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'''Dennis J. Snower''' (born 14 October 1950) is an American-German economist, specialising in macroeconomic theory and policy, labor economics and the psychology of economic decisions in "caring economics". He is President of the [[Global Solutions Initiative]], providing policy advice to the [[G20]], and Professor of Macroeconomics and Sustainability at the German [[Hertie School]]. He is former president of the [[Kiel Institute for the World Economy]] and Professor of Economics at the [[University of Kiel|Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel]], where his labor and macroeconomic research showed that costs of adjusting employment, wages and prices play a central role in macroeconomic fluctuations. His psycho-social economics research indicates that economic decisions are driven by motives that depend on people's physical and social context.
'''Dennis J. Snower''' (born 14 October 1950) is an American-German economist, specialising in macroeconomic theory and policy, labor economics, digital governance, social economics, and the psychology of economic decisions in "caring economics". He is President of the [[Global Solutions Initiative]] in Berlin, Professorial Research Fellow at the Institute for New Economic Thinking at Oxford University, Fellow at the New Institute in Hamburg, and Non-resident Fellow of the [[Brookings Institution]] in Washington, D.C. He is former president of the [[Kiel Institute for the World Economy]]. His prominent labor research explores the role of “insiders” and “outsiders” in generating unemployment and macroeconomic fluctuations; his socio-economic research examines how social groups shape economic behavior; his psycho-economic research explains how economic decisions depend on psychological motives; and his macroeconomic research investigates why inflation and unemployment can move in opposite directions even in the long run.


==Life and career==
==Life and career==
Snower was born in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], where he went to the American International School. He received a BA and MA from New College, Oxford University, an MA and a PhD from Princeton University. He is a US citizen, married and has two children. He received German citizenship in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/plus186481972/Dennis-Snower-Es-wird-grosse-soziale-Konflikte-geben.html|title=Es wird grosse soziale Konflikte geben|date=January 3, 2019|newspaper=Die Welt|language=de|access-date=November 26, 2019|last1=Kaiser|first1=Tobias}}</ref>
Snower was born in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], where he went to the American International School. He received a BA and MA from New College, [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], an MA and a PhD from Princeton University. He is a US citizen, married and has two children. He received German citizenship in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/plus186481972/Dennis-Snower-Es-wird-grosse-soziale-Konflikte-geben.html|title=Es wird grosse soziale Konflikte geben|date=January 3, 2019|newspaper=Die Welt|language=de|access-date=November 26, 2019|last1=Kaiser|first1=Tobias}}</ref>


He received a BA and MA from New College, Oxford University (in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, 1971), an MA and a PhD from Princeton University (1975).
He received a BA and MA from New College, Oxford University (in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, 1971), an MA and a PhD from Princeton University (1975).


He served as assistant professor at the University of Maryland, before he moved to the Vienna Institute for Advanced Studies and then to BirkBeck College, University of London, where he became Professor of Economics. In 2004 he became President of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy and Professor of Economics at the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel. He held this position until he reached retirement age at the end of February 2019. He was succeeded by [[Gabriel Felbermayr]].
He served as assistant professor at the University of Maryland, before he moved to the Vienna Institute for Advanced Studies and then to [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College]], University of London, where he became Professor of Economics. In 2004 he became President of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy and Professor of Economics at the [[Kiel University|Christian-Albrechts-University]] of Kiel. He held this position until he reached retirement age at the end of February 2019. He was succeeded by [[Gabriel Felbermayr]]. In 2019 he founded the Global Solutions Initiative, which advises the [[G20]] and [[G7]].


Snower was a visiting professor at many universities around the world, including Columbia University, Princeton University, Dartmouth College, the European University Institute, Stockholm University, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of Tel Aviv.
Snower was a visiting professor at many universities around the world, including Columbia University, Princeton University, Dartmouth College, the European University Institute, Stockholm University, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of Tel Aviv.
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During the German G20 Presidency 2017 Dennis J. Snower, together with Dirk Messner from the [[German Development Institute]] (DIE), were mandated to lead the Think 20 (T20), a consortium of [[think tanks]] from the [[G20]] countries with the aim of supporting G20 decision-makers with research-based recommendations for action. Unlike other G20 engagement groups, such as Women 20 (W20), Business 20 (B20) or Youth 20 (Y20), the T20 does not represent a lobby group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/ZD_Factsheet_06_2018_The_G20_9_facts_and_figures.pdf|title=The G20: 9 facts and figures|website=Bertelsmann Stiftung|language=en|access-date=November 26, 2019}}</ref>
During the German G20 Presidency 2017 Dennis J. Snower, together with Dirk Messner from the [[German Development Institute]] (DIE), were mandated to lead the Think 20 (T20), a consortium of [[think tanks]] from the [[G20]] countries with the aim of supporting G20 decision-makers with research-based recommendations for action. Unlike other G20 engagement groups, such as Women 20 (W20), Business 20 (B20) or Youth 20 (Y20), the T20 does not represent a lobby group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/ZD_Factsheet_06_2018_The_G20_9_facts_and_figures.pdf|title=The G20: 9 facts and figures|website=Bertelsmann Stiftung|language=en|access-date=November 26, 2019}}</ref>


From this commitment, Snower founded the [https://www.global-solutions-initiative.org/ Global Solutions Initiative], of which he is president today, and which offers policy advice, in particular for international institutions such as the G20 and the G7. Following the German G20 Presidency, the Initiative has held an annual summit in Berlin, Germany that occurs in the middle of the G20 calendar: The [https://www.global-solutions-initiative.org/summit/events/summit/ Global Solutions Summit] aims to connect representatives of governments, international organizations and business as well as global civil society to discuss solutions to urgent global problems, while making a case for [[multilateralism]] and [[international cooperation]]. He is also the founder of the think tank association "[https://www.cgp-council.org Council for Global Problem-Solving]" (CGP) which aims to develop policy proposals for the G20 and associated international organizations.
From this commitment, Snower founded the [https://www.global-solutions-initiative.org/ Global Solutions Initiative], of which he is president today, and which offers policy advice, in particular for international institutions such as the G20 and the G7. Following the German G20 Presidency, the Initiative has held an annual summit in Berlin, Germany that occurs in the middle of the G20 calendar: The [https://www.global-solutions-initiative.org/summit/events/summit/ Global Solutions Summit] aims to connect representatives of governments, international organizations and business as well as global civil society to discuss solutions to urgent global problems, while making a case for [[multilateralism]] and [[international cooperation]]. He is also the founder of the think tank association "[https://www.cgp-council.org Council for Global Problem-Solving]" (CGP), which aims to develop policy proposals for the G20 and associated international organizations and serves as a catalyst for research-based global problem-solving.


==Research in labor economics==
==Research in labor economics==
The [[Insider-outsider theory of employment|'''insider-outsider theory''' of employment and unemployment]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Wage Setting, Unemployment and Insider-Outsider Relations |journal=American Economic Review |date=1986 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=235–9 |hdl=10419/433 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Cooperation, Harassment and Involuntary Unemployment: Reply |journal=American Economic Review |date=1988 |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=167–188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=The Insider-Outsider Theory of Employment and Unemployment |date=1989 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Insiders versus Outsiders |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |date=2001 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=165–188 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4730239|doi=10.1257/jep.15.1.165 |doi-access=free }}</ref> created by Dennis Snower in conjunction with [[Assar Lindbeck]], explains employment and unemployment in terms of a conflict of interest between insiders and outsiders in the labor market.
The [[Insider-outsider theory of employment|'''insider-outsider theory''' of employment and unemployment]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Wage Setting, Unemployment and Insider-Outsider Relations |journal=American Economic Review |date=1986 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=235–9 |hdl=10419/433 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Cooperation, Harassment and Involuntary Unemployment: Reply |journal=American Economic Review |date=1988 |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=167–188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=The Insider-Outsider Theory of Employment and Unemployment |date=1989 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Insiders versus Outsiders |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |date=2001 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=165–188 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4730239|doi=10.1257/jep.15.1.165 |doi-access=free }}</ref> created by Dennis Snower in conjunction with [[Assar Lindbeck]], explains employment and unemployment in terms of a conflict of interest between insiders and outsiders in the labor market.


