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'''Ernst Pascual Jordan''' ({{IPA-de|ˈjɔɐ̯daːn|lang}}; 18 October 1902 – 31 July 1980) was a German theoretical and mathematical [[physicist]] who made significant contributions to [[quantum mechanics]] and [[quantum field theory]]. He contributed much to the mathematical form of [[matrix mechanics]], and developed [[quantum field theory|canonical anticommutation relations]] for [[fermion]]s. [[Jordan algebra]] is employed for and is still used in studying the mathematical and conceptual foundations of quantum theory, and has found other mathematical applications.<ref name="McCrimmon">{{cite book |last1=McCrimmon |first1=Kevin |title=A taste of Jordan algebras |date=2004 |publisher=Springer |location=New York|isbn=0-387-95447-3 |url=http://math.nsc.ru/LBRT/a1/files/mccrimmon.pdf }}</ref>
'''Ernst Pascual Jordan''' ({{IPA-de|ˈjɔɐ̯daːn|lang}}; 18 October 1902 – 31 July 1980) was a German theoretical and mathematical [[physicist]] who made significant contributions to [[quantum mechanics]] and [[quantum field theory]]. He contributed much to the mathematical form of [[matrix mechanics]], and developed [[quantum field theory|canonical anticommutation relations]] for [[fermion]]s. He introduced [[Jordan algebra|Jordan algebras]] in an effort to formalize quantum field theory; the algebras have since found numerous applications within mathematics.<ref name="McCrimmon">{{cite book |last1=McCrimmon |first1=Kevin |title=A taste of Jordan algebras |date=2004 |publisher=Springer |location=New York|isbn=0-387-95447-3 |url=http://math.nsc.ru/LBRT/a1/files/mccrimmon.pdf }}</ref>


Jordan joined the [[Nazi Party]] in 1933, but did not follow the [[Deutsche Physik]] movement, which at the time rejected quantum physics developed by [[Albert Einstein]] and other Jewish physicists. After the [[World War II|Second World War]], he entered politics for the conservative party [[CDU/CSU|CDU]] and served as a member of parliament from 1957 to 1961.
Jordan joined the [[Nazi Party]] in 1933, but did not follow the [[Deutsche Physik]] movement, which at the time rejected quantum physics developed by [[Albert Einstein]] and other Jewish physicists. After the [[World War II|Second World War]], he entered politics for the conservative party [[CDU/CSU|CDU]] and served as a member of parliament from 1957 to 1961.


==Family history==
==Family history and education==


Pascual Jordan's parents were Ernst Pasqual Jordan (1858-1924) and Eva Fischer. Ernst Jordan was a painter renowned for his portraits and landscapes. He was an associate professor of art at Hannover Technical University when his son was born. The family name was originally Jorda and it was of Spanish origin. The first born sons were all given the name Pasqual or the version Pascual. The family settled in Hannover after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and at some stage changed their name from Jorda to Jordan. Ernst Jordan married Eva Fischer in 1892.
Pascual Jordan's parents were Ernst Pasqual Jordan (1858-1924) and Eva Fischer. Ernst Jordan was a painter renowned for his portraits and landscapes. He was an associate professor of art at Hannover Technical University when his son was born. The family name was originally Jorda and it was of Spanish origin. The first born sons were all given the name Pasqual or the version Pascual. The family settled in Hannover after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and at some stage changed their name from Jorda to Jordan. Ernst Jordan married Eva Fischer in 1892.
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Together with [[Max Born]] and [[Werner Heisenberg]], Jordan was a coauthor of an important series of papers on [[quantum mechanics]].<ref name=SchweberQED94>[[Silvan S. Schweber]], [https://archive.org/details/qedmenwhomadeitd0000schw ''QED and the Men Who Made It: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga''], Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994, {{ISBN|0-691-03327-7}}.</ref> He went on to pioneer early [[quantum field theory]]<ref name=SchweberQED94 /> before largely switching his focus to [[cosmology]] before World War&nbsp;II.
Together with [[Max Born]] and [[Werner Heisenberg]], Jordan was a coauthor of an important series of papers on [[quantum mechanics]].<ref name=SchweberQED94>[[Silvan S. Schweber]], [https://archive.org/details/qedmenwhomadeitd0000schw ''QED and the Men Who Made It: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga''], Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994, {{ISBN|0-691-03327-7}}.</ref> He went on to pioneer early [[quantum field theory]]<ref name=SchweberQED94 /> before largely switching his focus to [[cosmology]] before World War&nbsp;II.


