Mpox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Difference between revisions
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[[Monkeypox]] is endemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where the more virulent Congo basin virus [[clade|type]] has been affecting some of the poorest and [[social exclusion|socially excluded]] communities |
[[Monkeypox]] is endemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where the more virulent Congo basin virus [[clade|type]] has been affecting some of the world's poorest and [[social exclusion|socially excluded]] communities.<ref name=Adler2022>{{cite journal |last1=Adler |first1=Hugh |last2=Gould |first2=Susan |last3=Hine |first3=Paul |last4=Snell |first4=Luke B. |last5=Wong |first5=Waison |last6=Houlihan |first6=Catherine F. |last7=Osborne |first7=Jane C. |last8=Rampling |first8=Tommy |last9=Beadsworth |first9=Mike Bj |last10=Duncan |first10=Christopher Ja |last11=Dunning |first11=Jake |last12=Fletcher |first12=Tom E. |last13=Hunter |first13=Ewan R. |last14=Jacobs |first14=Michael |last15=Khoo |first15=Saye H. |last16=Newsholme |first16=William |last17=Porter |first17=David |last18=Porter |first18=Robert J. |last19=Ratcliffe |first19=Libuše |last20=Schmid |first20=Matthias L. |last21=Semple |first21=Malcolm G. |last22=Tunbridge |first22=Anne J. |last23=Wingfield |first23=Tom |last24=Price |first24=Nicholas M. |title=Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK |journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases |date=24 May 2022 |pages=S1473–3099(22)00228–6 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6 |pmid=35623380 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35623380/ |issn=1474-4457}}</ref><ref name=McColl2015>{{cite journal |last1=McCollum |first1=Andrea M. |last2=Nakazawa |first2=Yoshinori |last3=Ndongala |first3=Guy Mutombo |last4=Pukuta |first4=Elisabeth |last5=Karhemere |first5=Stomy |last6=Lushima |first6=Robert Shongo |last7=Ilunga |first7=Benoit Kebela |last8=Kabamba |first8=Joelle |last9=Wilkins |first9=Kimberly |last10=Gao |first10=Jinxin |last11=Li |first11=Yu |last12=Emerson |first12=Ginny |last13=Damon |first13=Inger K. |last14=Carroll |first14=Darin S. |last15=Reynolds |first15=Mary G. |last16=Malekani |first16=Jean |last17=Tamfum |first17=Jean-Jacques Muyembe |title=Human Monkeypox in the Kivus, a Conflict Region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=October 2015 |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=718–721 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.15-0095 |pmid=26283752 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26283752/ |issn=1476-1645}}</ref> |
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The world's first case of human [[monkeypox]] was detected in 1970 in the |
The world's first case of human [[monkeypox]] was detected in a nine-month old child in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Zaire),<ref name=Fenner1988.8>{{cite book |last1=Fenner |first1=Frank |last2=Wittek |first2=Riccardo |last3=Dumbell |first3=Keith R. |title=The Orthopoxviruses |date=1988 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-15022-4 |pages=227–267 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rR_YfBN0rakC&dq=monkeypox&pg=PA227 |language=en |chapter=8. Monkeypox virus}}</ref><ref name=MPChap29>{{Cite book|url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/Chp%2029.pdf|title=Human Monkeypox and the Poxvirus infections in Man|page=1292}}</ref> two years after it reported its last case of [[smallpox]].<ref name=Sut2020>{{cite book |last1=Sutcliffe |first1=Catherine G. |last2=Rimone |first2=Anne W. |last3=Moss |first3=William J. |editor1-last=Ryan |editor1-first=Edward T. |editor2-last=Hill |editor2-first=David R. |editor3-last=Solomon |editor3-first=Tom |editor4-last=Aronson |editor4-first=Naomi |editor5-last=Endy |editor5-first=Timothy P. |title=Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases E-Book |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-323-55512-8 |pages=272–277 |edition=Tenth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8SODwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA272&dq=monkeypox+nigeria&hl=en |language=en |chapter=32.2. Poxviruses}}</ref> That year, the disease was identified in another four children, including three who were playmates, in Liberia.<ref name=Cho1973>{{cite journal |last1=Cho |first1=C. T. |last2=Wenner |first2=H. A. |title=Monkeypox virus |journal=Bacteriological Reviews |date=March 1973 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1128/br.37.1.1-18.1973 |pmid=4349404 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4349404/ |issn=0005-3678 }}</ref> The sixth child affected that year was in Sierre Leone.<ref name=Cho1973/> Evidence of the virus was detected in several non-human primates in Liberia and Sierre Leone.<ref name=Cho1973/> |