Insiders are employees whose positions are protected by labor turnover costs (such as costs of hiring, training, and firing, or costs arising when insiders cooperate with each other but not with outsiders). Outsiders enjoy no such protection. The insider-outsider theory has spawned a large literature on unemployment dynamics,<ref>{{Citation |last=Drazen |first=Allan |title=The Persistence of Unemployment in a Dynamic Insider-Outsider Model |date=1990 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10688-2_12 |work=Advances in the Theory and Measurement of Unemployment |pages=323–335 |editor-last=Weiss |editor-first=Yoram |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-10688-2_12 |isbn=978-1-349-10688-2 |access-date=2022-12-13 |last2=Gottfries |first2=Nils |editor2-last=Fishelson |editor2-first=Gideon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lindbeck |first=Assar |last2=Snower |first2=Dennis J. |date=2001 |title=Insiders versus Outsiders |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.15.1.165 |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1257/jep.15.1.165 |issn=0895-3309}}</ref> dual labor markets,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwander |first=Hanna |date=2019 |title=Labor Market Dualization and Insider–Outsider Divides: Why This New Conflict Matters |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1478929918790872 |journal=Political Studies Review |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=14–29 |doi=10.1177/1478929918790872 |issn=1478-9299}}</ref> employment policy,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bentolila |first=Samuel |last2=Dolado |first2=Juan J |last3=Jimeno |first3=Juan F |date=2012 |title=Reforming an insider-outsider labor market: the Spanish experience |url=https://izajoels.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2193-9012-1-4 |journal=IZA Journal of European Labor Studies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4 |doi=10.1186/2193-9012-1-4 |issn=2193-9012}}</ref> macroeconomic policy,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galí |first=Jordi |date=2022 |title=Insider–Outsider Labor Markets, Hysteresis, and Monetary Policy |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jmcb.12898 |journal=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking |language=en |volume=54 |issue=S1 |pages=53–88 |doi=10.1111/jmcb.12898 |issn=0022-2879}}</ref> social inequality,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Biegert |first=Thomas |date=2019-04-01 |title=Labor market institutions, the insider/outsider divide and social inequalities in employment in affluent countries |url=https://academic.oup.com/ser/article/17/2/255/4084295 |journal=Socio-Economic Review |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=255–281 |doi=10.1093/ser/mwx025 |issn=1475-1461}}</ref> and political economy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lindvall |first=Johannes |last2=Rueda |first2=David |date=2014 |title=The Insider–Outsider Dilemma |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007123412000804/type/journal_article |journal=British Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=460–475 |doi=10.1017/S0007123412000804 |issn=0007-1234}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rueda |first=David |date=2005 |title=Insider–Outsider Politics in Industrialized Democracies: The Challenge to Social Democratic Parties |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000305540505149X/type/journal_article |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=61–74 |doi=10.1017/S000305540505149X |issn=0003-0554}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marx |first=Paul |date=2016 |title=The insider-outsider divide and economic voting: Testing a new theory with German electoral data |url=https://academic.oup.com/ser/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ser/mwu022 |journal=Socio-Economic Review |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=97–118 |doi=10.1093/ser/mwu022 |issn=1475-1461}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rovny |first=Allison E. |last2=Rovny |first2=Jan |date=2017-01-10 |title=Outsiders at the ballot box: operationalizations and political consequences of the insider–outsider dualism |url=https://academic.oup.com/ser/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ser/mww039 |journal=Socio-Economic Review |language=en |pages=mww039 |doi=10.1093/ser/mww039 |issn=1475-1461}}</ref>
Insiders are employees whose positions are protected by labor turnover costs (such as costs of hiring, training, and firing, or costs arising when insiders cooperate with each other but not with outsiders). Outsiders enjoy no such protection.


The '''chain reaction theory of unemployment''',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Karanassou |first2=Marika |title=How Labor Market Flexibility Affects Unemployment: Long-Term Implications of the Chain Reaction Theory |journal=Economic Journal |date=1998 |volume=108 |issue=448 |pages=832–849 |hdl=10419/2226 |doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00318 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Karanassou |first2=Marika |title=Is the Natural Rate a Reference Point? |journal=European Economic Review |date=1997 |volume=41 |issue=3–5 |pages=559–569 |hdl=10419/924 |doi=10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00022-6 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> conceived by Snower together with Marika Karanassou and Hector Sala, views movements in unemployment as the outcome of the interplay between labor market shocks and a network of lagged adjustment processes. This theory indicates that cyclical and structural unemployment are interdependent. This implies that the lagged adjustment processes – for example, current employment depends on past employment on account of labor market adjustment costs – are shape both for the fluctuations in unemployment and the long-run unemployment rate.
The '''chain reaction theory of unemployment''',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Karanassou |first2=Marika |title=How Labor Market Flexibility Affects Unemployment: Long-Term Implications of the Chain Reaction Theory |journal=Economic Journal |date=1998 |volume=108 |issue=448 |pages=832–849 |hdl=10419/2226 |doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00318 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Karanassou |first2=Marika |title=Is the Natural Rate a Reference Point? |journal=European Economic Review |date=1997 |volume=41 |issue=3–5 |pages=559–569 |hdl=10419/924 |doi=10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00022-6 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> conceived by Snower together with Marika Karanassou and Hector Sala, views movements in unemployment as the outcome of the interplay between labor market shocks and a network of lagged adjustment processes. This theory indicates that cyclical and structural unemployment are interdependent. This implies that the lagged adjustment processes – for example, current employment depends on past employment on account of labor market adjustment costs – are shape both for the fluctuations in unemployment and the long-run unemployment rate.


The theory on the '''reorganization of work towards multi-tasking''',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Centralized Bargaining and Reorganized Work: Are They Compatible? |journal=European Economic Review |date=2001 |volume=45 |issue=10 |pages=1851–1875|doi=10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00086-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Multi-task Learning and the Reorganization of Work |journal=Journal of Labor Economics |date=2000 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=353–376 |url=http://legacy.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=39|doi=10.1086/209962 |hdl=10419/2257 |s2cid=15589629 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Reorganization of Firms and Labor Market Inequality |journal=American Economic Review |date=1996 |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=315–321 |hdl=10419/1237 }}</ref> invented by Dennis Snower in conjunction with Assar Lindbeck, identifies driving forces underlying the shift from “Tayloristic” organizations (characterized by specialization by tasks) to “holistic” organizations (featuring job rotation, integration of tasks and learning across tasks). It was one of the first contributions analyzing the fundamental changes in the world of work arising from the digital revolution.
The theory on the '''reorganization of work towards multi-tasking''',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Centralized Bargaining and Reorganized Work: Are They Compatible? |journal=European Economic Review |date=2001 |volume=45 |issue=10 |pages=1851–1875|doi=10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00086-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Multi-task Learning and the Reorganization of Work |journal=Journal of Labor Economics |date=2000 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=353–376 |url=http://legacy.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=39|doi=10.1086/209962 |hdl=10419/2257 |s2cid=15589629 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Reorganization of Firms and Labor Market Inequality |journal=American Economic Review |date=1996 |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=315–321 |hdl=10419/1237 }}</ref> invented by Dennis Snower in conjunction with Assar Lindbeck, identifies driving forces underlying the shift from “Tayloristic” organizations (characterized by specialization by tasks) to “holistic” organizations (featuring job rotation, integration of tasks and learning across tasks). It was one of the first contributions analyzing the fundamental changes in the world of work arising from the digital revolution<ref>{{Citation |last=Schneider |first=Martin |title=Digitalization of Production, Human Capital, and Organizational Capital |date=2018 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-63257-5_4 |work=The Impact of Digitalization in the Workplace |volume=21 |pages=39–52 |editor-last=Harteis |editor-first=Christian |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-63257-5_4 |isbn=978-3-319-63256-8 |access-date=2022-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schøne |first=Pål |date=2009 |title=New technologies, new work practices and the age structure of the workers |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00148-007-0158-3 |journal=Journal of Population Economics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=803–826 |doi=10.1007/s00148-007-0158-3 |issn=0933-1433}}</ref> and was a precursor of the large literature on the polarization of work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Autor |first=David H |last2=Katz |first2=Lawrence F |last3=Kearney |first3=Melissa S |date=2006-04-01 |title=The Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market |url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/000282806777212620 |journal=American Economic Review |language=en |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=189–194 |doi=10.1257/000282806777212620 |issn=0002-8282}}</ref>


==Research on the psychological and social foundations of economics==
==Research on the psychological and social foundations of economics==


