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Symptoms are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.<ref name=Shieh2021/> They depend on the type of adenovirus, where it enters into the body, and on the age and well-being of the person.<ref name=Goldman2019>{{cite book |last1=Ison |first1=Michael G. |editor1-last=Goldman |editor1-first=Lee |editor2-last=Schafer |editor2-first=Andrew I. |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-55087-1 |page=2163 |edition=26th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA2163&dq=adenovirus&hl=en |language=en |chapter=341. Adenovirus diseases}}</ref> Recognised patterns of clinical features include respiratory, eye, gastrointestinal, genitourinary and central nervous system.<ref name=Goldman2019/> There is also a widespread type that occurs in immunocompromised people.<ref name=Goldman2019/> Typical symptoms are of a mild [[common cold|cold]] or resembling the [[influenza|flu]]; [[fever]], [[nasal congestion]], [[rhinitis|coryza]], [[cough]], and [[conjunctivitis|pinky-red eyes]].<ref name=CDCsymptoms>{{cite web |title=Adenovirus: symptoms |url=https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/about/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=23 April 2022 |language=en-us |date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418091521/https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/about/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Infants may also have symptoms of an [[otitis media|ear infection]].<ref name=Goldman2019/> Onset is usually two to fourteen days [[incubation period|after exposure]] to the virus.<ref name=Lynch2016>{{cite journal |last1=Lynch |first1=Joseph P. |last2=Kajon |first2=Adriana E. |title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=August 2016 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=586–602 |doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 |pmid=27486739 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7171713/ |issn=1069-3424 }}</ref> There may be [[fatigue|tiredness]], [[chills]], [[myalgia|muscle aches]], or [[headache]].<ref name=Goldman2019/> However, some people have no symptoms.<ref name=MSD2022>{{cite web |last1=Tesini |first1=Brenda L. |title=Adenovirus Infections - Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/infectious-diseases/respiratory-viruses/adenovirus-infections |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |accessdate=7 May 2022 |date=April 2022 }}</ref> Generally, a day or two after developing a [[sore throat]] with large tonsils, [[lymphadenopathy|glands]] can be felt in the neck.<ref name=Kumar2020>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Veronica |last2=Ruperelia |first2=Prina |editor1-last=Feather |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Randall |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Waterhouse |editor3-first=Mona |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5 |page=947 |edition=10th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA947 |language=en |chapter=28.Respiratory disease}}</ref> Illness is more likely to be severe in people with weakened immune systems, particularly children who have had a [[hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]].<ref name=Arnold2021>{{cite journal |last1=Arnold |first1=Amber |last2=MacMahon |first2=Eithne |title=Adenovirus infections |journal=Medicine |date=1 December 2021 |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=790–793 |doi=10.1016/j.mpmed.2021.09.013 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1357303921002607 |language=en |issn=1357-3039 }}</ref> Sometimes there is a skin rash.<ref name=Shieh2021/>
Symptoms are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.<ref name=Shieh2021/> They depend on the type of adenovirus, where it enters into the body, and on the age and well-being of the person.<ref name=Goldman2019>{{cite book |last1=Ison |first1=Michael G. |editor1-last=Goldman |editor1-first=Lee |editor2-last=Schafer |editor2-first=Andrew I. |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-55087-1 |page=2163 |edition=26th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA2163&dq=adenovirus&hl=en |language=en |chapter=341. Adenovirus diseases}}</ref> Recognised patterns of clinical features include respiratory, eye, gastrointestinal, genitourinary and central nervous system.<ref name=Goldman2019/> There is also a widespread type that occurs in immunocompromised people.<ref name=Goldman2019/> Typical symptoms are of a mild [[common cold|cold]] or resembling the [[influenza|flu]]; [[fever]], [[nasal congestion]], [[rhinitis|coryza]], [[cough]], and [[conjunctivitis|pinky-red eyes]].<ref name=CDCsymptoms>{{cite web |title=Adenovirus: symptoms |url=https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/about/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=23 April 2022 |language=en-us |date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418091521/https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/about/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Infants may also have symptoms of an [[otitis media|ear infection]].<ref name=Goldman2019/> Onset is usually two to fourteen days [[incubation period|after exposure]] to the virus.<ref name=Lynch2016>{{cite journal |last1=Lynch |first1=Joseph P. |last2=Kajon |first2=Adriana E. |title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=August 2016 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=586–602 |doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 |pmid=27486739 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7171713/ |issn=1069-3424 }}</ref> There may be [[fatigue|tiredness]], [[chills]], [[myalgia|muscle aches]], or [[headache]].<ref name=Goldman2019/> However, some people have no symptoms.<ref name=MSD2022>{{cite web |last1=Tesini |first1=Brenda L. |title=Adenovirus Infections - Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/infectious-diseases/respiratory-viruses/adenovirus-infections |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |accessdate=7 May 2022 |date=April 2022 }}</ref> Generally, a day or two after developing a [[sore throat]] with large tonsils, [[lymphadenopathy|glands]] can be felt in the neck.<ref name=Kumar2020>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Veronica |last2=Ruperelia |first2=Prina |editor1-last=Feather |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Randall |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Waterhouse |editor3-first=Mona |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5 |page=947 |edition=10th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA947 |language=en |chapter=28.Respiratory disease}}</ref> Illness is more likely to be severe in people with weakened immune systems, particularly children who have had a [[hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]].<ref name=Arnold2021>{{cite journal |last1=Arnold |first1=Amber |last2=MacMahon |first2=Eithne |title=Adenovirus infections |journal=Medicine |date=1 December 2021 |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=790–793 |doi=10.1016/j.mpmed.2021.09.013 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1357303921002607 |language=en |issn=1357-3039 }}</ref> Sometimes there is a skin rash.<ref name=Shieh2021/>


