Opalozoa: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Biological taxa superclass}} |
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#REDIRECT [[Opalinidae]] |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| image = Opalina ranarum Protsville.jpg |
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| image_caption = ''[[Opalina]] ranarum'', an opalozoan |
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| taxon = Opalozoa |
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| authority = Cavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. n. 2006<ref name="Incisomonas"/> |
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| subdivision_ranks = Infraphyla<ref name="Incisomonas"/> |
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| subdivision = |
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* [[Bikosia]] |
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* [[Placidozoa]] |
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}} |
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{{wikispecies}} |
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'''Opalozoa''' is a subphylum of [[heterotrophic]] [[Heterokonta|heterokonts]] of the phylum [[Bigyra]], and is the sister group to [[Sagenista]].<ref name="8phyla">{{cite journal|title=Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences|first1=Thomas|last1=Cavalier-Smith|date=2017|journal=Protoplasma|pages=297-357|volume=255|doi=10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3}}</ref><ref name="Incisomonas">{{cite journal|title=Phylogeny of Heterokonta: ''Incisomonas marina'', a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to ''Solenicola'' (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes|first1=Thomas|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first2=Josephine Margaret|last2=Scoble|date=2012|journal=European Journal of Protistology|volume=49|pages=328-353|doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0932473912000909}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
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Opalozoans are non-photosynthetic [[heterokonts]] that are ancestrally [[phagotrophic]] but many times have evolved to be [[osmotrophic]] [[saprotrophs]] in the [[Gastrointestinal tract|gut]] of [[vertebrate|vertebrates]]<ref>{{cite journal|journal=J Mol Evol|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=Thomas|first2=Ema E-Y.|last2=Chao|title=Phylogeny and Megasystematics of Phagotrophic Heterokonts (Kingdom Chromista)|volume=62|pages=388–420|date=2006|doi=10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8#citeas}}</ref>. |
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==Phylogeny== |
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The cladogram below shows the internal relationships of Opalozoa.<ref name="Incisomonas"/> |
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{{clade|label1='''Opalozoa'''|1={{clade |
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|label2=[[Bikosea]]|2={{clade|2=[[Rictida]]|1={{clade|2=[[Borokida]]|1={{clade|1=[[Pseudodendromonadida]]|2={{clade|1=[[Bicoecida]]|2=[[Anoecida]]}}}}}}}} |
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|label1=[[Placidozoa]]|1={{clade|bar2=black|2=[[Placididea]]|1={{clade|bar2=black|2=[[Nanomonadea]]|1={{clade|2=[[Opalomonadea]] |bar2=black|label1=[[Opalinata]]|1={{clade|1=[[Opalinea]]|2=[[Blastocystea]]}}}}}}}}}} |
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|grouplabel1={{clade labels|label1="[[Wobblata]]"|top1=33%}} |
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}} |
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==Classification== |
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The modern taxonomy of Opalozoa, down to family level, is as follows:<ref name="Incisomonas"/> |
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* Subphylum [[Opalozoa]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. n. 2006 em.</small> |
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** Infraphylum [[Bikosea|Bikosia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2013</small> |
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*** Class [[Bikosea]] <small>Cavalier-Smith nom. n. pro Bicosoecea Cavalier-Smith, 1986, p.341</small> |
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****Subclass [[Bicosidia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2006 orth. em.</small> |
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*****Superorder [[Cyathobodoniae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993 em. stat. n. 2006</small> |
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******Order [[Bicoecida]] <small>Grassé, 1926</small> |
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******Order [[Anoecida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1997 em. 2006</small> |
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******Order [[Pseudodendromonadida]] <small>Hibberd, 1985 em. Cavalier-Smith, 2006</small> |
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*******Family [[Pseudodendromonadidae]] <small>Hibberd, 1985</small> (''[[Pseudodendromonas]]'', ''[[Cyathobodo]]'') |
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*******Family [[Siluaniidae]] <small>Karpov, 1998</small> (''[[Siluania]]'', ''[[Adriamonas]]'') |
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*******Family [[Paramonadidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2006</small> (''[[Paramonas]]'') |
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*******Family [[Nanidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2013</small> (''[[Nanum (bicosoecid)|Nanum]]'' = ''[[Nanos (protist)|Nanos]]'' <small>Kim et al., 2010</small>) |
