Territories of Majapahit: Difference between revisions
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According to the Kakawin Nagarakretagama canto XIII and XIV, the following areas are recognized as conquered or subordinate to Majapahit (referred to as mañcanagara). The conquered states in Java were not mentioned because they were still considered part of the royal "mandala".
The names below are based on manuscript sources, both from Majapahit and Malay manuscripts as well as Chinese sources, but little physical evidence remains of an area's recognition of state power.
Including the kingdoms of Sunda and Madura, because Majapahit claimed the whole of Java.[1][2][3]
Canto 6.4
sakweh śri yawa raja sapada madudwan nagaratunggalan, (all Javanese kings were guests, they were from different countries but) ekhasthana ri wilwatikta mangisapwi sang narendradipa. (unite to Wilwatikta to support the great king)
Canto 42.2
ndatan lingen i sunda len madhura pan satanah i yawa bhakti tan salah (not called Sunda and Madhura because they are Javanese and devoted, it's not wrong)
Canto 13
Lwir ning nusa pranusa pramuka sakahawat ksni Malayu ning Jambi mwang Palembang karitang (Kritang) i Teba (Toba) len Dharmmacraya (Dharmasraya, West Sumatra) tumut
Kandis (Batang Kandis) Kahwas Manangkabwa (Minangkabau) ri Si yak (Siak) i Rekan (Rokan) Kampar mwang Pane Kampe Hars atahwe Mandahiling (Mandailing) i Tumihang (Tamiyang) Parllak (Peureulak, Aceh) mwang i Barat
Ilwas lawan Samudra (Samudra Pasai, Aceh) mwang i Lamuduri Bantan (Bintan) Lampung mwang Barus
yekadhmyang watek bhumi Malayu (Lands of Malay) satanah kapmawa eh anut len tekang nusa Tanjungnagara (Borneo island) ri Kapuhas (Kapuas) lawan ri Katingan Sampit mwang Kuta Lingga (Kotalingga) mwang i Kuta Waringin (Kotawaringin) Sambas mwang i Lawas
Canto 14
Kadangdangan i Landa (Landak) len ri Samedang Tirem tan kasah ri Sedu (Sarawak) Buruneng (Brunei) ri Kalka Saludung ri Solot (Sulu) Pasir Bartitwsi Sawaku muwah ri Tabalung (Tabalong) ri Tanjung Kute (Kutai Kartanegara) Lawan ri Malano makapramuka ta(ng) ri Tanjungpuri
Ikang skahawan Pahang pramuka tang Hujungmedini (Malay peninsula) ri Lengkasuka len-ni Saimwang i Kalanten (Kelantan) i Tringgano (Trengganu) Nacor (Pattani) Pakamuwar Dungu (Dungun) ri Tumasik (Singapore) ri Sanghyang Hujung Kelang (Klang valley) Keda (Kedah) Jere ri Kanapiniran sanusapupul
Sawetan ikanang tanah Jawa murah ya - warnnanen ri Bali makamukyo tang Badahulu mwang Lwgajah Gurun mukamuke Sukun ri Taliwang ri Dompo Sapi ri Sanghyang Api Bhima Ceram i Hutan Kadala (Buru island) opupul
Muwah tang i Gurun sanusa mangaram ri Lombok Mirah (Lombok island) lawan tikang i Saksakadi nikalun kahaiyang kabeh muwah tikang i Batangan pramuka Bintayan len Luwuk (Luwu) tekeng Udamakatraya (Sangihe Talaud) dhi nikanang sanusapupul
Ingkang sakasanusa Makasar Butung (Buton) Banggawi (Banggai) Kuni Ggaliyao mwang i(ng) Salaya (Selayar island) Sumba Solot Muar muwah tikang i Wandan (Bandaneira) Ambwan (Ambon) athawa Maloko (Maluku) Ewaning (Wanin/West Papua) ri Sran (Seram) in Timur (Timor) makadi ning angeka nusatutur
In this list also given the modern name of a place if it has been agreed by most historians.
