List of natural disasters in Australia: Difference between revisions

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This is a list of all major natural disasters in Australian European history. The natural disasters included here are all the notable events which resulted in significant loss of life or property due to natural, non-biological processes of the Earth within Australian territory. Due to inflation, the monetary damage estimates are not comparable. Unless otherwise noted, the year given is the year in which the currency's valuation was calculated. References can be found in the associated articles noted.


Year	Disaster	Event	Death toll	Material destruction	Estimated cost	Notes
1851	Bushfire	Black Thursday bushfires	12	50,000 square kilometres (12,000,000 acres; 5,000,000 ha) burnt One million sheep and thousands of cattle
1852	Flood	1852 Gundagai flood	89	Destroyed the entire town		A severe flash flood destroyed the town of Gundagai.^[1]^[2]
1875	Cyclone	Sinking of the SS Gothenburg	98–112	Sinking of the SS Gothenburg		In February 1875 Gothenburg was wrecked by a cyclone on the Great Barrier Reef off the north coast of Queensland. 22 people survived in three lifeboats. Records of passengers vary.^[3]^[4]^[5]
1887	Cyclone	Unnamed Cyclone (1887)		Around 20 boats lost.^[6]^[7]		A late season cyclone hit the Eighty Mile Beach area (then known as Ninety Mile Beach), devastating the pearling fleet there.^[6]^[7]
1893	Flood	1893 Brisbane flood	35		A$4 million (1893 figures)	Occasionally referred to as the Great Flood of 1893 or the Black February flood
1894	Cyclone	1894 January 4th unnamed tropical cyclone	40+	12 luggers and the steamer Anne sunk, 15000 sheep killed	£15,000	On 4 January 1894 and 9 January 1894 – Within the space of five days, two cyclones crossed the Pilbara coast. The first caused damage to many buildings at Roebourne and Cossack. The second cyclone caused more significant damage to the area completely washing away the previously damaged sea wall at Cossack.
1894	Cyclone	1894 January 9th unnamed tropical cyclone	40+	12 luggers and the steamer Anne sunk, 15000 sheep killed	£15,000
1895–1896	Heat wave	1895–1986 Australian heat wave	437			Widespread heat wave killed 437, including 47 in Bourke, New South Wales.^[8]
1896	Cyclone	Cyclone Sigma	23–26
1897	Cyclone	1897 Darwin cyclone	28	Destroyed the city of Darwin	£150,000 (1897 AUD)	The cyclone is considered the worst cyclone to strike the Northern Territory of Australia prior to Cyclone Tracy in 1974. ^[9]^[10]Prior to contemporary naming conventions, the storm became known as the "Great Hurricane".^[11]
1898	Bushfire	Red Tuesday bushfires	12	Two thousand buildings
1899	Cyclone	Cyclone Mahina	300–410
1903	Cyclone	Cyclone Leonta	14		£250,000 damage (1903 AUD)	12 people killed in Townsville and 2 in Charters Towers and caused massive property damage across North Queensland
1907–1908	Heat wave	1907–1908 Australian heat wave	246			There were 105 deaths in South Australia alone (between 7 December 1907 and 8 February 1908).^[12]
1909	Flood	1909 Western Victorian floods	4
1909–1910	Heat wave	1909–1910 Australian heat wave	109			1909 Dec – 1910 Feb^[13]
1911	Cyclone	Sinking of theSS Yongala^[14]	122	SS Yongala^[15]		En route from Melbourne to Cairns she steamed into a cyclone and sank south of Townsville. The wreak is one of the largest and well-preserved shipwrecks of Queensland's seas.
1911–1912	Heat wave	1911–1912 Australian heat wave	143			^[16]
1912	Cyclone	Sinking of the SS Koombana and Balla Balla cyclone	173+			The SS Koombana was lost in a cyclone between Port Hedland and Broome with all 158 on board. The cyclone crossed the Western Australia coast around Balla Balla, early on 22nd. Several other ships and vessels were also wrecked in the cyclone, claiming another 15 lives.
1913–1914	Heat wave	1913–1914 Australian heat wave	122			^[17]
1918	Cyclone	Mackay cyclone	30			Cyclone and storm surge that caused heavy damage in Mackay, Rockhampton and surrounding areas on 20 January 1918.^[18]
