Juncitarsus: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Extinct genus of birds}}
{{Short description|Extinct genus of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|Eocene}}
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|Ypresian|Lutetian}}
| image = Juncitarsus merkeli 1.jpg
| image = Juncitarsus merkeli 1.jpg
| image_upright = 0.5
| image_upright = 0.5
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}}
}}


'''''Juncitarsus''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[wading bird]]s from the [[Eocene]] of the United States and Germany.<ref>Peters, D. S. 1987. ''Juncitarsus merkeli'', n. sp. stutz die Ableitung der Flamingos von Regenpfeifervogeln (Aves: Charadriiformes: Phoenicopteridae). Courier Forchungsinstitut Senckenberg 97:141-155.</ref> Though previously considered a kind of prehistoric [[flamingo]],<ref>Olson, S.L. And Feduccia, A. 1980. Relationship and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 316:1-73.</ref> it is likely a more primitive member of the flamingo lineage, possibly a relative of the group which contains both flamingos and [[grebe]]s ([[Mirandornithes]]).<ref name=mayr2004>Mayr, G. (2004). Morphological evidence for sister group relationship between flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) and grebes (Podicipedidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 140(2), 157–169.</ref>
'''''Juncitarsus''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[wading bird]]s from the [[Eocene]] of the United States and Germany. Though previously considered a [[flamingo]], it is likely a [[Phoenicopteriformes|stem-flamingo]], possibly a relative of the group which contains both flamingos and [[grebe]]s ([[Mirandornithes]]).

==History==
A small set of bones were collected in 1946 and 1947 by [[Charles Lewis Gazin]], Franklin L. Pearce, and [[George F. Sternberg]] at a locality in the [[Bridger Formation]] of Wyoming. These bones were sent to be studied by [[Alexander Wetmore]], though he could not identify the species. It was not until 1980 that they were named by [[Storrs L. Olson]] and [[Alan Feduccia]]. The nominate species was named '''''J. gracillimus''''' with the nomenclature meaning "slender reed ankle".<ref name="Olson&Feduccia1980>{{Cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=S. L. |last2=Feduccia |first1=A. | year=1980 |title=Relationship and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae). |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology |volume = 316 |issue = |pages = 1–73 |url= https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/5226/SCtZ-0316-Lo_res.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y }}</ref> A second species, '''''J. merkeli''''' from Germany was named in 1987 by Stefan Peters.<ref name="Peters1987>{{Cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=D. S. | year=1987 |title=''Juncitarsus merkeli'', n. sp. stutz die Ableitung der Flamingos von Regenpfeifervogeln (Aves: Charadriiformes: Phoenicopteridae). |journal=Courier Forchungsinstitut Senckenberg |volume = 97 |issue = |pages = 141-155 |url= }}</ref>

==Description==
Based on the more completed ''J. merkeli'' ('''SMF A 295'''), the genus was a long-legged bird with a long, slender bill as seen in [[stilt]]s.<ref name="Peters1987/>

==Classification==
Olson and Feduccia had originally classified ''Juncitarsus'' as the earliest known member of the flamingo family [[Phoenicopteridae]], though due its overall similarity to the family [[Recurvirostridae]] that authors suggested a kinship between flamingos and the [[avocet]]s and stilts. This resulted in classifying flamingos as members of the shorebird order [[Charadriiformes]].<ref name="Olson&Feduccia1980/> However this is not currently supported by recent lines of morphological and molecular evidence as flamingos related to grebes in the clade Mirandornithes.<ref name=mayr2004>{{cite journal | last1 = Mayr | first1 = G. | date = February 2004 | title = Morphological evidence for sister group relationship between flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) and grebes (Podicipedidae) | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 140 | issue = 2| pages = 157–169 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00094.x | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Sangster, G. 2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Sangster | first1 = G. | date = July 2005 | title = A name for the flamingo-grebe clade | journal = Ibis | volume = 147 | issue =3 | pages = 612–615 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00432.x}}</ref><ref name=Jarvisetal>{{cite journal | last1=Jarvis | first1=E.D.| date=12 December 2014 | title=Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds | journal=Science | volume=346 | issue=6215 | pages=1320–1331 | doi=10.1126/science.1253451 |display-authors=etal | pmid=25504713 | pmc=4405904}}</ref><ref name=mayr2014>Mayr, G. (2014) The Eocene ''Juncitarsus'' – its phylogenetic position and significance for the evolution and higher-level affinities of flamingos and grebes. ''Comptes Rendus Palevol''. 13(1):9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2013.07.005</ref> In light of this, ''Juncitarsus'' has been considered to be a basal mirandorithean. The following phylogenetic tree depicts Mirandornithes as recovered by Torres and colleagues in 2015.<ref name=torres>{{cite journal|last1=Torres|first1=C. R.|last2=De Pietri|first2=V. L.|last3=Louchart|first3=A.|last4=Van Tuinen|first4=M.|year=2015|title=New cranial material of the earliest filter feeding flamingo ''Harrisonavis croizeti'' (Aves, Phoenicopteridae) informs the evolution of the highly specialized filter feeding apparatus|url=https://www.gfbs-home.de/fileadmin/user_upload/ode2mods/ode/ode15/ode15_0609/article.pdf|journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution|volume=15|issue=3|pages=609–618|doi=10.1007/s13127-015-0209-7|s2cid=18198929}}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%;
|label1=[[Mirandornithes]]
|1={{Clade
|1=† ''[[Juncitarsus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Grebe|Podicipediformes]]
|label2=[[Phoenicopteriformes]]
|2={{clade
|1=† [[Palaelodidae]]
|label2=[[Phoenicopteridae]]
|2={{clade
|1=†''[[Harrisonavis]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Phoenicopterus]]''
|2=''[[Phoenicoparrus]]''}} }} }} }} }} }}