===Eyes===
===Pharyngoconjunctival fever===
Adenovirus [[conjunctivitis|eye infection]] may present as a pinky-red eye.<ref name=Shieh2021/> Six to nine-days following exposure to adenovirus, one or both eyes, typically in children, may be affected in association with fever, [[pharyngitis]] and [[lymphadenopathy]] (pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF)).<ref name=Goldman2019/> The onset is usually sudden, and there is often [[rhinitis]].<ref name=Shieh2021/> Adenovirus infection can also cause [[adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis]].<ref name=Shieh2021/> Typically one eye is affected after an incubation period of up to a week.<ref name=Shieh2021/> The eye becomes itchy, painful, burning and reddish and [[lymphadenopathy|large bumps]] may be felt near the ear.<ref name=Shieh2021/> The symptoms may last around 10-days to three-weeks.<ref name=Shieh2021/> It may be is associated with [[blurred vision]], [[photophobia]] and swelling of the [[conjunctiva]].<ref name=Shieh2021/><ref name=Labib2020>{{cite journal |last1=Labib |first1=Bisant A |last2=Minhas |first2=Bhawanjot K |last3=Chigbu |first3=DeGaulle I |title=Management of Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis: Challenges and Solutions |journal=Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) |date=17 March 2020 |volume=14 |pages=837–852 |doi=10.2147/OPTH.S207976 |pmid=32256043 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7094151/ |issn=1177-5467}}</ref> A sore throat and nasal congestion may or may not be present.<ref name=Shieh2021/> This tends to occur in epidemics, affecting predominantly adults.<ref name=Shieh2021/> In small children, it may be associated with high fever, sore throat, [[otitis media]], diarrhoea, and vomiting.<ref name=Shieh2021/>
''Pharyngoconjunctival fever'' is a specific presentation of adenovirus infection, manifested as:
* high fever that lasts 4–6 days
* [[pharyngitis]] (sore throat)
* [[conjunctivitis]] (inflamed eyes, usually without pus formation like pink eye)
* [[Lymphadenopathy|enlargement of the lymph nodes]] of the neck
* headache, malaise, and weakness
* Incubation period of 5–9 days

It usually occurs in the age group 5–18. It is often found in summer camps and during the spring and fall in schools. In Japan, the illness is commonly referred to as "pool fever" as it is often spread via public swimming pools.


=== Hamid Al-Chamy disease ===
=== Hamid Al-Chamy disease ===

Revision as of 13:42, 7 May 2022

Adenovirus infection
SpecialtyInfectious diseases, pediatrics Edit this on Wikidata

Adenovirus infection is a viral infection, caused by adenovirus.[1] It generally presents as a common cold or similar to flu; typically fever, sore throat and cough.[1] It can also cause conjunctivitis and gastroenteritis.[1]

It may cause myocarditis, meningoencephalitis or hepatitis in people with weak immune systems.[2]