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Active surveillance by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) between 1981 and 1986, identified 338 cases with a human-to-human transmission rate of 28%.<ref name=Mercer2007>{{cite book |last1=Essbauer |first1=Sandra |last2=Meyer |first2=Herman |editor1-last=Mercer |editor1-first=Andrew |editor2-last=Schmidt |editor2-first=Axel |editor3-last=Weber |editor3-first=Olaf |title=Poxviruses |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-7643-7556-0 |page=66 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F18FC71UH-sC&dq=Outbreak+of+monkeypox+at+Rotterdam+Zoo&pg=PA66 |language=en |chapter=Genus Orthopoxvirus: Monkeypox virus}}</ref><ref name=Rimoin2007>{{cite journal |last1=Rimoin |first1=AW |last2=Kisalu |first2=N |last3=Kebela-Ilunga |first3=B |last4=Mukaba |first4=T |last5=Wright |first5=LL |last6=Formenty |first6=P |last7=Wolfe |first7=ND |last8=Shongo |first8=RL |last9=Tshioko |first9=F |last10=Okitolonda |first10=E |last11=Muyembe |first11=JJ |last12=Ryder |first12=R |last13=Meyer |first13=H |title=Endemic human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2001-2004. |journal=Emerging infectious diseases |date=June 2007 |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=934-7 |doi=10.3201/eid1306.061540 |pmid=17553242 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792850/}}</ref> Until 1986, 95% of cases worldwide were identified in the DRC. <ref name=WHO1Oct2020>{{cite web |title=Monkeypox – Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/monkeypox-democratic-republic-of-the-congo |website=www.who.int |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=5 June 2022 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605103903/https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/monkeypox-democratic-republic-of-the-congo|archive-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> |
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==1996 reemergence== |
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==History== |
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A reemergence of the disease in the DRC in 1996 also saw a large number of reported but not all laboratory confirmed cases, with a high transmission rate and lower fatality rate; leading experts to believe a significant number may have actually been [[chicken pox]].<ref name=Rimoin2007/><ref name=BremanJG1980>{{cite journal |vauthors=Breman JG, Kalisa R, Steniowski MV, Zanotto E, Gromyko AI, Arita I | year = 1980 | title = Human monkeypox, 1970-79 | journal = Bull World Health Organ | volume = 58 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–182 | pmid = 6249508 | pmc = 2395797 }}</ref> Some likely had both monkeypox and chickenpox at the same time.<ref name=Sut2020/> The DRC's [[Kasaï-Oriental]] region saw the largest number of cases.<ref name=Sut2020/> |
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| ⚫ | |||
The world's first case of human [[monkeypox]] was detected in a nine-month old child in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Zaire),<ref name=Fenner1988.8>{{cite book |last1=Fenner |first1=Frank |last2=Wittek |first2=Riccardo |last3=Dumbell |first3=Keith R. |title=The Orthopoxviruses |date=1988 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-15022-4 |pages=227–267 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rR_YfBN0rakC&dq=monkeypox&pg=PA227 |language=en |chapter=8. Monkeypox virus}}</ref><ref name=MPChap29>{{Cite book|url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/Chp%2029.pdf|title=Human Monkeypox and the Poxvirus infections in Man|page=1292}}</ref> two years after it reported its last case of [[smallpox]].<ref name=Sut2020/> That year, the disease was identified in another four children, including three who were playmates, in Liberia.<ref name=Cho1973>{{cite journal |last1=Cho |first1=C. T. |last2=Wenner |first2=H. A. |title=Monkeypox virus |journal=Bacteriological Reviews |date=March 1973 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1128/br.37.1.1-18.1973 |pmid=4349404 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4349404/ |issn=0005-3678 }}</ref> The sixth child affected that year was in Sierre Leone.<ref name=Cho1973/> Evidence of the virus was detected in several non-human primates in Liberia and Sierre Leone.<ref name=Cho1973/> |