1918	Cyclone	Innisfail cyclone	37–97			On 10 March 1918, a cyclone passed over Innisfail. Only 12 houses in the town of 3500 residents survived being blown flat or unroofed, and damage was also widespread in Cairns,100 km to the north, Babinda, and inland to the Atherton Tableland.^[18]
1920–1921	Heat wave	1920–1921 Australian heat wave	147			^[19]
1926	Bushfire	1925–26 Victorian bushfire season	60	1,000 buildings were destroyed.^[20]^[21]		The worst fires occurred on 14 February (Black Sunday) in the Gippsland region and other areas, where 31 people died at Warburton, Victoria.^[22] Houses and buildings were destroyed in many places including Erica and Belgrave.^[23] The town of Noojee was destroyed, with only the hotel left standing.^[24]^[25] In all, over the two-month period, 60 people died and 1,000 buildings were destroyed.^[20]^[21]
1926–1927	Heat wave	1926–1927 Australian heat wave	130			1926 Dec – 1927 Jan^[26]
1929	Flood	1929 Tasmanian floods	22			Eight drowned when truck ploughed into river and 14 died when dam collapsed and wall swept into town.^[27]
1932	Bushfire	1932 West Gippsland fires	9	206,000 ha burnt		Six of the nine killed were mill workers who became trapped in the town Erica.
1934	Flood	1934 Victorian floods	36	400 houses^[28]		Torrential rainfall of up to 350 millimetres (14 in). Yarra River becomes raging torrent. Extensive damage with 35 dead, 250 injured,^[29]^[30] and 6,000 homeless. Of the dead, 18 died from drowning.^[28]
1938	Bushfire	Black Sunday	5			A rough surf pulled in swimmers at Bondi Beach, Sydney, leading to 245 people saved with 60 receiving treatment and 35 revived from unconsciousness.^[31]
1938–1939	Heat wave	Black Friday bushfires	438			Heat wave killed 438 and sparked the Black Friday bushfires (see below).^[32]
1938–1939	Bushfire	Black Friday bushfires	71	3,700 buildings
1939–1940	Heat wave	1939–1940 Australian heat wave	112			^[33]
1943–1944	Bushfire	1943–44 Victorian bushfire season	51	500 buildings		Bushfires broke out in various parts of Victoria from late December 1943 to mid February 1944, resulting in 51 deaths, and destroying 500 buildings.^[34]^[35]
1947	Hailstorm	Sydney hailstorm	0		45,000,000 AUD (2007)
1951	Volcano	Mount Lamington eruption	2,942			Occurred in the former Territory of Papua and New Guinea.^[36] Deadliest natural disaster in Australian history.
1954	Cyclone	The Gold Coast Cyclone	26–30			A tropical cyclone (known as The Gold Coast Cyclone) crossed the coast late evening on 20 February 1954 at Coolangatta.^[37]^[38] Extreme rainfall associated with the cyclone produced record totals, including 900mm at Springbrook, Queensland in the 24 hours crossing and 809mm at Dorrigo, New South Wales in 24 hours to 9 am on 21st.^[38] There was widespread severe flooding over many areas of NSW.^[39]
1955	Bushfire	Black Sunday bushfires	2
1955	Flood	1955 Hunter Valley floods	25			Most deaths were around Singleton and Maitland, but most other river systems in the state were also in flood.^[40]^[41]
1959	Heat wave	1959 Australian heat wave	105–145			1959 Jan – Feb heat wave in southern regions of Australia. Some sources puts the death toll as high as 145. ^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]
1961	Bushfire	Western Australian bushfires	0	160 homes
1965	Bushfire	Chatsbury bushfires	3	59 homes
1967	Bushfire	Tasmanian fires	62	1,293 homes		Now known as Black Tuesday, 7000 left homeless as over a hundred fires burned in southern Tasmania.^[46]
1969	Bushfire	1969 bushfires	23^[47]	230 houses, 21 other buildings and more than 12,000 stock		Occurred on 8 January 1969. 17 casualties at Lara^[48]^[49]
1970	Cyclone	Cyclone Ada	14		12,000,000 AUD (1970)
1971	Flood	1971 Canberra flood.	7
1971	Tornado	Kin Kin tornado	3		100,000 AUD	A tornado swept through the town of Kin Kin.^[50]
1974	Bushfire	1974-75 Australian bushfire season	6	Farmers' crops, 57,000 farm animals, and 10,200 kilometres (6,300 mi) of fencing		Fire burned up 117 million hectares (290 million acres), which is 15% of Australia's land.^[51]
