Kaizer, M. C.; Young, R. J.; Rodrigues, M.; Sousa-Lima, R. S. (11 September 2017). "Mining noise affects loud call structures and emission patterns of wild black-fronted titi monkeys". Primates. 59 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1007/s10329-017-0629-4. ISSN 0032-8332.
  9. ^ a b c d dos Santos, Glênio Pereira; Galvão, Cristiane; Young, Robert J. (5 February 2012). "The diet of wild black-fronted titi monkeys Callicebus nigrifrons during a bamboo masting year". Primates. 53 (3): 265–272. doi:10.1007/s10329-012-0295-5. ISSN 0032-8332.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Cristiane., Cäsar, (2012). Anti-predator behaviour of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons). University of St Andrews. OCLC 806194348.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b c d e Berthet, Mélissa; Mesbahi, Geoffrey; Duvot, Guilhem; Zuberbühler, Klaus; Cäsar, Cristiane; Bicca‐Marques, Júlio Cèsar (5 October 2021). "Dramatic decline in a titi monkey population after the 2016–2018 sylvatic yellow fever outbreak in Brazil". American Journal of Primatology. 83 (12). doi:10.1002/ajp.23335. ISSN 0275-2565.
  12. ^ Souza-Alves, João Pedro; Mourthe, Italo; Hilário, Renato R.; Bicca-Marques, Júlio César; Rehg, Jennifer; Gestich, Carla C.; Acero-Murcia, Adriana C.; Adret, Patrice; Aquino, Rolando; Berthet, Mélissa; Bowler, Mark (1 October 2019). "Terrestrial Behavior in Titi Monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus): Potential Correlates, Patterns, and Differences between Genera". International Journal of Primatology. 40 (4): 553–572. doi:10.1007/s10764-019-00105-x. ISSN 1573-8604.
  13. ^ Nagy-Reis, Mariana B.; Setz, Eleonore Z. F. (2 August 2016). "Foraging strategies of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) in relation to food availability in a seasonal tropical forest". Primates. 58 (1): 149–158. doi:10.1007/s10329-016-0556-9. ISSN 0032-8332.
  14. ^ Gestich, Carla Cristina; Nagy-Reis, Mariana B.; Caselli, Christini Barbosa (2019-10). "From dropping to dropping: The contribution of a small primate to seed dispersal in Atlantic Forest". Acta Oecologica. 100: 103464. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2019.103464. ISSN 1146-609X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Caselli, Christini B.; Gestich, Carla C.; Nagy-Reis, Mariana B. (1 August 2017). "Sleeping above the enemy: Sleeping site choice by black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons )". American Journal of Primatology. 79 (10): e22688. doi:10.1002/ajp.22688. ISSN 0275-2565. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 100 (help)
  16. ^ Souza-Alves, João Pedro; Caselli, Christini B.; Gestich, Carla C.; Nagy-Reis, Mariana B. (20 February 2019). "Should I store, or should I sync? The breeding strategy of two small Neotropical primates under predictable resource availability". Primates. 60 (2): 113–118. doi:10.1007/s10329-019-00716-1. ISSN 0032-8332.
  17. ^ a b Cäsar, Cristiane; Young, Robert John (16 October 2007). "A case of adoption in a wild group of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons)". Primates. 49 (2): 146–148. doi:10.1007/s10329-007-0066-x. ISSN 0032-8332.
  18. ^ Caselli, Christini; Mennill, Daniel; Bicca-Marques, Júlio César; Setz, Eleonore (3 March 2014). "Vocal behavior of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons): Acoustic properties and behavioral contexts of loud calls". American Journal of Primatology. 76: 788–800.
  19. ^ Narbona Sabaté, Lara; Mesbahi, Geoffrey; Dezecache, Guillaume; Cäsar, Cristiane; Zuberbühler, Klaus; Berthet, Mélissa (9 January 2022). "Animal linguistics in the making: the Urgency Principle and titi monkeys' alarm system". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 0 (0): 1–17. doi:10.1080/03949370.2021.2015452. ISSN 0394-9370.
  20. ^ Cäsar, Cristiane; Zuberbühler, Klaus; Young, Robert J.; Byrne, Richard W. (23 October 2013). "Titi monkey call sequences vary with predator location and type". Biology Letters. 9 (5): 20130535. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0535. PMC 3971693. PMID 24004492.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  21. ^ Moynihan, M. (1966). "Communication in the Titi monkey, Callicebus". Journal of Zoology. 150 (1): 77–127. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02999.x. ISSN 1469-7998.
  22. ^ "Titi monkey". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  23. ^ Bezerra, BM; Ferrari, S; Boyle, SA; Veiga, LM (August 2009). "Pitheciine Action Group Newsletter" (PDF). p. 13. Retrieved 9 February 2022.


Stub icon

This New World monkey-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-fronted_titi_monkey&oldid=1082020495"