Jordan devised a type of [[Associative property#Non-associative operation|nonassociative]] algebras, now named [[Jordan algebra]]s in his honor, in an attempt to create an algebra of observables for [[quantum mechanics]] and [[quantum field theory]]. Today, [[von Neumann algebra]]s are also employed for this purpose. Jordan algebras have since been applied in [[projective geometry]], [[number theory]], [[complex analysis]], [[optimization]], and many other fields of pure and applied mathematics, and continue to be used in studying the mathematical and conceptual underpinnings of quantum theory.
Jordan devised a type of [[Associative property#Non-associative operation|nonassociative]] algebras, now named [[Jordan algebra]]s, in an attempt to create an algebra of observables for [[quantum mechanics]] and [[quantum field theory]]. While the algebras proved not to be useful for that purpose, they have since found numerous applications within mathematics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dahn |first=Ryan |date=2023-01-01 |title=Nazis, émigrés, and abstract mathematics |url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.5158 |journal=Physics Today |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=44–50 |doi= |issn=}}</ref> Jordan algebras have been applied in [[projective geometry]], [[number theory]], [[complex analysis]], [[optimization]], and many other fields of pure and applied mathematics.


In 1966, Jordan published his 182-page work ''Die Expansion der Erde. Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Gravitationshypothese'' (The expansion of the Earth. Conclusions from the Dirac gravitation hypothesis)<ref>Die Wissenschaft, vol. 124. Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig 1966</ref> in which he developed his theory that, according to [[Dirac large numbers hypothesis|Paul Dirac's hypothesis]] of a steady weakening of [[gravitation]] throughout the history of the universe, the [[Earth]] may have swollen to its current size, from an initial ball of a diameter of only about {{convert|7000|km|mi}}. This theory could explain why the [[Ductility (Earth science)|ductile]] lower [[Sima (geology)|sima]] layer of the [[Crust (geology)|Earth's crust]] is of a comparatively uniform thickness, while the brittle upper [[sial]] layer of the Earth's crust had broken apart into the main [[Plate tectonics|continental plates]]. The continents having to adapt to the ever flatter surface of the growing ball, the mountain ranges on the Earth's surface would, in the course of that, have come into being as constricted folds.<ref>[[Heinz Haber]]: {{cite book |title=Unser blauer Planet |trans-title=Our blue planet |edition=Rororo Taschenbuch Ausgabe [Rororo pocket edition] |series=Rororo Sachbuch [Rororo nonfiction] |year=1967 |orig-year=1965 |publisher=[[Rowohlt Verlag]] |location=Reinbek |language=de |pages=48, 52, 54–55 |trans-chapter=The expansion of the Earth |chapter=Die Expansion der Erde|bibcode=1967ubp..book.....H }}</ref> Despite the energy Jordan invested in the expanding Earth theory, his geological work was never taken seriously by either physicists or geologists.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kragh|first=Helge |title=Pascual Jordan, Varying Gravity, and the Expanding Earth|journal=Physics in Perspective|doi=10.1007/s00016-015-0157-9|date=2015|volume=17|issue=2|pages=107–134 |bibcode = 2015PhP....17..107K |s2cid=120065274 }}</ref>
In 1966, Jordan published his 182-page work ''Die Expansion der Erde. Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Gravitationshypothese'' (The expansion of the Earth. Conclusions from the Dirac gravitation hypothesis)<ref>Die Wissenschaft, vol. 124. Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig 1966</ref> in which he developed his theory that, according to [[Dirac large numbers hypothesis|Paul Dirac's hypothesis]] of a steady weakening of [[gravitation]] throughout the history of the universe, the [[Earth]] may have swollen to its current size, from an initial ball of a diameter of only about {{convert|7000|km|mi}}. This theory could explain why the [[Ductility (Earth science)|ductile]] lower [[Sima (geology)|sima]] layer of the [[Crust (geology)|Earth's crust]] is of a comparatively uniform thickness, while the brittle upper [[sial]] layer of the Earth's crust had broken apart into the main [[Plate tectonics|continental plates]]. The continents having to adapt to the ever flatter surface of the growing ball, the mountain ranges on the Earth's surface would, in the course of that, have come into being as constricted folds.<ref>[[Heinz Haber]]: {{cite book |title=Unser blauer Planet |trans-title=Our blue planet |edition=Rororo Taschenbuch Ausgabe [Rororo pocket edition] |series=Rororo Sachbuch [Rororo nonfiction] |year=1967 |orig-year=1965 |publisher=[[Rowohlt Verlag]] |location=Reinbek |language=de |pages=48, 52, 54–55 |trans-chapter=The expansion of the Earth |chapter=Die Expansion der Erde|bibcode=1967ubp..book.....H }}</ref> Despite the energy Jordan invested in the expanding Earth theory, his geological work was never taken seriously by either physicists or geologists.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kragh|first=Helge |title=Pascual Jordan, Varying Gravity, and the Expanding Earth|journal=Physics in Perspective|doi=10.1007/s00016-015-0157-9|date=2015|volume=17|issue=2|pages=107–134 |bibcode = 2015PhP....17..107K |s2cid=120065274 }}</ref>
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==Political activities==
==Political activities==