1974	Flood	Brisbane flood	16		980,000,000 AUD
1974	Cyclone	Cyclone Tracy	71		645,350,000 USD (1974)	Cyclone Tracy destroys the city of Darwin on Christmas Day 1974. Top wind gust recorded was 217 kilometres per hour (135 mph).^[52] On 17 March 2005, a Northern Territory Coroner's Inquest outcome increased the official death toll from 65 to 71.^[53]
1978	Cyclone	Cyclone Alby	7		45,000,000 USD (1978)
1983	Bushfire	Ash Wednesday bushfires	75	2,400 homes
1989	Cyclone	Cyclone Orson	5		16,800,000 USD (1989)
1989	Earthquake	Newcastle earthquake	13		4,000,000,000 AUD
1990	Flood/Cyclone	Cyclone Nancy	6			Tropical Cyclone Nancy crossed the coast near Byron Bay, then moving back out to sea. It brought extremely heavy rain which led to flash flooding, with 6 lives lost to drowning.^[54]^[55]
1993–1994	Bushfire	Eastern seaboard fires	4	225 homes
1996	Landslide	Gracetown landslide	9			About 30 tonnes of rock and sand fell from a cliff to the below spectators of a school surf event.^[56]
1997	Landslide	Thredbo landslide	18			One victim was found alive after 60 hours of being buried.^[57]
1998	Bushfire	Linton Bushfire	5
1998	Thunderstorm	Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race	6		30,000,000 AUD	A supercell storm caused chaos during the annual Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, with only 44 out of 115 yachts finishing.^[58]
1999	Cyclone	Cyclone Vance	0		100,000,000 USD (1999)
1999	Hailstorm	Sydney hailstorm	1		2,300,000,000 AUD
2001–2002	Bushfire	Black Christmas bushfires	0	121 homes
2002	Cyclone	Cyclone Chris	12		929,000 USD (2002)
2003	Bushfire	Canberra bushfires	4	Close to 500 homes	350,000,000 AUD (2003)
2003	Bushfire	Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires	3	41 homes
2005	Bushfire	Eyre Peninsula bushfire, 2005	9	93 homes
2006	Bushfire	Junee Bushfire	0
2006	Cyclone	Cyclone Glenda	0		965,000 USD (2006)
2006	Bushfire	Mount Lubra bushfire	2
2006	Cyclone	Cyclone Larry	1		1,100,000,000 USD (2006)
2006	Bushfire	Pulletop bushfire	0
2007	Bushfire	Kangaroo Island bushfires	1
2007	Cyclone	Cyclone George	5		15,700,000 USD (2007)
2007	Flood/Storm	2007 New South Wales storms	10
2008	Thunderstorm	Queensland storms	2		500,000,000 AUD
2009	Heat wave	2009 southeastern Australia heat wave	374^[59]			A nine-day heat wave in early 2009 in which Adelaide recorded six consecutive days over 40 °C (104 °F), a high of 45.7 °C (114.3 °F) and a record overnight minimum of 33.9 °C (93.0 °F) on 28 January.^[60]^[61] Sparked the Black Saturday bushfires (see below). Health authorities attribute 374 deaths to the heat wave.^[62]
2009	Bushfire	Black Saturday bushfires	173	2,029 homes, 2,000 other structures
2009	Cyclone	Cyclone Hamish	2		38,800,000 USD (2009)
2010–2011	Flood	2010–11 Queensland floods	33		2,390,000,000 AUD
2011	Cyclone	Cyclone Yasi	1		3,600,000,000 USD (2011)
2013	Bushfire	Tasmanian bushfires	1	170+ buildings
2013	Bushfire	New South Wales bushfires	1
2013	Cyclone	Cyclone Oswald	7		2,520,000,000 USD (2013)
2014	Hailstorm	Brisbane hailstorm	0		1,100,000,000 AUD
2014	Cyclone	Cyclone Ita	0		1,150,000,000 USD (2014)
2015	Bushfire	Sampson Flat bushfires	0
2015	Bushfire	Esperance bushfires	4
2015	Bushfire	Pinery bushfire	2
2017	Bushfire	Carwoola bushfire	0	56 buildings
2017	Cyclone	Cyclone Debbie	14		2,730,000,000 USD (2017)
2018	Bushfire	Tathra bushfire	0	69 homes
2019–2020	Bushfire	2019–20 bushfire season	34^[a]	10,000+ buildings^[63]	103,000,000,000AUD
2021	Bushfire	Wooroloo bushfire		86 buildings,^[64] 10,900 hectares (27,000 acres)
2021	Flood	2021 Eastern Australia floods	3		A$ 1,000,000,000 (estimate)	A widespread weather event with heavy rain over several days caused flooding in Western Sydney and the Far North Coast, extending into South East Queensland. At least 18,000 people were evacuated.^[65]
2021	Cyclone	Cyclone Seroja	1^[b]^[66]
2022	Cyclone	Cyclone Seth	2^[67]
2022	Flood	2022 eastern Australia floods	22
2022	Flood	2022 New South Wales floods	1		$379 million (2022 USD)
2022	Flood	2022 south eastern Australia floods	1