'''Caring economics''',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=D |last2=Chierchia |first2=G |last3=Parianen Lesemann |first3=F.H |last4=Vogel |first4=M |last5=Singer |first5=T |title=Caring Cooperators and Powerful Punishers: Differential Effects of Induced Care and Power Motivation on Different Types of Economic Decision Making |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |date=2017 |page=7 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-11580-8 |pmid=28894206 |pmc=5594000 |bibcode=2017NatSR...711068C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Bosworth |first2=Steven |last3=Singer |first3=Tania |title=Cooperation, Motivation and Social Balance |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization |date=2016 |volume=126 |pages=72–94 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2015.12.005 |doi-access=free }}</ref> created by Snower in conjunction with Tania Singer and their respective research teams, laid the analytical and empirical foundations for a new theory of microeconomic decision making, based on underlying psychological motives. The analysis rests on the insights that all economic behavior is psychologically motivated (along the lines explained below), everyone has access to an array of discrete motivation systems, which affect their objectives, as well as their beliefs and perceptions, and which motive is active at any particular point in time depends on the person's physical and social context.
'''Caring economics''',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=D |last2=Chierchia |first2=G |last3=Parianen Lesemann |first3=F.H |last4=Vogel |first4=M |last5=Singer |first5=T |title=Caring Cooperators and Powerful Punishers: Differential Effects of Induced Care and Power Motivation on Different Types of Economic Decision Making |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |date=2017 |page=7 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-11580-8 |pmid=28894206 |pmc=5594000 |bibcode=2017NatSR...711068C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Bosworth |first2=Steven |last3=Singer |first3=Tania |title=Cooperation, Motivation and Social Balance |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization |date=2016 |volume=126 |pages=72–94 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2015.12.005 |doi-access=free }}</ref> created by Snower in conjunction with Tania Singer and their respective research teams, laid the analytical and empirical foundations for a new theory of microeconomic decision making, based on underlying psychological motives. The analysis rests on the insights that all economic behavior is psychologically motivated (along the lines explained below), everyone has access to an array of discrete motivation systems, which affect their objectives, as well as their beliefs and perceptions, and which motive is active at any particular point in time depends on the person's physical and social context. This research has generated wide-ranging insights, such as for psychology,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Jeffrey J. |last2=Gerrish |first2=Ruby |last3=Gilbert |first3=Paul |last4=Kirby |first4=James N. |date=2021 |title=Stressed, depressed, and rank obsessed: Individual differences in compassion and neuroticism predispose towards rank‐based depressive symptomatology |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/papt.12270 |journal=Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice |language=en |volume=94 |issue=S2 |pages=188–211 |doi=10.1111/papt.12270 |issn=1476-0835}}</ref> mental training,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Böckler |first=Anne |last2=Tusche |first2=Anita |last3=Schmidt |first3=Peter |last4=Singer |first4=Tania |date=2018 |title=Distinct mental trainings differentially affect altruistically motivated, norm motivated, and self-reported prosocial behaviour |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-31813-8 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=13560 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-31813-8 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=PMC6131389 |pmid=30202029}}</ref> identity economics,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kranton |first=Rachel E. |date=2016-05-01 |title=Identity Economics 2016: Where Do Social Distinctions and Norms Come From? |url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.p20161038 |journal=American Economic Review |language=en |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=405–409 |doi=10.1257/aer.p20161038 |issn=0002-8282}}</ref> environmental psychology,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baxter |first=Daniel |last2=Pelletier |first2=Luc G. |date=2020 |title=The roles of motivation and goals on sustainable behaviour in a resource dilemma: A self-determination theory perspective |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272494418303645 |journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology |language=en |volume=69 |pages=101437 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101437}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ortiz-Riomalo |first=Juan Felipe |last2=Koessler |first2=Ann-Kathrin |last3=Engel |first3=Stefanie |date=2021 |title=Inducing perspective-taking for prosocial behaviour in natural resource management |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095069621000814 |journal=Journal of Environmental Economics and Management |language=en |volume=110 |pages=102513 |doi=10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102513}}</ref> and welfare policy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hedenigg |first=Silvia |date=2021-04-27 |title=Caring Economics, Cooperation, and the COVID-19 Pandemic |url=https://pubs.lib.umn.edu/index.php/ijps/article/view/3681 |journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Partnership Studies |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=4 |doi=10.24926/ijps.v8i1.3681 |issn=2380-8969}}</ref>


Together with George Akerlof and Steven Bosworth, Snower made seminal contributions to '''identity and narrative economics'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Bosworth |first2=Steven |title=Identity-Driven Cooperation versus Competition |journal=American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings |date=2016 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=420–424 |doi=10.1257/aer.p20161041 |hdl=10419/130402 |s2cid=25411605 |url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/72598/1/Snower_Bosworth_AER_PP_2016.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=George |first2=Akerlof |title=Bread and Bullets |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |date=2016 |volume=126 |pages=58–71 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2015.10.021 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This work explores the formation of competitive versus cooperative identities and the channels whereby narratives affect economic decisions.
Together with George Akerlof and Steven Bosworth, Snower made seminal contributions to '''identity and narrative economics'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Bosworth |first2=Steven |title=Identity-Driven Cooperation versus Competition |journal=American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings |date=2016 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=420–424 |doi=10.1257/aer.p20161041 |hdl=10419/130402 |s2cid=25411605 |url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/72598/1/Snower_Bosworth_AER_PP_2016.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=George |first2=Akerlof |title=Bread and Bullets |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |date=2016 |volume=126 |pages=58–71 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2015.10.021 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This work explores the formation of competitive versus cooperative identities and the channels whereby narratives affect economic decisions. It has influenced thinking in political economy,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukand |first=Sharun |last2=Rodrik |first2=Dani |date=2018 |title=The Political Economy of Ideas: On Ideas Versus Interests in Policymaking |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3154249 |journal=NBER Working Paper No. 24467 |language=en |location=Rochester, NY}}</ref> socio-economics,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Michalopoulos |first=Stelios |last2=Xue |first2=Melanie Meng |date=2021-10-11 |title=Folklore |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/136/4/1993/6124640 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=1993–2046 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjab003 |issn=0033-5533 |pmc=PMC8505355 |pmid=34658674}}</ref> psychology,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Samuel G. B. |last2=Bilovich |first2=Avri |last3=Tuckett |first3=David |date=2022-05-30 |title=Conviction Narrative Theory: A Theory of Choice Under Radical Uncertainty |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0140525X22001157/type/journal_article |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |language=en |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X22001157 |issn=0140-525X}}</ref> behavioral finance<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frydman |first=Roman |last2=Mangee |first2=Nicholas |last3=Stillwagon |first3=Josh |date=2021-10-02 |title=How Market Sentiment Drives Forecasts of Stock Returns |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15427560.2020.1774769 |journal=Journal of Behavioral Finance |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=351–367 |doi=10.1080/15427560.2020.1774769 |issn=1542-7560}}</ref> and environmental economics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terzi |first=Alessio |date=2020 |title=Crafting an effective narrative on the green transition |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030142152030598X |journal=Energy Policy |language=en |volume=147 |pages=111883 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111883}}</ref>


==Macroeconomic Research==
⚫
Snower laid the theoretical and empirical groundwork for a '''reappraisal of the Phillips curve'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Ahrens |first2=Steffen |title=Envy, guilt, and the Phillips curve |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |date=2014 |volume=99 |pages=69–84 |url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp6302.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2013.12.015 |s2cid=10272261 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Graham |first2=Liam |title=Hyperbolic Discounting and the Phillips Curve |journal=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking |date=2008 |volume=40 |issue=2–3 |pages=427–448 |url=http://anon-ftp.iza.org/dp3477.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00120.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tesfaselassie |first1=M |title=Job Turnover, Trend Growth and the Long-Run Phillips Curve |journal=Macroeconomic Dynamics |date=2017 |volume=21 |issue=4 |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/112796/1/832563668.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vaona |first1=Andrea |title=Increasing Returns to Scale and the Long-Run Phillips Curve |journal=Economics Letters |date=2008 |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=83–86 |hdl=10419/3818 |doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2007.11.013 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Karanassou |first2=Marika |last3=Sala |first3=Hector |title=A Reappraisal of the Inflation-Unemployment Tradeoff |journal=European Journal of Political Economy |date=2005 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |url=http://anon-ftp.iza.org/dp636.pdf}}</ref> – the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment – in conjunction with Liam Graham, Marika Karanassou, Hector Sala, Mewael Tessfaselassie and Andrea Vaona. This approach suggests that unemployment is not independent of inflation in the long run, but instead explores the circumstances under which there is an inverse long-run relation between inflation and unemployment. This theory calls into question the conventional claim that real economic activity is independent of monetary phenomena in the long run. The approach rests on the theory of “frictional growth,” focusing on the interplay between nominal frictions and money growth. This work breaks the conventional compartmentalization of macroeconomics into short-term macroeconomic fluctuations versus long-term growth.