According to other accounts
Jayanegara II inscription
The Tuhañaru/Jayanagara II inscription, dating from 1245 Saka/1323 AD, records the annexation of areas outside Java:
... like the moon that opens the tunjung-heart from the village of all good people; which destroys all enemies; like the sun that dispels darkness at night, which is delighted by Wipra and Satria, who are happy to be able to uphold the name of the king's coronation, it reads: Iswara Sundarapandyadewa, ...
According to H.B. Sarkar, the title of the king of Jayanegara indicates that Majapahit held high power (suzerainty) over the king of Pandya in South India.[4]
Kidung Sunda
Based on the Kidung Sunda pupuh 1 stanza 54b and 65a, Majapahit areas includes Palembang, Tumasik (Singapore), Sampit, Madura, Bali, Koci (Cochinchina, Vietnam), Wandan (Banda, Central Maluku), Tanjungpura (Kalimantan) and Sawakung (Sebuku Island).[5]: 20, 23 [6]
Kidung Harsa-Wijaya
Kidung Harsa Wijaya notes that the areas of Majapahit outside Java include Bali, Tatar, Tumasik, Sampir, Desert, Wandan, Tanjung-pura, Dompo, Palembang, Makassar, and Koci.[7]
Sulalatus Salatin and Suma Oriental
Based on outside sources, such as Sulalatus Salatin (Malay History) and Tomé Pires' book Suma Oriental. These areas include:
- Indragiri in Sumatra and Siantan (now Pontianak on the west coast of Kalimantan), which according to Sulalatus Salatin, were given as wedding gifts to the Sultanate of Malacca for the marriage of the sultan Mansur Shah of Malacca to the princess of Majapahit. Sultan Mansur Shah ruled in 1459–1477, so that in 1447 it meant that Indragiri and Siantan were still under Majapahit rule.
- Jambi and Palembang, which only began to escape from Majapahit's grip when it was taken over by the Demak Sultanate during its war against Majapahit ruled by Ranawijaya.[8]: 154-155
- And Bali which was the last refugee area for nobles, artists, priests and Hindus in Java when Majapahit conquered by Demak.
Hikayat Banjar
The areas of Majapahit recorded by Hikayat Banjar are: Java, Bantan (Banten), Palembang, Mangkasar (Makassar), Pahang, Patani, Bali, Pasai, Campa, and Minangkabau.[9]
References
- ^ Riana, I Ketut (2009). Nagara Krtagama. Penerbit Buku Kompas. p. 215. ISBN 9797094332.ISBN 978-979-709-433-1
- ^ Pigeaud 1962, p. 48.
- ^ Nugroho 2011, p. 170.
- ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 142.
- ^ Berg, C.C. (1927). Kidung Sunda. Inleiding, tekst, vertaling en aanteekeningen. BKI 83: 1 – 161.
- ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 136-138.
- ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 152.
- ^ Cortesão, Armando (1944). The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume I. London: The Hakluyt Society. ISBN 9784000085052.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 140.
Bibliography
- Muljana, Raden Benedictus Slamet (2005), Al-Fayyadl, Muhammad (ed.), Menuju Puncak Kemegahan: Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit, Yogyakarta: LKiS Pelangi Aksara
- Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2009), Meluruskan Sejarah Majapahit, Ragam Media
- Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011), Majapahit Peradaban Maritim, Suluh Nuswantara Bakti, ISBN 978-602-9346-00-8
- Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1960a), Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume I: Javanese Texts in Transcription (3 (revisi) ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff
- Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1960b), Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume II: Notes on the Texts and the Translations (3 (revisi) ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, ISBN 978-94-011-8774-9
- Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1960c), Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume III: Translations (3 (revisi) ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, ISBN 978-94-011-8772-5
- Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1962), Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume IV: Commentaries and Recapitulations (3 (revisi) ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, ISBN 978-94-017-7133-7
- Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1963), Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume V: Glossary, General Index (3 (revisi) ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, ISBN 978-94-011-8778-7
- Prapanca, Mpu (2018), Isidora (ed.), Kakawin Nagarakertagama: Teks Asli dan Terjemahan, translated by Saktiani, Damaika; Widya, Kartika; Aminullah, Zakaria Pamuji; Marginingrum, Novi; Septi, Neda (2 (revisi) ed.), Yogyakarta: Narasi, ISBN 978-979-168-553-5