Notes

^ At least 34 (as of 24 Jan 2020)
^ In addition to at least 181 in Indonesia and at least 42 in East Timor

References

^ "Potted History of Gundagai". Gundagai Shire Council. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
^ "Gundagai Floods 1852". FloodList. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
^ "TROPICAL CYCLONE IMPACTS ALONG THE AUSTRALIAN EAST COAST FROM NOVEMBER TO APRIL 1858 TO 2000" (PDF). Australian Severe Weather. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Shipwrecks – Gothenburg". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Off Home Hill, Qld: Shipwreck in Cyclone". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Tropical cyclones affecting Broome". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
^ ^a ^b Bankoff, Greg; Christensen, Joseph, eds. (2016). Natural Hazards and Peoples in the Indian Ocean World: Bordering on Danger. Springer Nature. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-349-94857-4. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
^ "Southern Regions, Australia: Heatwave". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2006.
^ "History of Darwin Cyclones". Ntlib.nt.gov.au. 19 February 1942. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Darwin, NT: Cyclone". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Murphy, Kevin (1984). Big blow up north: A history of tropical cyclones in Australia's Northern Territory. NT University Planning Authority. ISBN 0724506608.
^ "Southern States, Australia: Heatwave". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2006.
^ "Australia: Widespread Heatwaves". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Coastal North Qld: Cyclone (incl Shipwreck)". Ema.gov.au. 16 March 1911. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Coastal North Qld: Cyclone (incl Shipwreck)". Ema.gov.au. 16 March 1911. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Australia: Widespread Heatwaves". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Retrieved 6 October 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Australia: Widespread Heatwaves". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Retrieved 5 October 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ ^a ^b National Climate Centre. "Australian Climate Extremes-Cyclone". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Australia: Widespread Heatwaves". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Retrieved 5 October 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ ^a ^b Liz Williams (3 November 2011). "The worst bushfires in Australia's history". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^ ^a ^b "SE Victoria (incl Gippsland & Dandenongs): Bushfires". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Past Bushfires". Forest Fire Management Victoria. State Government of Victoria. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^ "VICTORIA'S TERRIBLE EXPERIENCES". The Register (Adelaide). Vol. XCI, no. 26, 564. South Australia. 16 February 1926. p. 13. Retrieved 17 February 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "DISASTROUS FIRES". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 24, 811. Victoria, Australia. 15 February 1926. p. 11. Retrieved 17 February 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "DEVASTATING BUSH FIRES". The Mercury. Vol. CXXIV, no. 18, 189. Tasmania, Australia. 16 February 1926. p. 7. Retrieved 17 February 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Southern States, Australia: Heatwave". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "75th anniversary – The great floods of Northern Tasmania". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
^ ^a ^b "Flood - Melbourne and Victoria, 1934 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
^ "The December 1934 floods in Melbourne". National Library of Australia. 30 March 2009. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009.
^ "Southern Vic: Floods (incl Yarra River)". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Maritime/Coastal - Black Sunday, Sydney, 1938 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
^ "Southern States, Australia: Heatwave". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
^ "South-Eastern Australia: Heatwave". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Western, Central and Southern Victoria: Bushfires". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Volume I: The Fires and the Fire-Related Deaths – Appendixes" (PDF). Parliament of Victoria. p. 11. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
^ Taylor, Tony (1958). The 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington, Papua (PDF). Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Department of National Development (Australia).
^ "Gold Coast Cyclone, February 1954". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
^ ^a ^b Jeff Callaghan. "Case Study: Gold Coast Cyclone, February 1954" (PDF). Harden Up. Green Cross Australia. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
^ "The Great Gold coast cyclone February 1954". Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub. Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
^ National Climate Centre (23 February 1955). "Australian Climate Extremes-Flood". BOM. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Hunter Valley Weather – Hunter Floods of 1955 – 50-year commemoration". Hunterweather.com. 23 February 2005. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Hazards, Disasters and Your Community" (PDF). pp. 34–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
^ "State Emergency Service – Listing – Response Roles – Heatwaves". Ses.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Office of Climate Change". Longpaddock.qld.gov.au. 28 July 2010. Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Coates, Lucinda; Haynes, Katharine; o'Brien, James; McAneney, John; De Oliveira, Felipe Dimer (2014). "Exploring 167 years of vulnerability: An examination of extreme heat events in Australia 1844–2010". Environmental Science & Policy. 42: 33–44. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2014.05.003.
^ "Black Tuesday bushfires, 1967". Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub. Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^ "Major bushfires in Victoria". Department of Sustainability and Environment. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
^ "Major Bushfires in Victoria". Dse.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Major bushfires in Victoria". Department of Sustainability and Environment. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
^ "Tornado - Kin Kin, Queensland 1971 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
^ "New South Wales, December 1974 Bushfire - New South Wales". Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020. Approximately 15 per cent of Australia's physical land mass sustained extensive fire damage. This equates to roughly around 117 million ha.
^ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
^ "Darwin, NT: Cyclone Tracy". Ema.gov.au. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "TROPICAL CYCLONE IMPACTS ALONG THE AUSTRALIAN EAST COAST FROM NOVEMBER TO APRIL 1858 TO 2000" (PDF). Australian Severe Weather. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Southern Qld / Northern NSW: Floods". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Landslide - Gracetown, Western Australia | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
^ "Landslide - Thredbo, 1997 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
^ "Maritime/Coastal - Sydney to Hobart Yacht race, 1998 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
^ Cooper, Mex (6 April 2009). "Death toll soared during Victoria's heatwaves". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
^ 75 excess deaths attributed to heat stress were recorded in the Adelaide metropolitan area, 33 in Melbourne and an unknown number in country areas.
^ "WMO's Newsletter:MeteoWorld". WMO. February 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
^ Cooper, Mex (6 April 2009). "Death toll soared during Victoria's heatwave". The Age. Melbourne.
^ Kontominas, Bellinda (16 April 2020). "Royal Commission begins into 'Black Summer' that killed 33 people". ABC News. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ Medlen, Pamela; Searson, Amelia. "Perth Hills bushfire emergency warning zone shrinks as number of homes lost reaches 86". ABC News. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
^ Cockburn, Paige; Nguyen, Kevin (21 March 2021). "Live: NSW facing 'dangerous situation' as more than 18,000 people are evacuated". www.abc.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
^ Woolley, Summer. "Daybreak reveals widespread destruction caused by Cyclone Seroja". AAP/7 News. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
^ Press, Australian Associated (11 January 2022). "Second man dies in Queensland floods as hopes fade for missing teenager". the Guardian. Retrieved 13 January 2022.