==Paleobiology==
''Juncitarsus'' is known from both the Bridger Formation of Wyoming and the [[Messel Pit]] of Germany dating from the Ypresian to the Lutetian stages of the [[Eocene]] epoch. Based on the available evidence, ''Juncitarsus'' was a colonial species of wading bird.<ref name="Olson&Feduccia1980/><ref name="Peters1987/> Despite this wading lifestyle, this is actually a derived featured for this genus in respect to later mirandornitheans as it is believed this was required independently between Phoenicopteriformes and ''Juncitarsus''. This is due the hypothesis that the common ancestor of grebes and flamingos was that of a swimming waterbird and not a wader. Furthermore ''Juncitarsus'' lacks some of the derived features that are seen in extant mirandornitheans.<ref name=mayr2014/><ref name=torres/>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Extinct birds of Europe]]
[[Category:Extinct birds of Europe]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1980]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1980]]



{{Paleo-bird-stub}}
{{Paleo-bird-stub}}

Revision as of 13:36, 11 January 2023

Juncitarsus
Temporal range: Ypresian–Lutetian
Fossil specimen of J. merkeli, Museo di Storia Naturale
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Phoenicopteriformes
Genus: †Juncitarsus
Olson & Feduccia, 1980
Species

†Juncitarsus gracillimus Olson & Feduccia, 1980
†Juncitarsus merkeli Peters, 1987

Juncitarsus is an extinct genus of wading birds from the Eocene of the United States and Germany. Though previously considered a flamingo, it is likely a stem-flamingo, possibly a relative of the group which contains both flamingos and grebes (Mirandornithes).

History

A small set of bones were collected in 1946 and 1947 by Charles Lewis Gazin, Franklin L. Pearce, and George F. Sternberg at a locality in the Bridger Formation of Wyoming. These bones were sent to be studied by Alexander Wetmore, though he could not identify the species. It was not until 1980 that they were named by Storrs L. Olson and Alan Feduccia. The nominate species was named J. gracillimus with the nomenclature meaning "slender reed ankle".[1] A second species, J. merkeli from Germany was named in 1987 by Stefan Peters.[2]

Description

Based on the more completed J. merkeli (SMF A 295), the genus was a long-legged bird with a long, slender bill as seen in stilts.[2]

Classification

Olson and Feduccia had originally classified Juncitarsus as the earliest known member of the flamingo family Phoenicopteridae, though due its overall similarity to the family Recurvirostridae that authors suggested a kinship between flamingos and the avocets and stilts. This resulted in classifying flamingos as members of the shorebird order Charadriiformes.[1] However this is not currently supported by recent lines of morphological and molecular evidence as flamingos related to grebes in the clade Mirandornithes.[3][4][5][6] In light of this, Juncitarsus has been considered to be a basal mirandorithean. The following phylogenetic tree depicts Mirandornithes as recovered by Torres and colleagues in 2015.[7]

Mirandornithes

Paleobiology

Juncitarsus is known from both the Bridger Formation of Wyoming and the Messel Pit of Germany dating from the Ypresian to the Lutetian stages of the Eocene epoch. Based on the available evidence, Juncitarsus was a colonial species of wading bird.[1][2] Despite this wading lifestyle, this is actually a derived featured for this genus in respect to later mirandornitheans as it is believed this was required independently between Phoenicopteriformes and Juncitarsus. This is due the hypothesis that the common ancestor of grebes and flamingos was that of a swimming waterbird and not a wader. Furthermore Juncitarsus lacks some of the derived features that are seen in extant mirandornitheans.[6][7]

References

  1. ^ a b c Olson, A.; Feduccia (1980). "Relationship and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 316: 1–73.
  2. ^ a b c Peters, D. S. (1987). "Juncitarsus merkeli, n. sp. stutz die Ableitung der Flamingos von Regenpfeifervogeln (Aves: Charadriiformes: Phoenicopteridae)". Courier Forchungsinstitut Senckenberg. 97: 141–155.
  3. ^ Mayr, G. (February 2004). "Morphological evidence for sister group relationship between flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) and grebes (Podicipedidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140 (2): 157–169. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00094.x.
  4. ^ Sangster, G. (July 2005). "A name for the flamingo-grebe clade". Ibis. 147 (3): 612–615. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00432.x.
  5. ^ Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (12 December 2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.
  6. ^ a b Mayr, G. (2014) The Eocene Juncitarsus – its phylogenetic position and significance for the evolution and higher-level affinities of flamingos and grebes. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 13(1):9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2013.07.005
  7. ^ a b Torres, C. R.; De Pietri, V. L.; Louchart, A.; Van Tuinen, M. (2015). "New cranial material of the earliest filter feeding flamingo Harrisonavis croizeti (Aves, Phoenicopteridae) informs the evolution of the highly specialized filter feeding apparatus" (PDF). Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 15 (3): 609–618. doi:10.1007/s13127-015-0209-7. S2CID 18198929.
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