⚫
Snower laid the theoretical and empirical groundwork for a '''reappraisal of the Phillips curve'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Ahrens |first2=Steffen |title=Envy, guilt, and the Phillips curve |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |date=2014 |volume=99 |pages=69–84 |url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp6302.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2013.12.015 |s2cid=10272261 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Graham |first2=Liam |title=Hyperbolic Discounting and the Phillips Curve |journal=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking |date=2008 |volume=40 |issue=2–3 |pages=427–448 |url=http://anon-ftp.iza.org/dp3477.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00120.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tesfaselassie |first1=M |title=Job Turnover, Trend Growth and the Long-Run Phillips Curve |journal=Macroeconomic Dynamics |date=2017 |volume=21 |issue=4 |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/112796/1/832563668.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vaona |first1=Andrea |title=Increasing Returns to Scale and the Long-Run Phillips Curve |journal=Economics Letters |date=2008 |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=83–86 |hdl=10419/3818 |doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2007.11.013 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Karanassou |first2=Marika |last3=Sala |first3=Hector |title=A Reappraisal of the Inflation-Unemployment Tradeoff |journal=European Journal of Political Economy |date=2005 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |url=http://anon-ftp.iza.org/dp636.pdf}}</ref> – the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment – in conjunction with Liam Graham, Marika Karanassou, Hector Sala, Mewael Tessfaselassie and Andrea Vaona. This approach suggests that unemployment is not independent of inflation in the long run, but instead explores the circumstances under which there is an inverse long-run relation between inflation and unemployment. This theory calls into question the conventional claim that real economic activity is independent of monetary phenomena in the long run. The approach rests on the theory of “frictional growth,” focusing on the interplay between nominal frictions and money growth. This work breaks the conventional compartmentalization of macroeconomics into short-term macroeconomic fluctuations versus long-term growth. This research has influenced work on monetary policy,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ascari |first=Guido |last2=Sbordone |first2=Argia M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=The Macroeconomics of Trend Inflation |url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/jel.52.3.679 |journal=Journal of Economic Literature |language=en |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=679–739 |doi=10.1257/jel.52.3.679 |issn=0022-0515}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ascari |first=Guido |last2=Ropele |first2=Tiziano |date=2009 |title=Trend Inflation, Taylor Principle, and Indeterminacy |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00272.x |journal=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking |language=en |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1557–1584 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00272.x}}</ref> behavioral economics,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tipoe |first=Eileen |last2=Adams |first2=Abi |last3=Crawford |first3=Ian |date=2022-03-18 |title=Revealed preference analysis and bounded rationality |url=https://academic.oup.com/oep/article/74/2/313/6333592 |journal=Oxford Economic Papers |language=en |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=313–332 |doi=10.1093/oep/gpab018 |issn=0030-7653}}</ref> and macroeconomic theory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jin |first=Gu |last2=Zhu |first2=Tao |date=2022 |title=Heterogeneity, decentralized trade, and the long-run real effects of inflation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022053122000291 |journal=Journal of Economic Theory |language=en |volume=201 |pages=105439 |doi=10.1016/j.jet.2022.105439}}</ref>


Snower developed new '''theories of sluggish price adjustment'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Price Dynamics and Production Lags |journal=American Economic Review |date=1999 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=81–88 |url=https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:0451|doi=10.1257/aer.89.2.81 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Ahrens |first2=Steffen |last3=Pirschel |first3=Inske |title=A Theory of Price Adjustment under Loss Aversion |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization |date=2017 |volume=134 |pages=78–95|doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2016.12.008 |s2cid=216943892 |url=http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/18452/5204 }}</ref> With Assar Lindbeck, Snower showed how the sluggish adjustment of prices and wages in response to macroeconomic shocks depends on lags in the production process. The longer the production lags, the more slowly prices and wages adjust. With Steffen Ahrens and Inske Pirshel, Snower examined how asymmetric price sluggishness is generated by “loss aversion,” the phenomenon that people are more sensitive to utility losses from price increases than to utility gains from price decreases.
Snower developed new '''theories of sluggish price adjustment'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Lindbeck |first2=Assar |title=Price Dynamics and Production Lags |journal=American Economic Review |date=1999 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=81–88 |url=https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:0451|doi=10.1257/aer.89.2.81 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Ahrens |first2=Steffen |last3=Pirschel |first3=Inske |title=A Theory of Price Adjustment under Loss Aversion |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization |date=2017 |volume=134 |pages=78–95|doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2016.12.008 |s2cid=216943892 |url=http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/18452/5204 }}</ref> With Assar Lindbeck, Snower showed how the sluggish adjustment of prices and wages in response to macroeconomic shocks depends on lags in the production process. The longer the production lags, the more slowly prices and wages adjust. With Steffen Ahrens and Inske Pirshel, Snower examined how asymmetric price sluggishness is generated by “loss aversion,” the phenomenon that people are more sensitive to utility losses from price increases than to utility gains from price decreases.
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The '''theory of “high-low search”'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Alpern |first2=Steve |title=High-Low Search' in Product and Labor Markets |journal=American Economic Review |date=1988 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=356–362}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Alpern |first2=Steve |title=Unemployment through 'Learning from Experience |journal=Issues in Contemporary Economics |date=1991 |pages=42–74 |hdl=10419/1161 }}</ref> in product markets, which Snower created together with Steve Alpern, shows how firms use their pricing and product supply decisions to gain information about product demand under conditions of radical uncertainty. The analysis was also extended to the labor market to explain unemployment as an “information gathering device” under uncertainty.
The '''theory of “high-low search”'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Alpern |first2=Steve |title=High-Low Search' in Product and Labor Markets |journal=American Economic Review |date=1988 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=356–362}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Alpern |first2=Steve |title=Unemployment through 'Learning from Experience |journal=Issues in Contemporary Economics |date=1991 |pages=42–74 |hdl=10419/1161 }}</ref> in product markets, which Snower created together with Steve Alpern, shows how firms use their pricing and product supply decisions to gain information about product demand under conditions of radical uncertainty. The analysis was also extended to the labor market to explain unemployment as an “information gathering device” under uncertainty.

This research was among the early contributions to the analysis of economic decisions making under radical uncertainty, influencing various subsequent contributions to the analysis of information acquisition and the role of experimentation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aghion |first=Philippe |last2=Bolton |first2=Patrick |last3=Harris |first3=Christopher |last4=Jullien |first4=Bruno |date=1991 |title=Optimal Learning by Experimentation |url=https://academic.oup.com/restud/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/2297825 |journal=The Review of Economic Studies |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=621 |doi=10.2307/2297825}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeira |first=J. |date=1994-01-01 |title=Informational Cycles |url=https://academic.oup.com/restud/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/2297875 |journal=The Review of Economic Studies |language=en |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=31–44 |doi=10.2307/2297875 |issn=0034-6527}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Creane |first=Anthony |date=1994 |title=Experimentation with heteroskedastic noise |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01221204 |journal=Economic Theory |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=275–286 |doi=10.1007/BF01221204 |issn=0938-2259}}</ref>


Together with Alessio Brown and Christian Merkel, Snower created the '''incentive theory of matching'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Brown |first2=Alessio |last3=Merlk |first3=Christian |title=An Incentive Theory of Matching |journal=Macroeconomic Dynamics |date=2015 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=643–668 |url=http://anon-ftp.iza.org/dp4145.pdf|doi=10.1017/S1365100513000527 |citeseerx=10.1.1.541.823 |s2cid=6088701 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=D |last2=Brown |first2=A |last3=Merkl |first3=C |title=The Minimum Wage from a Two-Sided Perspective |journal=Economics Letters |date=2014 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=389–391 |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=2463624|doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2014.06.020 |s2cid=11229805 }}</ref> In contrast to the conventional theory of matching in the labor market, unemployed workers and vacant jobs are not matched through an arbitrary matching function, but rather the labor market matching process is analyzed as the outcome of a two-sided search process among workers and firms facing heterogeneous economic conditions.
Together with Alessio Brown and Christian Merkel, Snower created the '''incentive theory of matching'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Brown |first2=Alessio |last3=Merlk |first3=Christian |title=An Incentive Theory of Matching |journal=Macroeconomic Dynamics |date=2015 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=643–668 |url=http://anon-ftp.iza.org/dp4145.pdf|doi=10.1017/S1365100513000527 |citeseerx=10.1.1.541.823 |s2cid=6088701 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=D |last2=Brown |first2=A |last3=Merkl |first3=C |title=The Minimum Wage from a Two-Sided Perspective |journal=Economics Letters |date=2014 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=389–391 |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=2463624|doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2014.06.020 |s2cid=11229805 }}</ref> In contrast to the conventional theory of matching in the labor market, unemployed workers and vacant jobs are not matched through an arbitrary matching function, but rather the labor market matching process is analyzed as the outcome of a two-sided search process among workers and firms facing heterogeneous economic conditions.
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==Research on economic policy==
==Research on economic policy==


