Urine electrolyte levels: Difference between revisions
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content in this edit was copied from Urinalysis on 11 July 2022, see history of that article for attribution. this needs work, but for now it is just a technical split to manage the scope of the article. Tag: Removed redirect |
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{{Short description|Urine test}} |
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#REDIRECT [[Clinical urine tests]] |
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'''Urine electrolyte levels''' can be measured in a [[medical laboratory]]. The urine concentrations of [[sodium]], [[chloride]] and [[potassium]] may be used to investigate conditions such as abnormal [[Serum electrolytes|blood electrolyte]] levels, [[acute kidney injury]], [[metabolic alkalosis]] and [[hypovolemia]].<ref name="reddi">{{cite book|last=Reddi|first=A.S.|title=Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders: clinical evaluation and management|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4614-9082-1|pp=13−4|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Fluid_Electrolyte_and_Acid_Base_Disorder/kC3ABAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=978-1-4614-9082-1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref name=ki>{{cite journal|last=Kamel|first=K.S.|last2=Halperin|first2=M.L.|title=Use of Urine Electrolytes and Urine Osmolality in the Clinical Diagnosis of Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Disorders|date=2021|volume=6|issue=5|journal=Kidney International Reports|doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2021.02.003}}</ref><ref name="aa">{{cite journal|last1=Umbrello|first1=M.|last2=Formenti|first2=P.|last3=Chiumello|first3=D.|title=Urine Electrolytes in the Intensive Care Unit: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Practice|journal=[[Anesthesia & Analgesia]]|date=2020|volume=131|issue=5|pages=|doi=10.1213/ANE.0000000000004994}}</ref> Other electrolytes that can be measured in urine are [[calcium]], [[phosphorus]] and [[magnesium]].<ref name="wu">{{cite journal|first=X.|last=Wu|title=Urinalysis: A Review of Methods and Procedures |
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|journal=Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America|volume=22|issue=1|date=2010|pages=121-128|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2009.10.012}}</ref> |
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! Target !! Lower limit !! Upper limit !! Unit !! Comments !! [[LOINC]] Codes |
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| [[Sodium]] (Na) – per day || 150<ref name=uppsala>Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008</ref> || 300<ref name=uppsala/> || mmol / 24 [[Hour|h]] ||A sodium-related parameter is [[fractional sodium excretion]], which is the percentage of the sodium filtered by the kidney which is excreted in the urine. It is a useful parameter in [[acute kidney failure]] and [[oliguria]], with a value below 1% indicating a [[prerenal disease]] and a value above 1% suggesting [[acute tubular necrosis]] or other kidney damage.<ref name="urlMedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Fractional excretion of sodium">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003602.htm |title=MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Fractional excretion of sodium |access-date=11 July 2022 }}</ref>|| {{LOINC|2956-1}} |
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| [[Potassium]] (K) – per day || 40<ref name=uppsala/> || 90<ref name=uppsala/> || mmol / 24 h || Urine K may be measured in a diagnostic examination for [[hypokalemia]] (low blood potassium). If potassium is being lost through the [[kidneys]], urine potassium will likely be high. If urine potassium is low, this suggests a non-renal cause.<ref name="medscape">{{cite web|title=Hypokalemia Workup|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/242008-workup#c8|date=8 January 2021|work=[[Medscape]]|last=Lederer|first=E.|accessdate=11 June 2022}}</ref> |
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|rowspan=2| [[Urinary calcium]] (Ca) – per day || 2,5 || 6,25 || mmol / 24 h ||rowspan=2| An abnormally high level is called [[hypercalciuria]] and an abnormally low rate is called [[hypocalciuria]].<p>{{Further|Urinary calcium}} || {{LOINC|14637-3}} |
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| 100<ref name="foley&boccuzzi">[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/732914 medscape.com - Urine Calcium: Laboratory Measurement and Clinical Utility] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906085822/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/732914|date=2011-09-06}} By Kevin F. Foley, PhD, DABCC; Lorenzo Boccuzzi, DO. Posted: 12/26/2010; Laboratory Medicine. 2010;41(11):683–686. © 2010 American Society for Clinical Pathology. In turn citing: |