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*******Family [[Neradidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2006</small> (''[[Nerada]]'') |
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*******Family [[Filidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2013</small> (''[[Filos]]'') |
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*****Superorder [[Borokiae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2006</small> |
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******Order [[Borokida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2006</small> |
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*******Family [[Borokidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2006</small> (''[[Boroka]]'') |
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****Subclass [[Rictidia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2013</small> |
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*****Order [[Rictida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2013</small> |
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******Family [[Rictidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2013</small> (''[[Rictus]]'') |
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** Infraphylum [[Placidozoa]] <small>Cavalier-Smithm 2013</small> |
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*** Superclass [[Wobblata]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2006 stat. n. 2013</small> ([[paraphyletic]]) |
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**** Class [[Placididea]] <small>Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002</small> |
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***** Order [[Placidida]] <small>Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002</small> [Placidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2006</small>] |
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****** Family [[Placidiaceae]] <small>Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002</small> (''[[Placidia (Placidozoa)|Placidia]]'', ''[[Wobblia]]'') |
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**** Class [[Nanomonadea]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> |
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***** Order [[Uniciliatida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> |
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****** Family [[Solenicolidae]] <small>Cavalier- Smith 2013</small> (''[[Solenicola]]'') |
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****** Family [[Incisomonadidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013</small> (''[[Incisomonas]]'') |
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**** Class [[Opalomonadea]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> |
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*** Superclass [[Opalinata]] <small>Wenyon, 1926 em. Cavalier-Smith, 1996 stat. n. 2006</small> |
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**** Class [[Opalinea]] <small>Wenyon, 1926 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith, 1993 em. 2013</small> |
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***** Order [[Proteromonadida]] <small>Grassé, 1952 em. Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small> |
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****** Family [[Proteromonadidae]] <small>Grassé, 1952</small> (''[[Proteromonas]]'') |
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***** Order [[Opalinida]] <small>Poche, 1913 stat. n. Hall, 1953 em. Cavalier-Smith</small> |
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****** Family [[Karotomorphidae]] <small>Travis, 1934</small> (''[[Karotomorpha]]'') |
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****** Family [[Opalinidae]] <small>Claus, 1874</small> (e.g. ''[[Cepedea]]'', ''[[Protoopalina]]'', ''[[Opalina]]'') |
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**** Class [[Blastocystea]] <small>Zierdt et al., 1967</small> |
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***** Order [[Blastocystida]] <small>Zierdt, 1978</small> |
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****** Family [[Blastocystidae]] <small>Jiang and He, 1988</small> (type genus ''[[Blastocystis]]'' <small>Aléxéieff, 1911</small>) |
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'''Opalozoa''' incertae sedis:<ref name="Incisomonas"/> |
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* ''[[Pendulomonas]]'' <small>Tong, 1977</small> |
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* [[Bordnamonadidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2013</small> (type genus ''[[Bordnamonas]]'' <small>Larsen and Patterson, 1990</small>) |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|worms=582466}} |
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[[Category:Placidozoa]] |
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Revision as of 17:23, 10 June 2022
| Opalozoa | |
|---|---|
| |
| Opalina ranarum, an opalozoan | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Bigyra |
| Subphylum: | Opalozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. n. 2006[1] |
| Infraphyla[1] | |
Wikispecies has information related to Opalozoa.
Opalozoa is a subphylum of heterotrophic heterokonts of the phylum Bigyra, and is the sister group to Sagenista.[2][1]
Description
Opalozoans are non-photosynthetic heterokonts that are ancestrally phagotrophic but many times have evolved to be osmotrophic saprotrophs in the gut of vertebrates[3].