Dennis Snower is the author of the '''benefit transfer program and other empowering labor market policies''',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |title=Converting Unemployment Benefits into Employment Subsidies |journal=American Economic Review |date=1994 |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=65–70 |hdl=10419/1213 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=D |last2=Orszag |first2=J.M |title=Designing Employment Subsidies |journal=Labour Economics |date=2003 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=557–572|doi=10.1016/S0927-5371(03)00035-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=D |last2=Orszag |first2=J.M |title=Incapacity Benefits and Employment Policy |journal=Labour Economics |date=2001 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=631–641 |url=https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/incapacity-benefits-and-employment-policy|doi=10.1016/S0927-5371(02)00050-7 |hdl=10419/2803 |s2cid=18817863 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Booth |first2=Alison |title=The Low-Skill, Bad-Job Trap |journal=Acquiring Skills |date=1996 |pages=109–124 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511582332.007 |isbn=9780521472050 |ssrn=883810 |s2cid=154004852 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Coe |first2=David. T |title=Policy Complementarities: The Case for Fundamental Labor Market Reform |journal=IMF Staff Papers |date=1997 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.2307/3867495 |jstor=3867495 |url=https://works.bepress.com/dennis_snower/31/|hdl=10419/916 |s2cid=12285188 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Orszag |first2=Mike |title=Anatomy of Policy Complementarities |journal=Swedish Economic Policy Review |date=1998 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=303–345 |hdl=10419/1043 }}</ref> whereby the unemployed receive jobs and training incentives in accordance with their needs. These policies redistribute economic incentives, not money, to the disadvantaged in the labor market. Thereby Snower became one of the earliest architects of active labor market policies. In the benefit transfer program, unemployment benefits are converted into hiring and training subsidies for the long-term unemployed.
Dennis Snower is the author of the '''benefit transfer program and other empowering labor market policies''',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |title=Converting Unemployment Benefits into Employment Subsidies |journal=American Economic Review |date=1994 |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=65–70 |hdl=10419/1213 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=D |last2=Orszag |first2=J.M |title=Designing Employment Subsidies |journal=Labour Economics |date=2003 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=557–572|doi=10.1016/S0927-5371(03)00035-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=D |last2=Orszag |first2=J.M |title=Incapacity Benefits and Employment Policy |journal=Labour Economics |date=2001 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=631–641 |url=https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/incapacity-benefits-and-employment-policy|doi=10.1016/S0927-5371(02)00050-7 |hdl=10419/2803 |s2cid=18817863 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Booth |first2=Alison |title=The Low-Skill, Bad-Job Trap |journal=Acquiring Skills |date=1996 |pages=109–124 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511582332.007 |isbn=9780521472050 |ssrn=883810 |s2cid=154004852 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Coe |first2=David. T |title=Policy Complementarities: The Case for Fundamental Labor Market Reform |journal=IMF Staff Papers |date=1997 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.2307/3867495 |jstor=3867495 |url=https://works.bepress.com/dennis_snower/31/|hdl=10419/916 |s2cid=12285188 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Orszag |first2=Mike |title=Anatomy of Policy Complementarities |journal=Swedish Economic Policy Review |date=1998 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=303–345 |hdl=10419/1043 }}</ref> whereby the unemployed receive jobs and training incentives in accordance with their needs. These policies redistribute economic incentives, not money, to the disadvantaged in the labor market. Thereby Snower became one of the earliest architects of active labor market policies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Brian |last2=Blundell |first2=Richard |last3=Reenen |first3=John Van |date=1999 |title=Getting the Unemployed Back to Work: The Role of Targeted Wage Subsidies. |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1008787013977 |journal=International Tax and Public Finance |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=339–360 |doi=10.1023/A:1008787013977}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sørensen |first=P. B. |date=1997 |title=Public finance solutions to the European unemployment problem? |url=https://academic.oup.com/economicpolicy/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/1468-0327.00021 |journal=Economic Policy |language=en |volume=12 |issue=25 |pages=221–264 |doi=10.1111/1468-0327.00021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fay |first=Robert G. |date=1996 |title=Enhancing the Effectiveness of Active Labour Market Policies: Evidence from Programme Evaluations in OECD Countries |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/enhancing-the-effectiveness-of-active-labour-market-policies_560806166428 |journal= |language=en |doi=10.1787/560806166428}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neumark |first=David |last2=Wascher |first2=William |date=2004 |title=Minimum Wages, Labor Market Institutions, and Youth Employment: A Cross-National Analysis |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001979390405700204 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=223–248 |doi=10.1177/001979390405700204 |issn=0019-7939}}</ref> In the benefit transfer program, unemployment benefits are converted into hiring and training subsidies for the long-term unemployed. This work has influenced thinking on welfare policy in other areas, such as support for the disabled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baert |first=Stijn |date=2016 |title=Wage subsidies and hiring chances for the disabled: some causal evidence |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10198-014-0656-7 |journal=The European Journal of Health Economics |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=71–86 |doi=10.1007/s10198-014-0656-7 |issn=1618-7598}}</ref>


He also analyzed the implications of replacing current welfare systems by '''individualized welfare accounts'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=D |last2=Brown |first2=A |last3=Orszag |first3=J.M |title=Unemployment Accounts and Employment Incentives |journal=European Journal of Political Economy |date=2008 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=587–604 |url=https://www.ifw-kiel.de/ifw_members/publications/unemployment-accounts-and-employment-incentives-3/|doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.06.006 |hdl=10419/3810 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Folster |first2=Stefan |last3=Gidehag |first3=Robert |last4=Orszag |first4=J. Michael |title=Assessing Welfare Accounts |journal=Alternatives for Welfare Policy: Coping with Internationalisation and Demographic Change |date=2003 |pages=255–275 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45124352}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |title=The Future of the Welfare State |journal=Economic Journal |date=1993 |volume=103 |issue=418 |pages=700–717|doi=10.2307/2234543 |jstor=2234543 }}</ref> These accounts include retirement, employment, health and human capital accounts. Instead of paying the taxes to finance the welfare state, people are to make ongoing, mandatory contributions to each of their welfare accounts, covering their major welfare needs. Redistribution is achieved by taxing the accounts of the wealthy and subsidizing the accounts of the poor.
He also analyzed the implications of replacing current welfare systems by '''individualized welfare accounts'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=D |last2=Brown |first2=A |last3=Orszag |first3=J.M |title=Unemployment Accounts and Employment Incentives |journal=European Journal of Political Economy |date=2008 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=587–604 |url=https://www.ifw-kiel.de/ifw_members/publications/unemployment-accounts-and-employment-incentives-3/|doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.06.006 |hdl=10419/3810 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |last2=Folster |first2=Stefan |last3=Gidehag |first3=Robert |last4=Orszag |first4=J. Michael |title=Assessing Welfare Accounts |journal=Alternatives for Welfare Policy: Coping with Internationalisation and Demographic Change |date=2003 |pages=255–275 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45124352}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snower |first1=Dennis |title=The Future of the Welfare State |journal=Economic Journal |date=1993 |volume=103 |issue=418 |pages=700–717|doi=10.2307/2234543 |jstor=2234543 }}</ref> These accounts include retirement, employment, health and human capital accounts. Instead of paying the taxes to finance the welfare state, people are to make ongoing, mandatory contributions to each of their welfare accounts, covering their major welfare needs. Redistribution is achieved by taxing the accounts of the wealthy and subsidizing the accounts of the poor.
Line 85: Line 89:


==Other activities==
==Other activities==
===Corporate boards===
===Non-profits Organizations===
* [[Allianz]], Member of the supervisory board (2004-2006), Member of the Joint Advisory Council (since 2007)
* [[Commerzbank]], Member of the Central Advisory Board<ref>[http://geschaeftsbericht2012.commerzbank.de/reports/commerzbank/annual/2012/gb/English/2060/central-advisory-board.html 2012 Annual Report] [[Commerzbank]].</ref>
* [[HSBC Trinkaus|HSBC Trinkaus & Burkhardt]], Member of the advisory board (since 2008)<ref>[http://www.about.hsbc.de/hsbc-in-germany/executive-bodies Advisory Board] [[HSBC Trinkaus|HSBC Trinkaus & Burkhardt]].</ref>
* [[Dresdner Bank]], Member of supervisory board (2007-2009)

===Non-profits===
* [[European Economic Association]], Member
* [[Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research]] (PIK), Member of the Scientific Advisory Board<ref>[https://www.pik-potsdam.de/institute/organization/sab/index_html?set_language=en Scientific Advisory Board] [[Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research]] (PIK).</ref>
* [[Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research]] (PIK), Member of the Scientific Advisory Board<ref>[https://www.pik-potsdam.de/institute/organization/sab/index_html?set_language=en Scientific Advisory Board] [[Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research]] (PIK).</ref>
* The New Institute, Hamburg, Fellow
* Global Solutions Initiative, Berlin, President
* Brookings Institution, Non-resident Fellow
* Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), Fellow
* Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Fellow
* CESifo, Fellow
* Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Vienna, Member of the Scientific Advisory Board


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 14:01, 14 December 2022

Dennis J. Snower
Dennis Snower (2011)
Born (1950-10-14) 14 October 1950 (age 73)
Vienna
NationalityAmerican, German
Academic career
InstitutionGlobal Solutions Initiative
Alma materPrinceton University
New College, Oxford
Information at IDEAS / RePEc

Dennis J. Snower (born 14 October 1950) is an American-German economist, specialising in macroeconomic theory and policy, labor economics, digital governance, social economics, and the psychology of economic decisions in "caring economics". He is President of the Global Solutions Initiative in Berlin, Professorial Research Fellow at the Institute for New Economic Thinking at Oxford University, Fellow at the New Institute in Hamburg, and Non-resident Fellow of the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. He is former president of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy. His prominent labor research explores the role of “insiders” and “outsiders” in generating unemployment and macroeconomic fluctuations; his socio-economic research examines how social groups shape economic behavior; his psycho-economic research explains how economic decisions depend on psychological motives; and his macroeconomic research investigates why inflation and unemployment can move in opposite directions even in the long run.

Life and career

Snower was born in Vienna, Austria, where he went to the American International School. He received a BA and MA from New College, Oxford University, an MA and a PhD from Princeton University. He is a US citizen, married and has two children. He received German citizenship in 2018.[1]

He received a BA and MA from New College, Oxford University (in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, 1971), an MA and a PhD from Princeton University (1975).

