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*{{citation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0076687987360112|title=Nonseparation enzyme channeling immunometric assays|journal=[[Methods in Enzymology]]|volume=136|date=1987|pages=93-103|doi=10.1016/S0076-6879(87)36011-2|author=Ian Gibbons, Richard Armenta, Robert K. DiNello, Edwin F. Ullman|issn= 0076-6879|publisher=[[Academic Press]]}}
*{{citation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0076687987360112|title=Nonseparation enzyme channeling immunometric assays|journal=[[Methods in Enzymology]]|volume=136|date=1987|pages=93-103|doi=10.1016/S0076-6879(87)36011-2|author=Ian Gibbons, Richard Armenta, Robert K. DiNello, Edwin F. Ullman|issn= 0076-6879|publisher=[[Academic Press]]}}
*{{citation|publisher=Springer|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-2264-3_127|chapter=Sub-Microliter Assays and DNA Analysis on Plastic Microfluidics|author=Travis D. Boone, Antonio J. Ricco, Philip Gooding, Torleif O. Björnson, Sharat Singh, Vivian Xiao, Ian Gibbons, Stephen J. Williams & Hongdong Tan |year=2000|title=Micro Total Analysis Systems 2000 |pages=541-544|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-2264-3_127}}
*{{citation|publisher=Springer|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-2264-3_127|chapter=Sub-Microliter Assays and DNA Analysis on Plastic Microfluidics|author=Travis D. Boone, Antonio J. Ricco, Philip Gooding, Torleif O. Björnson, Sharat Singh, Vivian Xiao, Ian Gibbons, Stephen J. Williams & Hongdong Tan |year=2000|title=Micro Total Analysis Systems 2000 |pages=541-544|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-2264-3_127}}
*{{citation|year=2001|publisher=Springer|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-59497-7_264|chapter=Disposable Plastic Microfluidic Arrays for Applications in Biotechnology|author=Travis D. Boone, Z. Hugh Fan, Ian Gibbons, Antonio J. Ricco, Alexander Sassi, Sharat Singh, Dennis Slomski, Hongdong Tan, Stephen J. Williams, Vivian Xiao & Qifeng Xue |title=Transducers ’01 Eurosensors XV |pages= 1118–1121|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-59497-7_264}}


===Journal articles===
===Journal articles===

Revision as of 04:37, 5 March 2023

For other people with the same name, see Ian Gibbons.
Ian Gibbons
Ian Gibbons
Ian Gibbons, Ph.D.
BornMarch 6, 1946
England
DiedMay 23, 2013 (aged 67)
Portola Valley, California, U.S.
Cause of deathSuicide by overdose of acetaminophen
NationalityBritish
EducationUniversity of Cambridge (Ph.D.)[1][2]
University of California, Berkeley (Postdoc)[3]
Occupation(s)Researcher, Syva & Biotrack
Chief Scientist, Theranos
SpouseRochelle Gibbons[4][5][6]

Ian Gibbons (March 6, 1946 – May 23, 2013) was a British biochemist and molecular biology researcher, who served as the chief scientist of the U.S. company founded by Elizabeth Holmes called Theranos. Gibbons performed research for over thirty years in the fields of medical therapeutics and diagnostic testing research, prior to his 2005 start at Theranos.

The night before he was scheduled to be deposed in a lawsuit related to Theranos in 2013, Gibbons intentionally overdosed on acetaminophen. After being hospitalized for multiple days, he died from liver failure. Theranos went on to collapse in 2018 after it was publicly revealed by John Carreyrou in The Wall Street Journal that their blood testing program did not ever function properly. Gibbons had attempted to convince his superiors at Theranos, including Elizabeth Holmes, of the failure of their technology, but his protestations were repeatedly ignored by the company's executives.