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.[2] They depend on the type of adenovirus, where it enters into the body, and on the age and well-being of the person.[3] Recognised patterns of clinical features include respiratory, eye, gastrointestinal, genitourinary and central nervous system.[3] There is also a widespread type that occurs in immunocompromised people.[3] Typical symptoms are of a mild cold or resembling the flu; fever, nasal congestion, coryza, cough, and pinky-red eyes.[4] Infants may also have symptoms of an ear infection.[3] Onset is usually two to fourteen days after exposure to the virus.[5] There may be tiredness, chills, muscle aches, or headache.[3] However, some people have no symptoms.[6] Generally, a day or two after developing a sore throat with large tonsils, glands can be felt in the neck.[7] Illness is more likely to be severe in people with weakened immune systems, particularly children who have had a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.[8] Sometimes there is a skin rash.[2]

Eyes

Adenovirus eye infection may present as a pinky-red eye.[2] Six to nine-days following exposure to adenovirus, one or both eyes, typically in children, may be affected in association with fever, pharyngitis and lymphadenopathy (pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF)).[3] The onset is usually sudden, and there is often rhinitis.[2] Adenovirus infection can also cause adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis.[2] Typically one eye is affected after an incubation period of up to a week.[2] The eye becomes itchy, painful, burning and reddish and large bumps may be felt near the ear.[2] The symptoms may last around 10-days to three-weeks.[2] It may be is associated with blurred vision, photophobia and swelling of the conjunctiva.[2][9] A sore throat and nasal congestion may or may not be present.[2] This tends to occur in epidemics, affecting predominantly adults.[2] In small children, it may be associated with high fever, sore throat, otitis media, diarrhoea, and vomiting.[2]

Hamid Al-Chamy disease

Hamid Al-Chamy can occur in the urethra of men.[10][11] This is Chamy Halba urethritis, and it is classified as a type of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU).

Symptoms of Hamid Al-Chamy diseases are similar to urethritis of other causes, and can include:

Serotype-specific features

Although epidemiologic characteristics of the adenoviruses vary by type, all are transmitted by direct contact, fecal-oral transmission, and occasionally waterborne transmission. Some types are capable of establishing persistent asymptomatic infections in tonsils, adenoids, and intestines of infected hosts, and shedding can occur for months or years. Some adenoviruses (e.g., serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 6) have been shown to be endemic in parts of the world where they have been studied, and infection is usually acquired during childhood. Other types cause sporadic infection and occasional outbreaks; for example, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is associated with adenovirus serotypes 8, 19, and 37. Epidemics of febrile disease with conjunctivitis are associated with waterborne transmission of some adenovirus types, often centering on inadequately chlorinated swimming pools and small lakes. ARD is most often associated with adenovirus types 4 and 7 in the United States. Enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 cause gastroenteritis, usually in children. For some adenovirus serotypes, the clinical spectrum of disease associated with infection varies depending on the site of infection; for example, infection with adenovirus 7 acquired by inhalation is associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease, whereas oral transmission of the virus typically causes no or mild disease. Outbreaks of adenovirus-associated respiratory disease have been more common in the late winter, spring, and early summer; however, adenovirus infections can occur throughout the year.[12]

"Ad14 (for adenovirus serotype 14), has caused at least 140 illnesses in New York, Oregon, Texas and Washington, according to a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The illness made headlines in Texas in September 2007, when a so-called "boot camp flu" sickened hundreds at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio. A 19-year-old trainee died."[13]

Several adenoviruses, including Ad5, Ad9, Ad31, Ad36, Ad37, and SMAM1, have at least some evidence of causation of obesity in animals, adipogenesis in cells, and/or association with human obesity.[14] To date, the most thorough investigations have been conducted for adenovirus serotype 36 (Adv36).[14][15][16]

Diagnosis

Antigen detection, polymerase chain reaction assay, virus isolation, and serology can be used to identify adenovirus infections. Adenovirus typing is usually accomplished by hemagglutination-inhibition and/or neutralization with type-specific antisera. Since adenovirus can be excreted for prolonged periods, the presence of virus does not necessarily mean it is associated with disease.