Germany's defeat in the [[World War I|First World War]] and the [[Treaty of Versailles]] had a profound effect on Jordan's political beliefs. While many of his colleagues believed the Treaty to be unjust, Jordan went much further and became increasingly nationalistic and right-wing. He wrote numerous articles in the late 1920s that propounded an aggressive and bellicose stance. He was an anti-communist and was particularly concerned about the Russian Revolution and the rise of the Bolsheviks.<ref name="arxiv.org"/>
Germany's defeat in the [[World War I|First World War]] and the [[Treaty of Versailles]] had a profound effect on Jordan's political beliefs. While many of his colleagues believed the Treaty to be unjust, Jordan went much further and became increasingly nationalistic and right-wing. He wrote numerous articles in the late 1920s that propounded an aggressive and bellicose stance. He was an anti-communist and was particularly concerned about the Russian Revolution and the rise of the Bolsheviks.<ref name="arxiv.org"/> He wrote articles in several far-right journals under the pseudonym ''Ernst Domeier,'' as was revealed in the 1990s.<ref name=":0" />


In 1933, Jordan joined the [[Nazi party]], like [[Philipp Lenard]] and [[Johannes Stark]], and, moreover, joined an [[Sturmabteilung|SA unit]]. He supported the Nazis' nationalism and anti-communism but at the same time, he remained "a defender of Einstein" and other Jewish scientists. Jordan seemed to hope that he could influence the new regime; one of his projects was attempting to convince the Nazis that modern physics developed as represented by Einstein and especially the new Copenhagen brand of quantum theory could be the antidote to the "materialism of the Bolsheviks". However, while the Nazis appreciated his support for them, his continued support for Jewish scientists and their theories led him to be regarded as politically unreliable.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schucking | first1 = E. L. | year = 1999 | title = Jordan, Pauli, Politics, Brecht, and a Variable Gravitational Constant | journal = Physics Today | volume = 52 | issue = 10| pages = 26–31 | doi = 10.1063/1.882858 | bibcode = 1999PhT....52j..26S }}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Schroer|first=Bert|date=2003-03-27|title=Pascual Jordan, his contributions to quantum mechanics and his legacy in contemporary local quantum physics|eprint=hep-th/0303241}}</ref>
In 1933, Jordan joined the [[Nazi party]], like [[Philipp Lenard]] and [[Johannes Stark]], and, moreover, joined an [[Sturmabteilung|SA unit]]. He supported the Nazis' nationalism and anti-communism but at the same time, he remained "a defender of Einstein" and other Jewish scientists. Jordan seemed to hope that he could influence the new regime; one of his projects was attempting to convince the Nazis that modern physics developed as represented by Einstein and especially the new Copenhagen brand of quantum theory could be the antidote to the "materialism of the Bolsheviks". However, while the Nazis appreciated his support for them, his continued support for Jewish scientists and their theories led him to be regarded as politically unreliable.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schucking | first1 = E. L. | year = 1999 | title = Jordan, Pauli, Politics, Brecht, and a Variable Gravitational Constant | journal = Physics Today | volume = 52 | issue = 10| pages = 26–31 | doi = 10.1063/1.882858 | bibcode = 1999PhT....52j..26S }}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Schroer|first=Bert|date=2003-03-27|title=Pascual Jordan, his contributions to quantum mechanics and his legacy in contemporary local quantum physics|eprint=hep-th/0303241}}</ref>
Line 56: Line 56:
Wolfgang Pauli declared Jordan to be "rehabilitated" to the [[West German]] authorities some time after the war, allowing him to regain academic employment after a two-year period. In 1953 he recovered his full status as a tenured professor, at the university of Hamburg, where he stayed until he became emeritus in 1971.
Wolfgang Pauli declared Jordan to be "rehabilitated" to the [[West German]] authorities some time after the war, allowing him to regain academic employment after a two-year period. In 1953 he recovered his full status as a tenured professor, at the university of Hamburg, where he stayed until he became emeritus in 1971.