He served as assistant professor at the University of Maryland, before he moved to the Vienna Institute for Advanced Studies and then to Birkbeck College, University of London, where he became Professor of Economics. In 2004 he became President of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy and Professor of Economics at the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel. He held this position until he reached retirement age at the end of February 2019. He was succeeded by Gabriel Felbermayr. In 2019 he founded the Global Solutions Initiative, which advises the G20 and G7.

Snower was a visiting professor at many universities around the world, including Columbia University, Princeton University, Dartmouth College, the European University Institute, Stockholm University, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of Tel Aviv. He has advised a variety of international organizations and national governments on macroeconomic policy, employment policy and welfare state policy.

Work in the field of G20 and T20

During the German G20 Presidency 2017 Dennis J. Snower, together with Dirk Messner from the German Development Institute (DIE), were mandated to lead the Think 20 (T20), a consortium of think tanks from the G20 countries with the aim of supporting G20 decision-makers with research-based recommendations for action. Unlike other G20 engagement groups, such as Women 20 (W20), Business 20 (B20) or Youth 20 (Y20), the T20 does not represent a lobby group.[2]

From this commitment, Snower founded the Global Solutions Initiative, of which he is president today, and which offers policy advice, in particular for international institutions such as the G20 and the G7. Following the German G20 Presidency, the Initiative has held an annual summit in Berlin, Germany that occurs in the middle of the G20 calendar: The Global Solutions Summit aims to connect representatives of governments, international organizations and business as well as global civil society to discuss solutions to urgent global problems, while making a case for multilateralism and international cooperation. He is also the founder of the think tank association "Council for Global Problem-Solving" (CGP), which aims to develop policy proposals for the G20 and associated international organizations and serves as a catalyst for research-based global problem-solving.

Research in labor economics

The insider-outsider theory of employment and unemployment,[3][4][5][6] created by Dennis Snower in conjunction with Assar Lindbeck, explains employment and unemployment in terms of a conflict of interest between insiders and outsiders in the labor market.

Insiders are employees whose positions are protected by labor turnover costs (such as costs of hiring, training, and firing, or costs arising when insiders cooperate with each other but not with outsiders). Outsiders enjoy no such protection. The insider-outsider theory has spawned a large literature on unemployment dynamics,[7][8] dual labor markets,[9] employment policy,[10] macroeconomic policy,[11] social inequality,[12] and political economy.[13][14][15][16]

The chain reaction theory of unemployment,[17][18] conceived by Snower together with Marika Karanassou and Hector Sala, views movements in unemployment as the outcome of the interplay between labor market shocks and a network of lagged adjustment processes. This theory indicates that cyclical and structural unemployment are interdependent. This implies that the lagged adjustment processes – for example, current employment depends on past employment on account of labor market adjustment costs – are shape both for the fluctuations in unemployment and the long-run unemployment rate.

The theory on the reorganization of work towards multi-tasking,[19][20][21] invented by Dennis Snower in conjunction with Assar Lindbeck, identifies driving forces underlying the shift from “Tayloristic” organizations (characterized by specialization by tasks) to “holistic” organizations (featuring job rotation, integration of tasks and learning across tasks). It was one of the first contributions analyzing the fundamental changes in the world of work arising from the digital revolution[22][23] and was a precursor of the large literature on the polarization of work.[24]

Research on the psychological and social foundations of economics

Caring economics,[25][26] created by Snower in conjunction with Tania Singer and their respective research teams, laid the analytical and empirical foundations for a new theory of microeconomic decision making, based on underlying psychological motives. The analysis rests on the insights that all economic behavior is psychologically motivated (along the lines explained below), everyone has access to an array of discrete motivation systems, which affect their objectives, as well as their beliefs and perceptions, and which motive is active at any particular point in time depends on the person's physical and social context. This research has generated wide-ranging insights, such as for psychology,[27] mental training,[28] identity economics,[29] environmental psychology,[30][31] and welfare policy.[32]

Together with George Akerlof and Steven Bosworth, Snower made seminal contributions to identity and narrative economics.[33][34] This work explores the formation of competitive versus cooperative identities and the channels whereby narratives affect economic decisions. It has influenced thinking in political economy,[35] socio-economics,[36] psychology,[37] behavioral finance[38] and environmental economics.[39]

Macroeconomic Research

Snower laid the theoretical and empirical groundwork for a reappraisal of the Phillips curve[40][41][42][43][44] – the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment – in conjunction with Liam Graham, Marika Karanassou, Hector Sala, Mewael Tessfaselassie and Andrea Vaona. This approach suggests that unemployment is not independent of inflation in the long run, but instead explores the circumstances under which there is an inverse long-run relation between inflation and unemployment. This theory calls into question the conventional claim that real economic activity is independent of monetary phenomena in the long run. The approach rests on the theory of “frictional growth,” focusing on the interplay between nominal frictions and money growth. This work breaks the conventional compartmentalization of macroeconomics into short-term macroeconomic fluctuations versus long-term growth. This research has influenced work on monetary policy,[45][46] behavioral economics,[47] and macroeconomic theory.[48]

Snower developed new theories of sluggish price adjustment.[49][50] With Assar Lindbeck, Snower showed how the sluggish adjustment of prices and wages in response to macroeconomic shocks depends on lags in the production process. The longer the production lags, the more slowly prices and wages adjust. With Steffen Ahrens and Inske Pirshel, Snower examined how asymmetric price sluggishness is generated by “loss aversion,” the phenomenon that people are more sensitive to utility losses from price increases than to utility gains from price decreases.

In conjunction with Wolfgang Lechthaler and Christian Merkel, Snower made seminal contributions to the macroeconomics under labor turnover costs.[51][52][53] These contributions show how labor turnover costs help explain the persistent effects of macroeconomic shocks on aggregate output and employment, as well as strong amplification effects of real and monetary shocks on unemployment and the job finding rate.

Dennis Snower was one of the originators of the macroeconomics of imperfect competition,[54][55] as he was among the first to provide imperfectly competitive microfoundations for macroeconomic models. Together with Assar Lindbeck, he also made seminal contributions to our understanding of how macroeconomic shocks are transmitted to the labor market.

Research on the economics of imperfect information

The theory of “high-low search”[56][57] in product markets, which Snower created together with Steve Alpern, shows how firms use their pricing and product supply decisions to gain information about product demand under conditions of radical uncertainty. The analysis was also extended to the labor market to explain unemployment as an “information gathering device” under uncertainty.

This research was among the early contributions to the analysis of economic decisions making under radical uncertainty, influencing various subsequent contributions to the analysis of information acquisition and the role of experimentation.[58][59][60]

Together with Alessio Brown and Christian Merkel, Snower created the incentive theory of matching.[61][62] In contrast to the conventional theory of matching in the labor market, unemployed workers and vacant jobs are not matched through an arbitrary matching function, but rather the labor market matching process is analyzed as the outcome of a two-sided search process among workers and firms facing heterogeneous economic conditions.

Research on economic policy

Dennis Snower is the author of the benefit transfer program and other empowering labor market policies,[63][64][65][66][67][68] whereby the unemployed receive jobs and training incentives in accordance with their needs. These policies redistribute economic incentives, not money, to the disadvantaged in the labor market. Thereby Snower became one of the earliest architects of active labor market policies.[69][70][71][72] In the benefit transfer program, unemployment benefits are converted into hiring and training subsidies for the long-term unemployed. This work has influenced thinking on welfare policy in other areas, such as support for the disabled.[73]

He also analyzed the implications of replacing current welfare systems by individualized welfare accounts.[74][75][76] These accounts include retirement, employment, health and human capital accounts. Instead of paying the taxes to finance the welfare state, people are to make ongoing, mandatory contributions to each of their welfare accounts, covering their major welfare needs. Redistribution is achieved by taxing the accounts of the wealthy and subsidizing the accounts of the poor.

As overarching theme for G20 policy making, Dennis Snower initiated the concept of recoupling economic and social prosperity,[77][78] in interaction with Colm Kelly and Blair Sheppard. Recoupling policies are designed not only to reduce income inequalities, but also promote empowerment and social solidarity of people displaced by the forces of globalization and automation.

Selected publications

  • Dennis Snower and Assar Lindbeck, Involuntary Unemployment as an Insider-Outsider Dilemma (1984).[79]
  • Dennis Snower and Assar Lindbeck, The Insider-Outsider Theory of Employment and Unemployment (1988). ISBN 0262121395
  • Pilar Díaz-Vazquez; Dennis J. Snower (2002). On-the-job training and the effects of insider power. IZA.
  • "Dennis Snower". JSTOR.