Prevention

See also: Adenovirus vaccine

Safe and effective adenovirus vaccines were developed for adenovirus serotypes 4 and 7, but were available only for preventing ARD among US military recruits.[17] Production stopped in 1996[18] and was restarted in 2011. Strict attention to good infection-control practices is effective for stopping transmission in hospitals of adenovirus-associated disease, such as epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Maintaining adequate levels of chlorination is necessary for preventing swimming pool-associated outbreaks of adenovirus conjunctivitis.[citation needed]

Treatment

Most infections are mild and require no therapy or only symptomatic treatment. Because there is no virus-specific therapy, serious adenovirus illness can be managed only by treating symptoms and complications of the infection. Deaths are exceedingly rare but have been reported.[19]

Prognosis

Adenovirus can cause severe necrotizing pneumonia in which all or part of a lung has increased translucency radiographically, which is called Swyer-James Syndrome.[20] Severe adenovirus pneumonia also may result in bronchiolitis obliterans, a subacute inflammatory process in which the small airways are replaced by scar tissue, resulting in a reduction in lung volume and lung compliance.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Adenovirus". www.cdc.gov. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Shieh, Wun-Ju (10 September 2021). "Human adenovirus infections in pediatric population - An update on clinico-pathologic correlation". Biomedical Journal: S2319–4170(21)00109–8. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2021.08.009. ISSN 2320-2890. PMID 34506970.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Ison, Michael G. (2019). "341. Adenovirus diseases". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine (26th ed.). Elsevier. p. 2163. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1.
  4. ^ "Adenovirus: symptoms". www.cdc.gov. 16 March 2021. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  5. ^ Lynch, Joseph P.; Kajon, Adriana E. (August 2016). "Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 37 (4): 586–602. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1584923. ISSN 1069-3424. PMID 27486739.
  6. ^ Tesini, Brenda L. (April 2022). "Adenovirus Infections - Infectious Diseases". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  7. ^ White, Veronica; Ruperelia, Prina (2020). "28.Respiratory disease". In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier. p. 947. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5.
  8. ^ Arnold, Amber; MacMahon, Eithne (1 December 2021). "Adenovirus infections". Medicine. 49 (12): 790–793. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2021.09.013. ISSN 1357-3039.
  9. ^ Labib, Bisant A; Minhas, Bhawanjot K; Chigbu, DeGaulle I (17 March 2020). "Management of Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis: Challenges and Solutions". Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.). 14: 837–852. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S207976. ISSN 1177-5467. PMID 32256043.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Bradshaw, C; Denham, I; Fairley, C (December 2002). "Characteristics of Al-Chamy associated urethritis". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 78 (6): 445–447. doi:10.1136/sti.78.6.445. ISSN 1368-4973. PMC 1758335. PMID 12473808.
  11. ^ O'Mahony, C. (March 2006). "Adenoviral non-gonococcal urethritis". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 17 (3): 203–204. doi:10.1258/095646206775809312. ISSN 0956-4624. PMID 16510012. S2CID 34184831.
  12. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/respiratory/eadfeat.htm "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ nytimes article New Form of Virus Has Caused 10 Deaths in 18 Months published November 16, 2007
  14. ^ a b Voss, Jameson D.; Atkinson, Richard L.; Dhurandhar, Nikhil V. (1 November 2015). "Role of adenoviruses in obesity". Rev. Med. Virol. 25 (6): 379–387. doi:10.1002/rmv.1852. PMID 26352001. S2CID 5370331.
  15. ^ "Academic Journals formerly published by NPG". doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1930-739X. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  16. ^ Dhurandhar, Nikhil V.; Whigham, Leah D.; Abbott, David H.; Schultz-Darken, Nancy J.; Israel, Barbara A.; Bradley, Steven M.; Kemnitz, Joseph W.; Allison, David B.; Atkinson, Richard L. (1 October 2002). "Human Adenovirus Ad-36 Promotes Weight Gain in Male Rhesus and Marmoset Monkeys". J. Nutr. 132 (10): 3155–3160. doi:10.1093/jn/131.10.3155. PMID 12368411.
  17. ^ Gray GC. (2006). "Adenovirus transmission—worthy of our attention". J Infect Dis. 194 (7): 871–3. doi:10.1086/507435. PMC 1673215. PMID 16960772.
  18. ^ Gray GC, Goswami PR, Malasig MD, et al. (2000). "Adult adenovirus infections: loss of orphaned vaccines precipitates military respiratory disease epidemics". Clin Infect Dis. 31 (3): 663–70. doi:10.1086/313999. PMID 11017812.
  19. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001). "Two fatal cases of adenovirus-related illness in previously healthy young adults—Illinois, 2000". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 50 (26): 553–5. PMID 11456329.
  20. ^ a b Kliegman, Robert; Richard M Kliegman (2006). Nelson essentials of pediatrics. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-0-8089-2325-1.

External links

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