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<gallery widths="220px" heights="200px"> |
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Active surveillance by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) between 1981 and 1986, identified 338 cases with a human-to-human transmission rate of 28%.<ref name=Sut2020/> Until 1986, 95% of cases worldwide were identified in the DRC.<ref name=WHO1Oct2020/> |
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File:MonkeyPoxCDC3.png|Monkeypox outbreak in DRC (1997) |
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File:12747 lores.jpg|Testing of Gambian rats (1997) |
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File:12781 lores.jpg|Educational meeting DRC (1997) |
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</gallery> |
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== |
==2001 - 2007== |
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Between January 2001 and December 2004, 2,734 cases of suspected human monkeypox were reported from the DRC.<ref name=Rimoin2007/> However, civil war limited surveillance and only 171 clinical specimens were obtained from 136 suspected cases; less than 5% of all reported cases.<ref name=Rimoin2007/> |
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A reemergence of the disease in the DRC in 1996 also saw a large number of cases who also had [[chicken pox]] at the same time.<ref name=Sut2020/> The DRC's [[Kasaï-Oriental]] region saw the largest number of cases.<ref name=Sut2020/> |
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After 2005, it was reporting more than 1000 suspected cases per year.<ref name=Malik2020>{{cite book |last1=Sklenovská |first1=Nikola |editor1-last=Malik |editor1-first=Yashpal Singh |editor2-last=Singh |editor2-first=Raj Kumar |editor3-last=Dhama |editor3-first=Kuldeep |title=Animal-Origin Viral Zoonoses |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-15-2650-3 |pages=39-68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dX-DwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA46&dq=monkeypox&hl=en |language=en |chapter=2. Monkeypox}}</ref> Between November 2005 and November 2007, 760 laboratory-confirmed human monkeypox cases were detected; particularly in people living in forested areas, males, age less than 15-years, and no previous smallpox vaccination.<ref name=Rimoin2010>{{cite journal |last1=Rimoin |first1=Anne W. |last2=Mulembakani |first2=Prime M. |last3=Johnston |first3=Sara C. |last4=Lloyd Smith |first4=James O. |last5=Kisalu |first5=Neville K. |last6=Kinkela |first6=Timothee L. |last7=Blumberg |first7=Seth |last8=Thomassen |first8=Henri A. |last9=Pike |first9=Brian L. |last10=Fair |first10=Joseph N. |last11=Wolfe |first11=Nathan D. |last12=Shongo |first12=Robert L. |last13=Graham |first13=Barney S. |last14=Formenty |first14=Pierre |last15=Okitolonda |first15=Emile |last16=Hensley |first16=Lisa E. |last17=Meyer |first17=Hermann |last18=Wright |first18=Linda L. |last19=Muyembe |first19=Jean-Jacques |title=Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=14 September 2010 |volume=107 |issue=37 |pages=16262–16267 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1005769107 |pmid=20805472 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20805472/ |issn=1091-6490}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Disease burden is high in Africa <ref name=Brown2016>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=K |last2=Leggat |first2=PA |title=Human Monkeypox: Current State of Knowledge and Implications for the Future. |journal=Tropical medicine and infectious disease |date=20 December 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed1010008 |pmid=30270859 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6082047/}}</ref> |