[63] At least 34 (as of 24 Jan 2020)

[67] In addition to at least 181 in Indonesia and at least 42 in East Timor

[1] "Potted History of Gundagai". Gundagai Shire Council. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2019.

[2] "Gundagai Floods 1852". FloodList. Retrieved 22 February 2019.

[TCimpactsEcoast2-3] "TROPICAL CYCLONE IMPACTS ALONG THE AUSTRALIAN EAST COAST FROM NOVEMBER TO APRIL 1858 TO 2000" (PDF). Australian Severe Weather. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[4] "Shipwrecks – Gothenburg". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[5] "Off Home Hill, Qld: Shipwreck in Cyclone". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[BOMbroome-6] "Tropical cyclones affecting Broome". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 17 July 2015.

[:3-7] Bankoff, Greg; Christensen, Joseph, eds. (2016). Natural Hazards and Peoples in the Indian Ocean World: Bordering on Danger. Springer Nature. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-349-94857-4. Retrieved 9 March 2019.

[8] "Southern Regions, Australia: Heatwave". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2006.

[9] "History of Darwin Cyclones". Ntlib.nt.gov.au. 19 February 1942. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[10] "Darwin, NT: Cyclone". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[11] Murphy, Kevin (1984). Big blow up north: A history of tropical cyclones in Australia's Northern Territory. NT University Planning Authority. ISBN 0724506608.

[12] "Southern States, Australia: Heatwave". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2006.

[13] "Australia: Widespread Heatwaves". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[14] "Coastal North Qld: Cyclone (incl Shipwreck)". Ema.gov.au. 16 March 1911. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[15] "Coastal North Qld: Cyclone (incl Shipwreck)". Ema.gov.au. 16 March 1911. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[16] "Australia: Widespread Heatwaves". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Retrieved 6 October 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}

[17] "Australia: Widespread Heatwaves". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Retrieved 5 October 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}

[bom.gov.au-18] National Climate Centre. "Australian Climate Extremes-Cyclone". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[19] "Australia: Widespread Heatwaves". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Retrieved 5 October 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}

[:0-20] Liz Williams (3 November 2011). "The worst bushfires in Australia's history". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 17 February 2019.

[:1-21] "SE Victoria (incl Gippsland & Dandenongs): Bushfires". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[ffm.vic.gov.au-22] "Past Bushfires". Forest Fire Management Victoria. State Government of Victoria. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.