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* Wu HBA. Tietz Guide to Clinical Laboratory Tests. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders, Elsevier; 2006.</ref>|| 250<ref name=foley&boccuzzi/> || mg / 24 hours || {{LOINC|6874-2}} |
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| [[Phosphate]] (P) – per day || n/a<ref name=uppsala/> || 38<ref name=uppsala/> || mmol / 24 h || {{visible anchor|Phosphaturia}} is the hyperexcretion of [[phosphate]] in the [[urine]]. This condition is divided into primary and secondary types. Primary hyperphosphaturia is characterized by direct excess excretion of phosphate by the [[kidneys]], as from primary kidney dysfunction, and also the direct action of many classes of [[diuretic]]s on the kidneys. Additionally, secondary causes, including both types of [[hyperparathyroidism]], cause hyperexcretion of phosphate in the urine.{{cn}}||{{LOINC|14881-7}} |
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==References== |
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{{Urine tests}} |
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{{Med-diagnostic-stub}} |
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[[Category:Urine tests]] |
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Revision as of 15:34, 11 July 2022
Urine electrolyte levels can be measured in a medical laboratory. The urine concentrations of sodium, chloride and potassium may be used to investigate conditions such as abnormal blood electrolyte levels, acute kidney injury, metabolic alkalosis and hypovolemia.[1][2][3] Other electrolytes that can be measured in urine are calcium, phosphorus and magnesium.[4]
| Target | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments | LOINC Codes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sodium (Na) – per day | 150[5] | 300[5] | mmol / 24 h | A sodium-related parameter is fractional sodium excretion, which is the percentage of the sodium filtered by the kidney which is excreted in the urine. It is a useful parameter in acute kidney failure and oliguria, with a value below 1% indicating a prerenal disease and a value above 1% suggesting acute tubular necrosis or other kidney damage.[6] | 2956-1 |
| Potassium (K) – per day | 40[5] | 90[5] | mmol / 24 h | Urine K may be measured in a diagnostic examination for hypokalemia (low blood potassium). If potassium is being lost through the kidneys, urine potassium will likely be high. If urine potassium is low, this suggests a non-renal cause.[7] | |
| Urinary calcium (Ca) – per day | 2,5 | 6,25 | mmol / 24 h | An abnormally high level is called hypercalciuria and an abnormally low rate is called hypocalciuria. | 14637-3 |
| 100[8] | 250[8] | mg / 24 hours | 6874-2 | ||
| Phosphate (P) – per day | n/a[5] | 38[5] | mmol / 24 h | Phosphaturia is the hyperexcretion of phosphate in the urine. This condition is divided into primary and secondary types. Primary hyperphosphaturia is characterized by direct excess excretion of phosphate by the kidneys, as from primary kidney dysfunction, and also the direct action of many classes of diuretics on the kidneys. Additionally, secondary causes, including both types of hyperparathyroidism, cause hyperexcretion of phosphate in the urine.[citation needed] | 14881-7 |
References
- ^ Reddi, A.S. (2014). Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders: clinical evaluation and management. Springer. pp. 13−4. ISBN 978-1-4614-9082-1.
- ^ Kamel, K.S.; Halperin, M.L. (2021). "Use of Urine Electrolytes and Urine Osmolality in the Clinical Diagnosis of Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Disorders". Kidney International Reports. 6 (5). doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2021.02.003.
- ^ Umbrello, M.; Formenti, P.; Chiumello, D. (2020). "Urine Electrolytes in the Intensive Care Unit: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Practice". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 131 (5). doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000004994.
- ^ Wu, X. (2010). "Urinalysis: A Review of Methods and Procedures". Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 22 (1): 121–128. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2009.10.012.
- ^ a b c d e f Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
- ^ "MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Fractional excretion of sodium". Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ Lederer, E. (8 January 2021). "Hypokalemia Workup". Medscape. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ a b medscape.com - Urine Calcium: Laboratory Measurement and Clinical Utility Archived 2011-09-06 at the Wayback Machine By Kevin F. Foley, PhD, DABCC; Lorenzo Boccuzzi, DO. Posted: 12/26/2010; Laboratory Medicine. 2010;41(11):683–686. © 2010 American Society for Clinical Pathology. In turn citing:
- Wu HBA. Tietz Guide to Clinical Laboratory Tests. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders, Elsevier; 2006.
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