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In 2019 the DRC reported 3,794 suspected cases and 73 deaths.<ref name=WHO1Oct2020/> |
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==2020 - 2022== |
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| ⚫ | Disease burden is high in Africa <ref name=Brown2016>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=K |last2=Leggat |first2=PA |title=Human Monkeypox: Current State of Knowledge and Implications for the Future. |journal=Tropical medicine and infectious disease |date=20 December 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed1010008 |pmid=30270859 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6082047/}}</ref> In the first nine-months of 2020, the DRC saw over 4,500 suspected cases of monkeypox, including 171 deaths.<ref name=WHO1Oct2020/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Disease outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |
[[Category:Disease outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |
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| Monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
|---|---|
 Monkeypox (large lymph node in neck), DRC 1996/1997 | |
| Disease | Monkeypox |
| Virus strain | Monkeypox virus |
| First reported | 1970 |
Monkeypox is endemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where the more virulent Congo basin virus type has been affecting some of the world's poorest and socially excluded communities.[1][2]
Early cases
The world's first case of human monkeypox was detected in a nine-month old child in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Zaire),[3][4] two years after it reported its last case of smallpox.[5] That year, the disease was identified in another four children, including three who were playmates, in Liberia.[6] The sixth child affected that year was in Sierre Leone.[6] Evidence of the virus was detected in several non-human primates in Liberia and Sierre Leone.[6]
Active surveillance by the World Health Organization (WHO) between 1981 and 1986, identified 338 cases with a human-to-human transmission rate of 28%.[7][8] Until 1986, 95% of cases worldwide were identified in the DRC. [9]
1996 reemergence
A reemergence of the disease in the DRC in 1996 also saw a large number of reported but not all laboratory confirmed cases, with a high transmission rate and lower fatality rate; leading experts to believe a significant number may have actually been chicken pox.[8][10] Some likely had both monkeypox and chickenpox at the same time.[5] The DRC's Kasaï-Oriental region saw the largest number of cases.[5]
-
Monkeypox outbreak in DRC (1997) -
Testing of Gambian rats (1997) -
Educational meeting DRC (1997)
2001 - 2007
Between January 2001 and December 2004, 2,734 cases of suspected human monkeypox were reported from the DRC.[8] However, civil war limited surveillance and only 171 clinical specimens were obtained from 136 suspected cases; less than 5% of all reported cases.[8]
After 2005, it was reporting more than 1000 suspected cases per year.[11] Between November 2005 and November 2007, 760 laboratory-confirmed human monkeypox cases were detected; particularly in people living in forested areas, males, age less than 15-years, and no previous smallpox vaccination.[12]
2013 - 2019
The risk of human-to-human transmission was noted to have increased during the 2013 outbreak.[5]
In 2019 the DRC reported 3,794 suspected cases and 73 deaths.[9]
2020 - 2022
Disease burden is high in Africa [13] In the first nine-months of 2020, the DRC saw over 4,500 suspected cases of monkeypox, including 171 deaths.[9]
References
- ^ Adler, Hugh; Gould, Susan; Hine, Paul; Snell, Luke B.; Wong, Waison; Houlihan, Catherine F.; Osborne, Jane C.; Rampling, Tommy; Beadsworth, Mike Bj; Duncan, Christopher Ja; Dunning, Jake; Fletcher, Tom E.; Hunter, Ewan R.; Jacobs, Michael; Khoo, Saye H.; Newsholme, William; Porter, David; Porter, Robert J.; Ratcliffe, Libuše; Schmid, Matthias L.; Semple, Malcolm G.; Tunbridge, Anne J.; Wingfield, Tom; Price, Nicholas M. (24 May 2022). "Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases: S1473–3099(22)00228–6. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6. ISSN 1474-4457. PMID 35623380.