[23] "VICTORIA'S TERRIBLE EXPERIENCES". The Register (Adelaide). Vol. XCI, no. 26, 564. South Australia. 16 February 1926. p. 13. Retrieved 17 February 2019 – via National Library of Australia.

[24] "DISASTROUS FIRES". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 24, 811. Victoria, Australia. 15 February 1926. p. 11. Retrieved 17 February 2019 – via National Library of Australia.

[25] "DEVASTATING BUSH FIRES". The Mercury. Vol. CXXIV, no. 18, 189. Tasmania, Australia. 16 February 1926. p. 7. Retrieved 17 February 2019 – via National Library of Australia.

[26] "Southern States, Australia: Heatwave". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[27] "75th anniversary – The great floods of Northern Tasmania". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2006.

[:2-28] "Flood - Melbourne and Victoria, 1934 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 26 December 2022.

[29] "The December 1934 floods in Melbourne". National Library of Australia. 30 March 2009. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009.

[30] "Southern Vic: Floods (incl Yarra River)". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[31] "Maritime/Coastal - Black Sunday, Sydney, 1938 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 29 December 2019.

[32] "Southern States, Australia: Heatwave". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2009.

[33] "South-Eastern Australia: Heatwave". Ema.gov.au. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[34] "Western, Central and Southern Victoria: Bushfires". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[35] "Volume I: The Fires and the Fire-Related Deaths – Appendixes" (PDF). Parliament of Victoria. p. 11. Retrieved 14 April 2019.

[36] Taylor, Tony (1958). The 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington, Papua (PDF). Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Department of National Development (Australia).

[37] "Gold Coast Cyclone, February 1954". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2019.

[HardenUpQLD-38] Jeff Callaghan. "Case Study: Gold Coast Cyclone, February 1954" (PDF). Harden Up. Green Cross Australia. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 19 February 2019.

[39] "The Great Gold coast cyclone February 1954". Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub. Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience. Retrieved 19 February 2019.

[40] National Climate Centre (23 February 1955). "Australian Climate Extremes-Flood". BOM. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[41] "Hunter Valley Weather – Hunter Floods of 1955 – 50-year commemoration". Hunterweather.com. 23 February 2005. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[ema.gov.au-42] "Hazards, Disasters and Your Community" (PDF). pp. 34–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2008.

[43] "State Emergency Service – Listing – Response Roles – Heatwaves". Ses.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[44] "Office of Climate Change". Longpaddock.qld.gov.au. 28 July 2010. Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[HeatEvents1844-45] Coates, Lucinda; Haynes, Katharine; o'Brien, James; McAneney, John; De Oliveira, Felipe Dimer (2014). "Exploring 167 years of vulnerability: An examination of extreme heat events in Australia 1844–2010". Environmental Science & Policy. 42: 33–44. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2014.05.003.

[46] "Black Tuesday bushfires, 1967". Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub. Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience. Retrieved 17 February 2019.

[dse_major2-47] "Major bushfires in Victoria". Department of Sustainability and Environment. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2009.

[dse.vic.gov.au-48] "Major Bushfires in Victoria". Dse.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[dse_major-49] "Major bushfires in Victoria". Department of Sustainability and Environment. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2009.

[50] "Tornado - Kin Kin, Queensland 1971 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 30 December 2019.

[AIDR-51] "New South Wales, December 1974 Bushfire - New South Wales". Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience. Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020. Approximately 15 per cent of Australia's physical land mass sustained extensive fire damage. This equates to roughly around 117 million ha.

[52] "Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 9 March 2019.

[53] "Darwin, NT: Cyclone Tracy". Ema.gov.au. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[TCimpactsEcoast-54] "TROPICAL CYCLONE IMPACTS ALONG THE AUSTRALIAN EAST COAST FROM NOVEMBER TO APRIL 1858 TO 2000" (PDF). Australian Severe Weather. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[55] "Southern Qld / Northern NSW: Floods". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2010.

[56] "Landslide - Gracetown, Western Australia | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 30 December 2019.

[57] "Landslide - Thredbo, 1997 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 30 December 2019.

[58] "Maritime/Coastal - Sydney to Hobart Yacht race, 1998 | Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub". knowledge.aidr.org.au. Retrieved 30 December 2019.

[casualties-59] Cooper, Mex (6 April 2009). "Death toll soared during Victoria's heatwaves". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved 18 November 2009.

[60] 75 excess deaths attributed to heat stress were recorded in the Adelaide metropolitan area, 33 in Melbourne and an unknown number in country areas.

[61] "WMO's Newsletter:MeteoWorld". WMO. February 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2011.