Early life and family

Gibbons was born and raised in England. His father served in the British Armed Forces, and during World War II he was held captive in North Africa, and was subsequently kept in prisoner of war camps in both Italy and Poland before he was eventually liberated.[7] Gibbons earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Cambridge.[1][2] After successfully obtaining his Ph.D., he moved to the United States and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, Berkeley, in their department of molecular biology.[3][8] Gibbons met his wife, Rochelle, while they were both studying microbiology together at Berkeley in 1973, and they were married in 1975.[5][9] Rochelle was educated as both a scientist and patent lawyer.[10][11]

Career

Biotech research

Gibbons spent 30 years working on diagnostic and therapeutic products at various technology companies, including Biotrack Laboratories.[12][2][13] Additionally, Gibbons worked in the 1980s at a biotechnology firm called Syva Company, where he produced groundbreaking research on immunoassays.[14][15] Throughout his science career, Gibbons was named on almost 200 patents.[11] At Biotrack, he developed blood assay technologies and held 19 patents in the scientific techniques he created while at the company.[1][2] Gibbons worked at the company with Channing Robertson, who later recommended him as the first experienced scientist hired by Theranos.[12][11][16] Gibbons, Robertson, and others invented and patented a mechanism at Biotrack to dilute and mix liquid samples, abilities which would become key in Theranos processes.[17][18][16]

Theranos

Gibbons was brought in by CEO Elizabeth Holmes in 2005 as the company's chief scientist.[19][12][2] Gibbons was the first experienced scientist hired,[2] with the title of senior director of assay development.[20][21] He initially served as both lab director and as director of product development at the company.[22] Shortly after beginning with Theranos, Gibbons received his own negative medical news in the form of a colon cancer diagnosis from his physician in 2007.[23][11][24] He subsequently underwent cancer treatments including both chemotherapy and multiple surgeries, briefly missing some time at Theranos during his recovery period.[11]

Gibbons authored 23 patents for the company to which other Theranos researchers were also named.[25] Holmes' name appears on 19 patents related to Theranos which were authored by Gibbons.[26][27] He worked with Gary Frenzel on blood chemistry for Theranos during the period from 2005 to 2010.[28] As chief scientist, Gibbons often gave the staff informal lectures on biochemistry and the science of blood testing.[16] To ensure product success, Gibbons insisted that blood test results from Theranos developmental devices need to match benchmark results of competitors' commercial analyzers.[29] Theranos's devices often became a source of frustration for Gibbons, as they differed, sometimes significantly, from the benchmarks. His high standards became a source of friction with Theranos engineers and senior management. Senior management warned employees who questioned the accuracy of the technology.[12] As a result of his desperation, Gibbons confided to his wife that "nothing at Theranos is working".[30][31][32] Holmes's practice of discouraging communication between departments also troubled Gibbons.[16][33] The reason given for such information siloing was that the company was operating in stealth mode to protect its trade secrets.[12] However, it prevented effective problem solving and pursuit of common goals between employees.[33][34]

With an insider perspective, Gibbons knew of Holmes's lies to employees and outsiders about Theranos's technology and readiness, as well as false demonstrations to clients. Thus, Gibbons no longer trusted Holmes. However, he continued to struggle to make the flawed Theranos technology catch up to the hype.[35][36] He worked diligently with his successor at Theranos after he had been demoted, Paul Patel.[14] Gibbons attempted to fix the technology to match the grandiose claims made by Holmes and Theranos staff, but his efforts were unsuccessful.[19][37][38] When he attempted to alert Theranos executives that the technology did not work, he was bullied and humiliated by his colleagues for trying to speak out.[39] In 2006, Gibbons told Holmes that the blood testing that had been developed by Theranos was not yet fit to be given to members of the public, and that their proprietary technology was not accurate.[40][41]

In the fall of 2010, Gibbons confided in his old friend and trusted colleague Channing Robertson about his concerns regarding misrepresentations made by Theranos about the effectiveness of its technology.[42] Robertson then went and alerted Holmes of Gibbons's complaints and frustrations. Gibbons was subsequently fired.[5][43] Several of his colleagues lobbied on his behalf, and he was quickly rehired, with reduced responsibilities: as a technical consultant to the chemistry group he had formerly headed.[12][11][39]

Patent lawsuit

In 2011, Gibbons became involved in a patent theft case involving Theranos and Richard Fuisz. The American entrepreneur and inventor had been a former friend and neighbor of Elizabeth Holmes and her family. But the two families had fallen out and Fuisz's offer to help Holmes with her invention had been declined.[44]