Other activities

Non-profits Organizations

  • Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Scientific Advisory Board[80]
  • The New Institute, Hamburg, Fellow
  • Global Solutions Initiative, Berlin, President
  • Brookings Institution, Non-resident Fellow
  • Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), Fellow
  • Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Fellow
  • CESifo, Fellow
  • Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Vienna, Member of the Scientific Advisory Board

References

  1. ^ Kaiser, Tobias (January 3, 2019). "Es wird grosse soziale Konflikte geben". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  2. ^ "The G20: 9 facts and figures" (PDF). Bertelsmann Stiftung. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  3. ^ Snower, Dennis; Lindbeck, Assar (1986). "Wage Setting, Unemployment and Insider-Outsider Relations". American Economic Review. 76 (2): 235–9. hdl:10419/433.
  4. ^ Snower, Dennis; Lindbeck, Assar (1988). "Cooperation, Harassment and Involuntary Unemployment: Reply". American Economic Review. 78 (1): 167–188.
  5. ^ Snower, Dennis; Lindbeck, Assar (1989). The Insider-Outsider Theory of Employment and Unemployment. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
  6. ^ Snower, Dennis; Lindbeck, Assar (2001). "Insiders versus Outsiders". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 15 (1): 165–188. doi:10.1257/jep.15.1.165.
  7. ^ Drazen, Allan; Gottfries, Nils (1990), Weiss, Yoram; Fishelson, Gideon (eds.), "The Persistence of Unemployment in a Dynamic Insider-Outsider Model", Advances in the Theory and Measurement of Unemployment, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 323–335, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-10688-2_12, ISBN 978-1-349-10688-2, retrieved 2022-12-13
  8. ^ Lindbeck, Assar; Snower, Dennis J. (2001). "Insiders versus Outsiders". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 15 (1): 165–188. doi:10.1257/jep.15.1.165. ISSN 0895-3309.
  9. ^ Schwander, Hanna (2019). "Labor Market Dualization and Insider–Outsider Divides: Why This New Conflict Matters". Political Studies Review. 17 (1): 14–29. doi:10.1177/1478929918790872. ISSN 1478-9299.
  10. ^ Bentolila, Samuel; Dolado, Juan J; Jimeno, Juan F (2012). "Reforming an insider-outsider labor market: the Spanish experience". IZA Journal of European Labor Studies. 1 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/2193-9012-1-4. ISSN 2193-9012.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Galí, Jordi (2022). "Insider–Outsider Labor Markets, Hysteresis, and Monetary Policy". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 54 (S1): 53–88. doi:10.1111/jmcb.12898. ISSN 0022-2879.
  12. ^ Biegert, Thomas (2019-04-01). "Labor market institutions, the insider/outsider divide and social inequalities in employment in affluent countries". Socio-Economic Review. 17 (2): 255–281. doi:10.1093/ser/mwx025. ISSN 1475-1461.
  13. ^ Lindvall, Johannes; Rueda, David (2014). "The Insider–Outsider Dilemma". British Journal of Political Science. 44 (2): 460–475. doi:10.1017/S0007123412000804. ISSN 0007-1234.
  14. ^ Rueda, David (2005). "Insider–Outsider Politics in Industrialized Democracies: The Challenge to Social Democratic Parties". American Political Science Review. 99 (1): 61–74. doi:10.1017/S000305540505149X. ISSN 0003-0554.
  15. ^ Marx, Paul (2016). "The insider-outsider divide and economic voting: Testing a new theory with German electoral data". Socio-Economic Review. 14 (1): 97–118. doi:10.1093/ser/mwu022. ISSN 1475-1461.
  16. ^ Rovny, Allison E.; Rovny, Jan (2017-01-10). "Outsiders at the ballot box: operationalizations and political consequences of the insider–outsider dualism". Socio-Economic Review: mww039. doi:10.1093/ser/mww039. ISSN 1475-1461.
  17. ^ Snower, Dennis; Karanassou, Marika (1998). "How Labor Market Flexibility Affects Unemployment: Long-Term Implications of the Chain Reaction Theory". Economic Journal. 108 (448): 832–849. doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00318. hdl:10419/2226.
  18. ^ Snower, Dennis; Karanassou, Marika (1997). "Is the Natural Rate a Reference Point?". European Economic Review. 41 (3–5): 559–569. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00022-6. hdl:10419/924.
  19. ^ Snower, Dennis; Lindbeck, Assar (2001). "Centralized Bargaining and Reorganized Work: Are They Compatible?". European Economic Review. 45 (10): 1851–1875. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00086-1.
  20. ^ Snower, Dennis; Lindbeck, Assar (2000). "Multi-task Learning and the Reorganization of Work". Journal of Labor Economics. 18 (3): 353–376. doi:10.1086/209962. hdl:10419/2257. S2CID 15589629.
  21. ^ Snower, Dennis; Lindbeck, Assar (1996). "Reorganization of Firms and Labor Market Inequality". American Economic Review. 86 (2): 315–321. hdl:10419/1237.
  22. ^ Schneider, Martin (2018), Harteis, Christian (ed.), "Digitalization of Production, Human Capital, and Organizational Capital", The Impact of Digitalization in the Workplace, vol. 21, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 39–52, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63257-5_4, ISBN 978-3-319-63256-8, retrieved 2022-12-13
  23. ^ Schøne, Pål (2009). "New technologies, new work practices and the age structure of the workers". Journal of Population Economics. 22 (3): 803–826. doi:10.1007/s00148-007-0158-3. ISSN 0933-1433.
  24. ^ Autor, David H; Katz, Lawrence F; Kearney, Melissa S (2006-04-01). "The Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market". American Economic Review. 96 (2): 189–194. doi:10.1257/000282806777212620. ISSN 0002-8282.
  25. ^ Snower, D; Chierchia, G; Parianen Lesemann, F.H; Vogel, M; Singer, T (2017). "Caring Cooperators and Powerful Punishers: Differential Effects of Induced Care and Power Motivation on Different Types of Economic Decision Making". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 7. Bibcode:2017NatSR...711068C. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11580-8. PMC 5594000. PMID 28894206.
  26. ^ Snower, Dennis; Bosworth, Steven; Singer, Tania (2016). "Cooperation, Motivation and Social Balance". Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 126: 72–94. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2015.12.005.
  27. ^ Kim, Jeffrey J.; Gerrish, Ruby; Gilbert, Paul; Kirby, James N. (2021). "Stressed, depressed, and rank obsessed: Individual differences in compassion and neuroticism predispose towards rank‐based depressive symptomatology". Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 94 (S2): 188–211. doi:10.1111/papt.12270. ISSN 1476-0835.
  28. ^ Böckler, Anne; Tusche, Anita; Schmidt, Peter; Singer, Tania (2018). "Distinct mental trainings differentially affect altruistically motivated, norm motivated, and self-reported prosocial behaviour". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13560. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31813-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6131389. PMID 30202029.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  29. ^ Kranton, Rachel E. (2016-05-01). "Identity Economics 2016: Where Do Social Distinctions and Norms Come From?". American Economic Review. 106 (5): 405–409. doi:10.1257/aer.p20161038. ISSN 0002-8282.
  30. ^ Baxter, Daniel; Pelletier, Luc G. (2020). "The roles of motivation and goals on sustainable behaviour in a resource dilemma: A self-determination theory perspective". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 69: 101437. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101437.
  31. ^ Ortiz-Riomalo, Juan Felipe; Koessler, Ann-Kathrin; Engel, Stefanie (2021). "Inducing perspective-taking for prosocial behaviour in natural resource management". Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 110: 102513. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102513.
  32. ^ Hedenigg, Silvia (2021-04-27). "Caring Economics, Cooperation, and the COVID-19 Pandemic". Interdisciplinary Journal of Partnership Studies. 8 (1): 4. doi:10.24926/ijps.v8i1.3681. ISSN 2380-8969.
  33. ^ Snower, Dennis; Bosworth, Steven (2016). "Identity-Driven Cooperation versus Competition" (PDF). American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings. 106 (5): 420–424. doi:10.1257/aer.p20161041. hdl:10419/130402. S2CID 25411605.
  34. ^ Snower, Dennis; George, Akerlof (2016). "Bread and Bullets". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 126: 58–71. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2015.10.021.
  35. ^ Mukand, Sharun; Rodrik, Dani (2018). "The Political Economy of Ideas: On Ideas Versus Interests in Policymaking". NBER Working Paper No. 24467. Rochester, NY.