[62] Cooper, Mex (6 April 2009). "Death toll soared during Victoria's heatwave". The Age. Melbourne.

[64] Kontominas, Bellinda (16 April 2020). "Royal Commission begins into 'Black Summer' that killed 33 people". ABC News. Retrieved 17 April 2020.

[65] Medlen, Pamela; Searson, Amelia. "Perth Hills bushfire emergency warning zone shrinks as number of homes lost reaches 86". ABC News. Retrieved 23 March 2021.

[abc-nsw-floods-21Mar'21-66] Cockburn, Paige; Nguyen, Kevin (21 March 2021). "Live: NSW facing 'dangerous situation' as more than 18,000 people are evacuated". www.abc.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 22 March 2021.

[68] Woolley, Summer. "Daybreak reveals widespread destruction caused by Cyclone Seroja". AAP/7 News. Retrieved 12 April 2021.

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@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 |
 |A severe flash flood destroyed the town of Gundagai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Potted History of Gundagai |url=http://www.gundagai.nsw.gov.au/about/1000/1001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520021508/http://www.gundagai.nsw.gov.au/about/1000/1001.html |archive-date=20 May 2009 |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=Gundagai Shire Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gundagai Floods 1852 |url=http://floodlist.com/australia/gundagai-floods-1852 |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=FloodList}}</ref>
+|-
+|1875
+|[[Cyclone]]
+|Sinking of the {{SS|Gothenburg}}
+|98–112
+|Sinking of the {{SS|Gothenburg}}
+|
+|In February 1875 ''Gothenburg'' was wrecked by a cyclone on the [[Great Barrier Reef]] off the north coast of [[Queensland]]. 22 people survived in three lifeboats. Records of passengers vary.<ref name="TCimpactsEcoast2">{{cite web |title=TROPICAL CYCLONE IMPACTS ALONG THE AUSTRALIAN EAST COAST FROM NOVEMBER TO APRIL 1858 TO 2000 |url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/impacts-eastcoast.pdf |access-date=5 October 2010 |website=Australian Severe Weather |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shipwrecks – Gothenburg |url=http://www.abc.net.au/backyard/shipwrecks/qld/gothenburg.htm |access-date=5 October 2010 |publisher=Abc.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2003 |title=Off Home Hill, Qld: Shipwreck in Cyclone |url=http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/f7213a811f250527ca256d3300057cc7?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027075759/http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/f7213a811f250527ca256d3300057cc7?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 October 2007 |access-date=5 October 2010 |website=EMA Disasters Database |publisher=Emergency Management Australia}}</ref>
+|-
+|1887
+|[[Cyclone]]
+|[[List of Australian region cyclones before 1900#Unnamed tropical cyclone (1887)|Unnamed Cyclone (1887)]]
+|
+|Around 20 boats lost.<ref name="BOMbroome">{{cite web |title=Tropical cyclones affecting Broome |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/wa/broome.shtml |access-date=17 July 2015 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IqmDAAAQBAJ |title=Natural Hazards and Peoples in the Indian Ocean World: Bordering on Danger |date=2016 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-1-349-94857-4 |editor1-last=Bankoff |editor1-first=Greg |page=290 |access-date=9 March 2019 |editor2-last=Christensen |editor2-first=Joseph}}</ref>
+|
+|A late season cyclone hit the [[Eighty Mile Beach]] area (then known as Ninety Mile Beach), devastating the pearling fleet there.<ref name="BOMbroome" /><ref name=":3" />
+|-
+|1893
+|[[Flood]]
+|[[1893 Brisbane flood]]
+|35
+|
+|[[Australian dollar|A$]]4 million (1893 figures)
+|Occasionally referred to as the '''Great Flood of 1893''' or the '''Black February flood'''
+|-
+| rowspan="2" |1894
+| rowspan="2" |[[Cyclone]]
+|[[List of Australian region cyclones before 1900#Unnamed tropical cyclones (1894)|1894 January 4th unnamed tropical cyclone]]
+| rowspan="2" |40+
+| rowspan="2" |12 [[Lugger|luggers]] and the [[Steamship|steamer]] ''Anne sunk'',  15000 sheep killed
+| rowspan="2" |£15,000
+| rowspan="2" |On 4 January 1894 and 9 January 1894 – Within the space of five days, two cyclones crossed the [[Pilbara]] coast. The first caused damage to many buildings at [[Roebourne, Western Australia|Roebourne]] and Cossack. The second cyclone caused more significant damage to the area completely washing away the previously damaged sea wall at Cossack.
+|-
+|[[List of Australian region cyclones before 1900#Unnamed tropical cyclones (1894)|1894 January 9th unnamed tropical cyclone]]
 |-
 |1895–1896
@@ Line 39: / Line 73: @@
 |