Phylogeny
The cladogram below shows the internal relationships of Opalozoa.[1]
| Opalozoa | "Wobblata" | |
Classification
The modern taxonomy of Opalozoa, down to family level, is as follows:[1]
- Subphylum Opalozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. n. 2006 em.
- Infraphylum Bikosia Cavalier-Smith, 2013
- Class Bikosea Cavalier-Smith nom. n. pro Bicosoecea Cavalier-Smith, 1986, p.341
- Subclass Bicosidia Cavalier-Smith, 2006 orth. em.
- Superorder Cyathobodoniae Cavalier-Smith, 1993 em. stat. n. 2006
- Order Bicoecida Grassé, 1926
- Order Anoecida Cavalier-Smith, 1997 em. 2006
- Order Pseudodendromonadida Hibberd, 1985 em. Cavalier-Smith, 2006
- Family Pseudodendromonadidae Hibberd, 1985 (Pseudodendromonas, Cyathobodo)
- Family Siluaniidae Karpov, 1998 (Siluania, Adriamonas)
- Family Paramonadidae Cavalier-Smith, 2006 (Paramonas)
- Family Nanidae Cavalier-Smith, 2013 (Nanum = Nanos Kim et al., 2010)
- Family Neradidae Cavalier-Smith, 2006 (Nerada)
- Family Filidae Cavalier-Smith, 2013 (Filos)
- Superorder Borokiae Cavalier-Smith, 2006
- Superorder Cyathobodoniae Cavalier-Smith, 1993 em. stat. n. 2006
- Subclass Rictidia Cavalier-Smith, 2013
- Subclass Bicosidia Cavalier-Smith, 2006 orth. em.
- Class Bikosea Cavalier-Smith nom. n. pro Bicosoecea Cavalier-Smith, 1986, p.341
- Infraphylum Placidozoa Cavalier-Smithm 2013
- Superclass Wobblata Cavalier-Smith 2006 stat. n. 2013 (paraphyletic)
- Class Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002
- Order Placidida Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 [Placidae Cavalier-Smith 2006]
- Family Placidiaceae Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 (Placidia, Wobblia)
- Order Placidida Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 [Placidae Cavalier-Smith 2006]
- Class Nanomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Order Uniciliatida Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Family Solenicolidae Cavalier- Smith 2013 (Solenicola)
- Family Incisomonadidae Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013 (Incisomonas)
- Order Uniciliatida Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Class Opalomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2013
- Class Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002
- Superclass Opalinata Wenyon, 1926 em. Cavalier-Smith, 1996 stat. n. 2006
- Class Opalinea Wenyon, 1926 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith, 1993 em. 2013
- Order Proteromonadida Grassé, 1952 em. Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Family Proteromonadidae Grassé, 1952 (Proteromonas)
- Order Opalinida Poche, 1913 stat. n. Hall, 1953 em. Cavalier-Smith
- Family Karotomorphidae Travis, 1934 (Karotomorpha)
- Family Opalinidae Claus, 1874 (e.g. Cepedea, Protoopalina, Opalina)
- Order Proteromonadida Grassé, 1952 em. Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Class Blastocystea Zierdt et al., 1967
- Order Blastocystida Zierdt, 1978
- Family Blastocystidae Jiang and He, 1988 (type genus Blastocystis Aléxéieff, 1911)
- Order Blastocystida Zierdt, 1978
- Class Opalinea Wenyon, 1926 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith, 1993 em. 2013
- Superclass Wobblata Cavalier-Smith 2006 stat. n. 2013 (paraphyletic)
- Infraphylum Bikosia Cavalier-Smith, 2013
Opalozoa incertae sedis:[1]
- Pendulomonas Tong, 1977
- Bordnamonadidae Cavalier-Smith, 2013 (type genus Bordnamonas Larsen and Patterson, 1990)
References
- ^ a b c d e f Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. 49: 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255: 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E-Y. (2006). "Phylogeny and Megasystematics of Phagotrophic Heterokonts (Kingdom Chromista)". J Mol Evol. 62: 388–420. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8.