Jordan went against Pauli's advice, and reentered politics after the period of [[denazification]] came to an end under the pressures of the [[Cold War]]. In 1957 he secured election to the [[Bundestag]] standing with the [[Conservatism|conservative]] [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]]. In 1957 Jordan supported the arming of the [[Bundeswehr]] with [[tactical nuclear weapons]] by the [[Konrad Adenauer|Adenauer]] government, while the [[Göttingen Eighteen]] (which included Born and Heisenberg) issued the [[Göttinger Manifest]] in protest. This and other issues were to further strain his relationships with his former friends and colleagues.<ref name="arxiv.org" />
Jordan went against Pauli's advice, and reentered politics after the period of [[denazification]] came to an end under the pressures of the [[Cold War]]. In 1957 he secured election to the [[Bundestag]] standing with the [[Conservatism|conservative]] [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]]. In 1957 Jordan supported the arming of the [[Bundeswehr]] with [[tactical nuclear weapons]] by the [[Konrad Adenauer|Adenauer]] government, while the [[Göttingen Eighteen]] (a group of German physicists which included Born and Heisenberg) issued the [[Göttinger Manifest]] in protest. This and other issues were to further strain his relationships with his former friends and colleagues.<ref name="arxiv.org" />


==Selected works==
==Selected works==

Revision as of 18:57, 8 January 2023

Pascual Jordan
Pascual Jordan in the 1920s
Born18 October 1902
Hannover, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
Died31 July 1980(1980-07-31) (aged 77)
Hamburg, West Germany
NationalityGerman
EducationTechnical University of Hannover
University of Göttingen
Known forQuantum mechanics
Quantum field theory
Canonical commutation relation
Matrix mechanics
Zero-energy universe
Skew lattice
Jordan algebra
Jordan–Brans–Dicke theory
Jordan and Einstein frames
Jordan map
Jordan–Wigner transformation
AwardsAckermann–Teubner Memorial Award (1937)
Max Planck Medal (1942)
Konrad Adenauer Prize (1971)
Scientific career
FieldsTheoretical physics
InstitutionsUniversity of Rostock
University of Berlin
University of Hamburg
Doctoral advisorMax Born
Doctoral studentsJürgen Ehlers
Engelbert Schücking
Wolfgang Kundt

Ernst Pascual Jordan (German: [ˈjɔɐ̯daːn]; 18 October 1902 – 31 July 1980) was a German theoretical and mathematical physicist who made significant contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. He contributed much to the mathematical form of matrix mechanics, and developed canonical anticommutation relations for fermions. He introduced Jordan algebras in an effort to formalize quantum field theory; the algebras have since found numerous applications within mathematics.[1]

Jordan joined the Nazi Party in 1933, but did not follow the Deutsche Physik movement, which at the time rejected quantum physics developed by Albert Einstein and other Jewish physicists. After the Second World War, he entered politics for the conservative party CDU and served as a member of parliament from 1957 to 1961.

Family history and education

Pascual Jordan's parents were Ernst Pasqual Jordan (1858-1924) and Eva Fischer. Ernst Jordan was a painter renowned for his portraits and landscapes. He was an associate professor of art at Hannover Technical University when his son was born. The family name was originally Jorda and it was of Spanish origin. The first born sons were all given the name Pasqual or the version Pascual. The family settled in Hannover after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and at some stage changed their name from Jorda to Jordan. Ernst Jordan married Eva Fischer in 1892.

An ancestor of Pascual Jordan named Pascual Jordan[2] was a Spanish nobleman and cavalry officer who served with the British during and after the Napoleonic Wars. Jordan eventually settled in Hannover. In those days the House of Hanover ruled the United Kingdom. The family name was eventually changed to Jordan (pronounced in the German manner, [ˈjɔʁdaːn] or [ˈjɔɐ̯daːn]). A family tradition held that the first-born son in each generation be named Pascual.[3] Jordan was raised with a traditional religious upbringing. At age 12 he attempted to reconcile a literal interpretation of the Bible with Darwinian evolution; his teacher of religion convinced him there was no contradiction between science and religion (Jordan would write numerous articles on the relationship between the two throughout his life).[3]

Jordan enrolled in the Technical University of Hannover in 1921 where he studied zoology, mathematics, and physics. As was typical for a German university student of the time, he shifted his studies to another university before obtaining a degree. The University of Göttingen, his destination in 1923, was then at the very zenith of its powers in mathematics and the physical sciences, such as under the guidance of mathematician David Hilbert and the physicist Arnold Sommerfeld. At Göttingen Jordan became an assistant to the mathematician Richard Courant for a time, and then he studied physics under Max Born and heredity under geneticist and race scientist Alfred Kühn[4] for his doctorate.