 |Widespread heat wave killed 437, including 47 in [[Bourke, New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Regions, Australia: Heatwave |url=http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/eb0eb29d93fdd5aeca256d3300057cd0?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023105908/http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/eb0eb29d93fdd5aeca256d3300057cd0?OpenDocument |archive-date=23 October 2007 |access-date=22 February 2006 |website=EMA Disasters Database |publisher=Emergency Management Australia}}</ref>
+|-
+|1896
+|[[Cyclone]]
+|[[Cyclone Sigma]]
+|23–26
+|
+|
+|
 |-
 |1897
@@ Line 47: / Line 89: @@
 |£150,000 (1897 AUD)
 |The cyclone is considered the worst cyclone to strike the [[Northern Territory]] of Australia prior to [[Cyclone Tracy]] in 1974. <ref>{{cite web |date=19 February 1942 |title=History of Darwin Cyclones |url=http://www.ntlib.nt.gov.au/tracy/advanced/History_Cyclones.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206005507/http://www.ntlib.nt.gov.au/tracy/advanced/History_Cyclones.html |archive-date=6 February 2008 |access-date=5 October 2010 |publisher=Ntlib.nt.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2003 |title=Darwin, NT: Cyclone |url=http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/09430cd1298e075dca256d3300057cd1?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927054237/http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/09430cd1298e075dca256d3300057cd1?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=5 October 2010 |publisher=Ema.gov.au}}</ref>Prior to contemporary naming conventions, the storm became known as the "Great Hurricane".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murphy |first1=Kevin |title=Big blow up north: A history of tropical cyclones in Australia's Northern Territory'' |date=1984 |publisher=NT University Planning Authority |isbn=0724506608}}</ref>
-|-
-|1893
-|[[Flood]]
-|[[1893 Brisbane flood]]
-|35
-|
-|[[Australian dollar|A$]]4 million (1893 figures)
-|Occasionally referred to as the '''Great Flood of 1893''' or the '''Black February flood'''
 |-
 |1898
@@ Line 103: / Line 137: @@
 |
 |1909 Dec – 1910 Feb<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2003 |title=Australia: Widespread Heatwaves |url=http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/4b9554070e62da03ca256d3300057cf2?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020113817/http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/4b9554070e62da03ca256d3300057cf2?OpenDocument |archive-date=20 October 2007 |access-date=5 October 2010 |publisher=Ema.gov.au}}</ref>
+|-
+|1911
+|[[Cyclone]]
+|Sinking of the{{SS|Yongala}}<ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 1911 |title=Coastal North Qld: Cyclone (incl Shipwreck) |url=http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/d646c8adebe9d3ccca256d3300057c25?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031093223/http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/d646c8adebe9d3ccca256d3300057c25?OpenDocument |archive-date=31 October 2007 |access-date=5 October 2010 |publisher=Ema.gov.au}}</ref>
+|122
+|{{SS|Yongala}}<ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 1911 |title=Coastal North Qld: Cyclone (incl Shipwreck) |url=http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/d646c8adebe9d3ccca256d3300057c25?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031093223/http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/d646c8adebe9d3ccca256d3300057c25?OpenDocument |archive-date=31 October 2007 |access-date=5 October 2010 |publisher=Ema.gov.au}}</ref>
+|
+|En route from [[Melbourne]] to [[Cairns]] she steamed into a cyclone and sank south of [[Townsville]]. The wreak is one of the largest and well-preserved shipwrecks of Queensland's seas.
 |-
 |1911–1912
@@ Line 111: / Line 153: @@
 |
 |<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2003 |title=Australia: Widespread Heatwaves |url=http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/bee8d325ae710148ca256d3300057cf6?OpenDocument |access-date=6 October 2010 |publisher=Ema.gov.au}}{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
+|-
+|1912
+|[[Cyclone]]
+|Sinking of the [[SS Koombana|SS ''Koombana'']] and [[Balla Balla, Western Australia|Balla Balla cyclone]]
+|173+
+|
+|
+|The [[SS Koombana|SS ''Koombana'']] was lost in a cyclone between [[Port Hedland, Western Australia|Port Hedland]] and [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]] with all 158 on board. The cyclone crossed the Western Australia coast around [[Balla Balla, Western Australia|Balla Balla]], early on 22nd. Several other ships and vessels were also wrecked in the cyclone, claiming another 15 lives.
 |-
 |1913–1914

Revision as of 01:57, 27 December 2022

See also

Notes

References