- ^ McCollum, Andrea M.; Nakazawa, Yoshinori; Ndongala, Guy Mutombo; Pukuta, Elisabeth; Karhemere, Stomy; Lushima, Robert Shongo; Ilunga, Benoit Kebela; Kabamba, Joelle; Wilkins, Kimberly; Gao, Jinxin; Li, Yu; Emerson, Ginny; Damon, Inger K.; Carroll, Darin S.; Reynolds, Mary G.; Malekani, Jean; Tamfum, Jean-Jacques Muyembe (October 2015). "Human Monkeypox in the Kivus, a Conflict Region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 93 (4): 718–721. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0095. ISSN 1476-1645. PMID 26283752.
- ^ Fenner, Frank; Wittek, Riccardo; Dumbell, Keith R. (1988). "8. Monkeypox virus". The Orthopoxviruses. Elsevier. pp. 227–267. ISBN 978-0-323-15022-4.
- ^ Human Monkeypox and the Poxvirus infections in Man (PDF). p. 1292.
- ^ a b c d Sutcliffe, Catherine G.; Rimone, Anne W.; Moss, William J. (2020). "32.2. Poxviruses". In Ryan, Edward T.; Hill, David R.; Solomon, Tom; Aronson, Naomi; Endy, Timothy P. (eds.). Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases E-Book (Tenth ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 272–277. ISBN 978-0-323-55512-8.
- ^ a b c Cho, C. T.; Wenner, H. A. (March 1973). "Monkeypox virus". Bacteriological Reviews. 37 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1128/br.37.1.1-18.1973. ISSN 0005-3678. PMID 4349404.
- ^ Essbauer, Sandra; Meyer, Herman (2007). "Genus Orthopoxvirus: Monkeypox virus". In Mercer, Andrew; Schmidt, Axel; Weber, Olaf (eds.). Poxviruses. Springer. p. 66. ISBN 978-3-7643-7556-0.
- ^ a b c d Rimoin, AW; Kisalu, N; Kebela-Ilunga, B; Mukaba, T; Wright, LL; Formenty, P; Wolfe, ND; Shongo, RL; Tshioko, F; Okitolonda, E; Muyembe, JJ; Ryder, R; Meyer, H (June 2007). "Endemic human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2001-2004". Emerging infectious diseases. 13 (6): 934–7. doi:10.3201/eid1306.061540. PMID 17553242.
- ^ a b c "Monkeypox – Democratic Republic of the Congo". www.who.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ Breman JG, Kalisa R, Steniowski MV, Zanotto E, Gromyko AI, Arita I (1980). "Human monkeypox, 1970-79". Bull World Health Organ. 58 (2): 165–182. PMC 2395797. PMID 6249508.
- ^ Sklenovská, Nikola (2020). "2. Monkeypox". In Malik, Yashpal Singh; Singh, Raj Kumar; Dhama, Kuldeep (eds.). Animal-Origin Viral Zoonoses. Singapore: Springer. pp. 39–68. ISBN 978-981-15-2650-3.
- ^ Rimoin, Anne W.; Mulembakani, Prime M.; Johnston, Sara C.; Lloyd Smith, James O.; Kisalu, Neville K.; Kinkela, Timothee L.; Blumberg, Seth; Thomassen, Henri A.; Pike, Brian L.; Fair, Joseph N.; Wolfe, Nathan D.; Shongo, Robert L.; Graham, Barney S.; Formenty, Pierre; Okitolonda, Emile; Hensley, Lisa E.; Meyer, Hermann; Wright, Linda L.; Muyembe, Jean-Jacques (14 September 2010). "Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (37): 16262–16267. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005769107. ISSN 1091-6490. PMID 20805472.
- ^ Brown, K; Leggat, PA (20 December 2016). "Human Monkeypox: Current State of Knowledge and Implications for the Future". Tropical medicine and infectious disease. 1 (1). doi:10.3390/tropicalmed1010008. PMID 30270859.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)