  36. ^ Michalopoulos, Stelios; Xue, Melanie Meng (2021-10-11). "Folklore". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 136 (4): 1993–2046. doi:10.1093/qje/qjab003. ISSN 0033-5533. PMC 8505355. PMID 34658674.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  37. ^ Johnson, Samuel G. B.; Bilovich, Avri; Tuckett, David (2022-05-30). "Conviction Narrative Theory: A Theory of Choice Under Radical Uncertainty". Behavioral and Brain Sciences: 1–47. doi:10.1017/S0140525X22001157. ISSN 0140-525X.
  38. ^ Frydman, Roman; Mangee, Nicholas; Stillwagon, Josh (2021-10-02). "How Market Sentiment Drives Forecasts of Stock Returns". Journal of Behavioral Finance. 22 (4): 351–367. doi:10.1080/15427560.2020.1774769. ISSN 1542-7560.
  39. ^ Terzi, Alessio (2020). "Crafting an effective narrative on the green transition". Energy Policy. 147: 111883. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111883.
  40. ^ Snower, Dennis; Ahrens, Steffen (2014). "Envy, guilt, and the Phillips curve" (PDF). Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 99: 69–84. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2013.12.015. S2CID 10272261.
  41. ^ Snower, Dennis; Graham, Liam (2008). "Hyperbolic Discounting and the Phillips Curve" (PDF). Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 40 (2–3): 427–448. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00120.x.
  42. ^ Tesfaselassie, M (2017). "Job Turnover, Trend Growth and the Long-Run Phillips Curve" (PDF). Macroeconomic Dynamics. 21 (4).
  43. ^ Vaona, Andrea (2008). "Increasing Returns to Scale and the Long-Run Phillips Curve". Economics Letters. 100 (1): 83–86. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2007.11.013. hdl:10419/3818.
  44. ^ Snower, Dennis; Karanassou, Marika; Sala, Hector (2005). "A Reappraisal of the Inflation-Unemployment Tradeoff" (PDF). European Journal of Political Economy. 25 (1): 1–32.
  45. ^ Ascari, Guido; Sbordone, Argia M. (2014-09-01). "The Macroeconomics of Trend Inflation". Journal of Economic Literature. 52 (3): 679–739. doi:10.1257/jel.52.3.679. ISSN 0022-0515.
  46. ^ Ascari, Guido; Ropele, Tiziano (2009). "Trend Inflation, Taylor Principle, and Indeterminacy". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 41 (8): 1557–1584. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00272.x.
  47. ^ Tipoe, Eileen; Adams, Abi; Crawford, Ian (2022-03-18). "Revealed preference analysis and bounded rationality". Oxford Economic Papers. 74 (2): 313–332. doi:10.1093/oep/gpab018. ISSN 0030-7653.
  48. ^ Jin, Gu; Zhu, Tao (2022). "Heterogeneity, decentralized trade, and the long-run real effects of inflation". Journal of Economic Theory. 201: 105439. doi:10.1016/j.jet.2022.105439.
  49. ^ Snower, Dennis; Lindbeck, Assar (1999). "Price Dynamics and Production Lags". American Economic Review. 89 (2): 81–88. doi:10.1257/aer.89.2.81.
  50. ^ Snower, Dennis; Ahrens, Steffen; Pirschel, Inske (2017). "A Theory of Price Adjustment under Loss Aversion". Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 134: 78–95. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2016.12.008. S2CID 216943892.
  51. ^ Snower, Dennis; Lechthaler, Wolfgang; Merkl, Christian (2010). "Monetary Persistence and the Labor Market: A New Perspective" (PDF). Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control. 34 (5): 968–983. doi:10.1016/j.jedc.2010.01.004.
  52. ^ Snower, Dennis; Merkl, Christian (2009). "Monetary Persistence, Imperfect Competition and Staggering Complementarities" (PDF). Macroeconomic Dynamics. 13 (1): 81–106. doi:10.1017/S1365100508070417. hdl:10419/3675. S2CID 13599546.
  53. ^ Snower, Dennis; Merkl, Christian (2006). "The Caring Hand that Cripples: The East German Labor Market after Reunification". American Economic Review. 96 (2): 375–382. doi:10.1257/000282806777212314. hdl:10419/3828. S2CID 29968.
  54. ^ Snower, Dennis; Lindbeck, Assar (1994). "How are Product Demand Changes Transmitted to the Labor Market?". Economic Journal. 104 (423): 386–398. doi:10.2307/2234758. hdl:10419/1200. JSTOR 2234758. S2CID 52026559.
  55. ^ Snower, Dennis (1983). "Imperfect Competition, Underemployment and Crowding Out". Oxford Economic Papers. 35: 245–70. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041612. hdl:10419/434.
  56. ^ Snower, Dennis; Alpern, Steve (1988). "High-Low Search' in Product and Labor Markets". American Economic Review. 78 (2): 356–362.
  57. ^ Snower, Dennis; Alpern, Steve (1991). "Unemployment through 'Learning from Experience". Issues in Contemporary Economics: 42–74. hdl:10419/1161.
  58. ^ Aghion, Philippe; Bolton, Patrick; Harris, Christopher; Jullien, Bruno (1991). "Optimal Learning by Experimentation". The Review of Economic Studies. 58 (4): 621. doi:10.2307/2297825.
  59. ^ Zeira, J. (1994-01-01). "Informational Cycles". The Review of Economic Studies. 61 (1): 31–44. doi:10.2307/2297875. ISSN 0034-6527.
  60. ^ Creane, Anthony (1994). "Experimentation with heteroskedastic noise". Economic Theory. 4 (2): 275–286. doi:10.1007/BF01221204. ISSN 0938-2259.
  61. ^ Snower, Dennis; Brown, Alessio; Merlk, Christian (2015). "An Incentive Theory of Matching" (PDF). Macroeconomic Dynamics. 19 (3): 643–668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.541.823. doi:10.1017/S1365100513000527. S2CID 6088701.
  62. ^ Snower, D; Brown, A; Merkl, C (2014). "The Minimum Wage from a Two-Sided Perspective". Economics Letters. 124 (3): 389–391. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2014.06.020. S2CID 11229805.
  63. ^ Snower, Dennis (1994). "Converting Unemployment Benefits into Employment Subsidies". American Economic Review. 84 (2): 65–70. hdl:10419/1213.
  64. ^ Snower, D; Orszag, J.M (2003). "Designing Employment Subsidies". Labour Economics. 10 (5): 557–572. doi:10.1016/S0927-5371(03)00035-6.
  65. ^ Snower, D; Orszag, J.M (2001). "Incapacity Benefits and Employment Policy". Labour Economics. 9 (5): 631–641. doi:10.1016/S0927-5371(02)00050-7. hdl:10419/2803. S2CID 18817863.
  66. ^ Snower, Dennis; Booth, Alison (1996). "The Low-Skill, Bad-Job Trap". Acquiring Skills: 109–124. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511582332.007. ISBN 9780521472050. S2CID 154004852. SSRN 883810.
  67. ^ Snower, Dennis; Coe, David. T (1997). "Policy Complementarities: The Case for Fundamental Labor Market Reform". IMF Staff Papers. 44 (1): 1–35. doi:10.2307/3867495. hdl:10419/916. JSTOR 3867495. S2CID 12285188.
  68. ^ Snower, Dennis; Orszag, Mike (1998). "Anatomy of Policy Complementarities". Swedish Economic Policy Review. 5 (2): 303–345. hdl:10419/1043.
  69. ^ Bell, Brian; Blundell, Richard; Reenen, John Van (1999). "Getting the Unemployed Back to Work: The Role of Targeted Wage Subsidies". International Tax and Public Finance. 6 (3): 339–360. doi:10.1023/A:1008787013977.
  70. ^ Sørensen, P. B. (1997). "Public finance solutions to the European unemployment problem?". Economic Policy. 12 (25): 221–264. doi:10.1111/1468-0327.00021.
  71. ^ Fay, Robert G. (1996). "Enhancing the Effectiveness of Active Labour Market Policies: Evidence from Programme Evaluations in OECD Countries". doi:10.1787/560806166428. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  72. ^ Neumark, David; Wascher, William (2004). "Minimum Wages, Labor Market Institutions, and Youth Employment: A Cross-National Analysis". ILR Review. 57 (2): 223–248. doi:10.1177/001979390405700204. ISSN 0019-7939.
  73. ^ Baert, Stijn (2016). "Wage subsidies and hiring chances for the disabled: some causal evidence". The European Journal of Health Economics. 17 (1): 71–86. doi:10.1007/s10198-014-0656-7. ISSN 1618-7598.
  74. ^ Snower, D; Brown, A; Orszag, J.M (2008). "Unemployment Accounts and Employment Incentives". European Journal of Political Economy. 24 (3): 587–604. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.06.006. hdl:10419/3810.
  75. ^ Snower, Dennis; Folster, Stefan; Gidehag, Robert; Orszag, J. Michael (2003). "Assessing Welfare Accounts". Alternatives for Welfare Policy: Coping with Internationalisation and Demographic Change: 255–275.
  76. ^ Snower, Dennis (1993). "The Future of the Welfare State". Economic Journal. 103 (418): 700–717. doi:10.2307/2234543. JSTOR 2234543.
  77. ^ Snower, Dennis (2017). "Beyond Capital and Wealth". Economics e-Journal. 91: 1–14.
  78. ^ Snower, Dennis (2018). "G20 at a Crossroads: The Future of Global Governance". Economics e-Journal. 21: 1–13.
  79. ^ Lindbeck, A.; Snower, D.J. (1984). Involuntary Unemployment as an Insider-outsider Dilemma. Institute for International Economic Studies. Retrieved 2015-03-27.
  80. ^ Scientific Advisory Board Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK).
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