Scientific work

Together with Max Born and Werner Heisenberg, Jordan was a coauthor of an important series of papers on quantum mechanics.[5] He went on to pioneer early quantum field theory[5] before largely switching his focus to cosmology before World War II.

Jordan devised a type of nonassociative algebras, now named Jordan algebras, in an attempt to create an algebra of observables for quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. While the algebras proved not to be useful for that purpose, they have since found numerous applications within mathematics.[6] Jordan algebras have been applied in projective geometry, number theory, complex analysis, optimization, and many other fields of pure and applied mathematics.

In 1966, Jordan published his 182-page work Die Expansion der Erde. Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Gravitationshypothese (The expansion of the Earth. Conclusions from the Dirac gravitation hypothesis)[7] in which he developed his theory that, according to Paul Dirac's hypothesis of a steady weakening of gravitation throughout the history of the universe, the Earth may have swollen to its current size, from an initial ball of a diameter of only about 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi). This theory could explain why the ductile lower sima layer of the Earth's crust is of a comparatively uniform thickness, while the brittle upper sial layer of the Earth's crust had broken apart into the main continental plates. The continents having to adapt to the ever flatter surface of the growing ball, the mountain ranges on the Earth's surface would, in the course of that, have come into being as constricted folds.[8] Despite the energy Jordan invested in the expanding Earth theory, his geological work was never taken seriously by either physicists or geologists.[9]

Political activities

Germany's defeat in the First World War and the Treaty of Versailles had a profound effect on Jordan's political beliefs. While many of his colleagues believed the Treaty to be unjust, Jordan went much further and became increasingly nationalistic and right-wing. He wrote numerous articles in the late 1920s that propounded an aggressive and bellicose stance. He was an anti-communist and was particularly concerned about the Russian Revolution and the rise of the Bolsheviks.[3] He wrote articles in several far-right journals under the pseudonym Ernst Domeier, as was revealed in the 1990s.[6]

In 1933, Jordan joined the Nazi party, like Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark, and, moreover, joined an SA unit. He supported the Nazis' nationalism and anti-communism but at the same time, he remained "a defender of Einstein" and other Jewish scientists. Jordan seemed to hope that he could influence the new regime; one of his projects was attempting to convince the Nazis that modern physics developed as represented by Einstein and especially the new Copenhagen brand of quantum theory could be the antidote to the "materialism of the Bolsheviks". However, while the Nazis appreciated his support for them, his continued support for Jewish scientists and their theories led him to be regarded as politically unreliable.[10][11]

Jordan enlisted in the Luftwaffe in 1939 and worked as a weather analyst at the Peenemünde rocket center, for a while. During the war he attempted to interest the Nazi party in various schemes for advanced weapons. His suggestions were ignored because he was considered "politically unreliable", probably because of his past associations with Jews (in particular: Courant, Born, and Wolfgang Pauli) and the so-called "Jewish physics".

Had Jordan not joined the Nazi party, it is conceivable that he could have won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work with Max Born. Born would go on to win the 1954 Physics Prize with Walther Bothe.[12][13]

Wolfgang Pauli declared Jordan to be "rehabilitated" to the West German authorities some time after the war, allowing him to regain academic employment after a two-year period. In 1953 he recovered his full status as a tenured professor, at the university of Hamburg, where he stayed until he became emeritus in 1971.