After Fuisz studied publicly available patent information regarding Theranos technology, he filed his own patent for a physician-alert mechanism that could be embedded in a testing device after identifying it was not covered by any Theranos patents. However, without owning this patent, Theranos would have needed a license from Fuisz's patent to cover physician/patient alerts; a highly desirable feature in a medical analyzer. When Theranos discovered that Fuisz had filed his patent, it responded by filing a lawsuit for patent theft alleging he had misused Theranos's existing patent technology.[12][45]

While researching his defense to the Theranos lawsuit, Fuisz noted that Gibbons was often named as co-inventor with Holmes on many of Theranos' patents. He also noted there were similarities between Gibbons' Theranos patents and those he had filed while working for a previous employer, Biotrack. In response, Fuisz added Gibbons's name to his list of witnesses to be deposed to answer questions about improper reuse of past work and the identification of Holmes as a co-inventor.[12][45]

Gibbons became very nervous and depressed when he learned that he would be subpoenaed to testify.[46] He wanted to avoid being deposed because he was afraid his job depended on his testimony.[47][48] His wife assessed his state of mind towards the end of his time working at Theranos: "It was hell for him to work there. It was complete hell. I think that he was very confused about why he was being treated so badly."[49] She said he felt humiliated to be associated with the scientific failures of the company.[8] He felt pressured by Theranos to lie about the state of the company's research.[50] Gibbons believed that if he told the truth, he would lose his job, and have limited future job prospects due to his age.[10][51] Gibbons felt he was in a no-win-scenario: he thought that he would hurt the general populace by not speaking out, but also felt that if he agreed to speak the truth about the inaccuracy of the Theranos machines he would hurt his fellow co-workers.[52][16]

Death

On May 15, 2013, Gibbons was notified that he needed to appear at the Fuisz lawyers' offices on May 17 to give his deposition. After Theranos had been actively discouraging him from testifying, a Theranos lawyer emailed him a draft doctor's note that could be adapted to excuse him. On the evening of May 16, Gibbons took a combination of wine and acetaminophen.[53][2] The following morning, he was discovered by his wife on the bathroom floor, unconscious and barely breathing. He died, aged 67, of liver failure in a hospital on May 23, 2013.[54][39] When his wife called Holmes's office to report his death, Holmes did not return her call.[53][51] Instead, his wife received an email from a Theranos lawyer requesting she immediately return Gibbons's company laptop and any confidential information he might have had in his possession.[12][55] Holmes sent out an internal company email to a handful of colleagues informing them of Gibbons' death and saying there would be a service held in his memory — however no memorial service was ever organized by Holmes or her company in memory of her former chief scientist.[56] Over nine years after his death, Elizabeth Holmes had never reached out to Gibbons' widow.[57][39]

Attorneys representing Theranos sent his wife a threatening letter, asserting legal action against her would ensue if she spoke to a journalist about the company.[58][59][60] After she spoke with a journalist, she received a letter from an attorney for the law firm representing Theranos, Boies Schiller Flexner LLP, signed by their attorney Mike Brille.[12][61] The legal letter stated: "It has been the Company's desire not to pursue legal action against Mrs. Gibbons. Unless she immediately ceases these actions, she will leave the Company no other option but to pursue litigation to definitively put an end [to] these actions once and for all."[12] After an article critical of Theranos written by journalist John Carreyrou was published in The Wall Street Journal in 2015, Elizabeth Holmes and her partner Sunny Balwani texted back-and-forth with each other and considered filing a lawsuit against Rochelle.[62] Gibbons' wife commented to ABC News regarding the legal threats from Holmes' attorney David Boies and his law firm: "[It] was absurd that is that they could think that they could sue me for talking about Ian. You know they couldn't. I guess they were trying to scare me, to intimidate me into thinking they're going to get me for defamation. But the defense, the defamation is truth and so you know I'm telling the truth here, not lying about Theranos."[11]

Gibbons worked for Theranos for 10 years.[11] His wife stated she never received any condolences from the company or from its CEO after his death.[11][13] Gibbons' wife Rochelle publicly blamed Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes for her husband's death.[5][6] She believed that if her husband had not gone to work for Theranos, he would not have committed suicide.[63] Rochelle told CBS News, "She has shown no remorse for any of the things she's done to anyone, nothing."[5][63]

The Wall Street Journal reporter John Carreyrou exposed the practices of Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes in a series of articles beginning in 2015 — this was followed by U.S. federal government investigations that led to the collapse of the company in 2018.[4][64][65] Carreyrou devoted chapter 12 of his book, Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup to Ian Gibbons.[66] The author described how he met with Gibbons' wife Rochelle and how she agreed to be a source for his book.[67] By the time Carreyrou met with Rochelle in California, two years had passed since her husband died.[3] However, Carreyrou recounted that the interview process was difficult for her: "It had been two years since Ian had died, but Rochelle was still grieving and struggled to hold back tears. She blamed Theranos for his death and wished he had never worked there."[67]

In the American biographical drama miniseries created by Elizabeth Meriwether The Dropout, based on the podcast of the same name hosted by Rebecca Jarvis and produced by ABC News, Gibbons was portrayed by actor Stephen Fry.[68][69][70] In his research for the role, Fry asked show creator Meriweather if it would be alright for him to reach out to Gibbons' widow, Rochelle.[71] Gibbons' widow had prior experience being interviewed by the media for the subject during the podcast by Jarvis, and in conversations with the Federal Bureau of Investigation for United States v. Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al.[71] Rochelle spoke with Fry at length about her husband, and educated the actor as to his character.[71] Prior to being cast in the series, Fry had already listened to the entirety of the podcast The Dropout.[71] Fry viewed the Theranos scandal including Gibbons' suicide as a tragedy of "epic Shakespearean greed".[71]

Bibliography

Book chapters

  • Edwin F Ullman; I. Gibbons; D. Litman (January 1983), "Homogeneous Immunoassays and Immunometric Assays Employing Enzyme Channeling.", in John H. Rippey and Robert M. Nakamura (ed.), Diagnostic Immunology: Technology Assessment and Quality Assurance, College of American Pathologists, pp. 31–46{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Ian Gibbons (January 1985), "Nonseparation Enzyme Immunoassays for Macromolecules", Enzyme-Mediated Immunoassay, Springer, pp. 121–143, doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5012-5_8
  • Ian Gibbons, Robert K. DiNello, Roger R. Greenburg, John Olson, Edwin F. Ullman (1985), "Sensitive Homogenous Enzyme Immunoassays for Microbial Antigens", Rapid Detection and Identification of Infectious Agents, Academic Press, pp. 155–163, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-408550-3.50014-3{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Ian Gibbons, Richard Armenta, Robert K. DiNello, Edwin F. Ullman (1987), "Nonseparation enzyme channeling immunometric assays", Methods in Enzymology, 136, Academic Press: 93–103, doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(87)36011-2, ISSN 0076-6879{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Travis D. Boone, Antonio J. Ricco, Philip Gooding, Torleif O. Björnson, Sharat Singh, Vivian Xiao, Ian Gibbons, Stephen J. Williams & Hongdong Tan (2000), "Sub-Microliter Assays and DNA Analysis on Plastic Microfluidics", Micro Total Analysis Systems 2000, Springer, pp. 541–544, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2264-3_127{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Travis D. Boone, Z. Hugh Fan, Ian Gibbons, Antonio J. Ricco, Alexander Sassi, Sharat Singh, Dennis Slomski, Hongdong Tan, Stephen J. Williams, Vivian Xiao & Qifeng Xue (2001), "Disposable Plastic Microfluidic Arrays for Applications in Biotechnology", Transducers ’01 Eurosensors XV, Springer, pp. 1118–1121, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59497-7_264{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Journal articles

References

Notes

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  54. ^ Carreyrou 2020, p. 148.
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  67. ^ a b Carreyrou 2020, p. 238.
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  71. ^ a b c d e Martin, Laura (17 March 2022), "'The Dropout': Stephen Fry on That Tragic Moment, and How Fraudsters Took Over TV - The British screen icon considers the series, based on the Theranos scandal, a story of 'epic Shakespearean greed'", Esquire, ISSN 0194-9535, OCLC 824603960, retrieved 26 February 2023

Works cited

External links


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_Gibbons_(biochemist)&oldid=1142950732"