Jordan went against Pauli's advice, and reentered politics after the period of denazification came to an end under the pressures of the Cold War. In 1957 he secured election to the Bundestag standing with the conservative Christian Democratic Union. In 1957 Jordan supported the arming of the Bundeswehr with tactical nuclear weapons by the Adenauer government, while the Göttingen Eighteen (a group of German physicists which included Born and Heisenberg) issued the Göttinger Manifest in protest. This and other issues were to further strain his relationships with his former friends and colleagues.[3]

Selected works

  • Born, M.; Jordan, P. (1925). "Zur Quantenmechanik". Zeitschrift für Physik. 34 (1): 858. Bibcode:1925ZPhy...34..858B. doi:10.1007/BF01328531. S2CID 186114542.
  • Born, M.; Heisenberg, W.; Jordan, P. (1926). "Zur Quantenmechanik. II". Zeitschrift für Physik. 35 (8–9): 557. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...35..557B. doi:10.1007/BF01379806. S2CID 186237037.
  • Jordan, P. (1927). "Über quantenmechanische Darstellung von Quantensprüngen". Zeitschrift für Physik. 40 (9): 661–666. Bibcode:1927ZPhy...40..661J. doi:10.1007/BF01451860. S2CID 122253028.
  • Jordan, P. (1927). "Über eine neue Begründung der Quantenmechanik". Zeitschrift für Physik. 40 (11–12): 809–838. Bibcode:1927ZPhy...40..809J. doi:10.1007/BF01390903. S2CID 121258722.
  • Jordan, P. (1927). "Kausalität und Statistik in der modernen Physik". Die Naturwissenschaften. 15 (5): 105–110. Bibcode:1927NW.....15..105J. doi:10.1007/BF01504228. S2CID 26167543.
  • Jordan, P. (1927). "Anmerkung zur statistischen Deutung der Quantenmechanik". Zeitschrift für Physik. 41 (4–5): 797–800. Bibcode:1927ZPhy...41..797J. doi:10.1007/BF01395485. S2CID 121174605.
  • Jordan, P. (1927). "Über eine neue Begründung der Quantenmechanik II". Zeitschrift für Physik. 44 (1–2): 1–25. Bibcode:1927ZPhy...44....1J. doi:10.1007/BF01391714. S2CID 186228140.
  • Jordan, P.; von Neumann, J.; Wigner, E. (1934). "On an Algebraic Generalization of the Quantum Mechanical Formalism". Annals of Mathematics. 35 (1): 29–64. doi:10.2307/1968117. JSTOR 1968117.

References

  1. ^ McCrimmon, Kevin (2004). A taste of Jordan algebras (PDF). New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-95447-3.
  2. ^ Jones, Sheilla (2008). The quantum ten : a story of passion, tragedy, ambition and science. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195369090.
  3. ^ a b c d Schroer, Bert (2003). "Pascual Jordan, his contributions to quantum mechanics and his legacy in contemporary local quantum physics". arXiv:hep-th/0303241.
  4. ^ Rechenberg, Helmut (2010). Werner Heisenberg – Die Sprache der Atome. Leben und Wirken. Springer. p. 367. ISBN 978-3-540-69221-8.
  5. ^ a b Silvan S. Schweber, QED and the Men Who Made It: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-691-03327-7.
  6. ^ a b Dahn, Ryan (1 January 2023). "Nazis, émigrés, and abstract mathematics". Physics Today. 76 (1): 44–50.
  7. ^ Die Wissenschaft, vol. 124. Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig 1966
  8. ^ Heinz Haber: "Die Expansion der Erde" [The expansion of the Earth]. Unser blauer Planet [Our blue planet]. Rororo Sachbuch [Rororo nonfiction] (in German) (Rororo Taschenbuch Ausgabe [Rororo pocket edition] ed.). Reinbek: Rowohlt Verlag. 1967 [1965]. pp. 48, 52, 54–55. Bibcode:1967ubp..book.....H.
  9. ^ Kragh, Helge (2015). "Pascual Jordan, Varying Gravity, and the Expanding Earth". Physics in Perspective. 17 (2): 107–134. Bibcode:2015PhP....17..107K. doi:10.1007/s00016-015-0157-9. S2CID 120065274.
  10. ^ Schucking, E. L. (1999). "Jordan, Pauli, Politics, Brecht, and a Variable Gravitational Constant". Physics Today. 52 (10): 26–31. Bibcode:1999PhT....52j..26S. doi:10.1063/1.882858.
  11. ^ Schroer, Bert (27 March 2003). "Pascual Jordan, his contributions to quantum mechanics and his legacy in contemporary local quantum physics". arXiv:hep-th/0303241.
  12. ^ Bernstein, Jeremy (2005). "Max Born and the quantum theory". Am. J. Phys. 73 (11): 999–1008. Bibcode:2005AmJPh..73..999B. doi:10.1119/1.2060717.
  13. ^ Bert Schroer (2003). "Pascual Jordan, his contributions to quantum mechanics and his legacy in contemporary local quantum physics". arXiv:hep-th/0303241.

Further reading

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