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'''Nanoarchaeota''' (Greek, "dwarf or tiny ancient one") are a [[phylum (biology)|phylum]] of the [[Archaea]].<ref>See the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=192989 webpage on Nanoarchaeota]. Data extracted from the {{cite web | url=http://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/ | title=NCBI taxonomy resources | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] | access-date=2007-03-19}}</ref> This phylum currently has only one representative, ''[[Nanoarchaeum equitans]]''. Nanoarchaeota were first discovered in 2002 in a submarine hydrothermal vent.<ref name="Munson-McGee 7860–7868">{{Cite journal |last=Munson-McGee |first=Jacob H. |last2=Field |first2=Erin K. |last3=Bateson |first3=Mary |last4=Rooney |first4=Colleen |last5=Stepanauskas |first5=Ramunas |last6=Young |first6=Mark J. |date=2015-11-15 |editor-last=Wommack |editor-first=K. E. |title=Nanoarchaeota, Their Sulfolobales Host, and Nanoarchaeota Virus Distribution across Yellowstone National Park Hot Springs |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AEM.01539-15 |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=81 |issue=22 |pages=7860–7868 |doi=10.1128/AEM.01539-15 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=PMC4616950 |pmid=26341207}}</ref>
'''Nanoarchaeota''' (Greek, "dwarf or tiny ancient one") are a [[phylum (biology)|phylum]] of the [[Archaea]].<ref>See the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=192989 webpage on Nanoarchaeota]. Data extracted from the {{cite web | url=http://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/ | title=NCBI taxonomy resources | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] | access-date=2007-03-19}}</ref> This phylum currently has only one representative, ''[[Nanoarchaeum equitans]]''. Nanoarchaeota were first discovered in 2002 in a submarine hydrothermal vent. <ref name="Munson-McGee 7860–7868">{{Cite journal |last=Munson-McGee |first=Jacob H. |last2=Field |first2=Erin K. |last3=Bateson |first3=Mary |last4=Rooney |first4=Colleen |last5=Stepanauskas |first5=Ramunas |last6=Young |first6=Mark J. |date=2015-11-15 |editor-last=Wommack |editor-first=K. E. |title=Nanoarchaeota, Their Sulfolobales Host, and Nanoarchaeota Virus Distribution across Yellowstone National Park Hot Springs |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AEM.01539-15 |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=81 |issue=22 |pages=7860–7868 |doi=10.1128/AEM.01539-15 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=PMC4616950 |pmid=26341207}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
Despite its small size and limited genomic repertoire, N. equitans has unique metabolic features and has been found to have a highly complex molecular machinery for intercellular communication with its host.
Despite its small size and limited genomic repertoire, N. equitans has unique metabolic features and has been found to have a highly complex molecular machinery for intercellular communication with its host. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jarett |first=Jessica K. |last2=Nayfach |first2=Stephen |last3=Podar |first3=Mircea |last4=Inskeep |first4=William |last5=Ivanova |first5=Natalia N. |last6=Munson-McGee |first6=Jacob |last7=Schulz |first7=Frederik |last8=Young |first8=Mark |last9=Jay |first9=Zackary J. |last10=Beam |first10=Jacob P. |last11=Kyrpides |first11=Nikos C. |last12=Malmstrom |first12=Rex R. |last13=Stepanauskas |first13=Ramunas |last14=Woyke |first14=Tanja |date=2018-09-17 |title=Single-cell genomics of co-sorted Nanoarchaeota suggests novel putative host associations and diversification of proteins involved in symbiosis |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0539-8 |journal=Microbiome |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=161 |doi=10.1186/s40168-018-0539-8 |issn=2049-2618 |pmc=PMC6142677 |pmid=30223889}}</ref>


53 marker proteins based [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 07-RS207 phylogeny.<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 07-RS207 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=ar53_r207.sp_label |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release207/207.0/auxillary_files/ar53_r207.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>
53 marker proteins based [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 07-RS207 phylogeny.<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 07-RS207 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=ar53_r207.sp_label |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release207/207.0/auxillary_files/ar53_r207.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>
Line 88: Line 88:
**** Genus "''Candidatus'' Nanopusillus"<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Wurch |first=Louie |last2=Giannone |first2=Richard J. |last3=Belisle |first3=Bernard S. |last4=Swift |first4=Carolyn |last5=Utturkar |first5=Sagar |last6=Hettich |first6=Robert L. |last7=Reysenbach |first7=Anna-Louise |last8=Podar |first8=Mircea |date=2016-07-05 |title=Genomics-informed isolation and characterization of a symbiotic Nanoarchaeota system from a terrestrial geothermal environment |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12115 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=12115 |doi=10.1038/ncomms12115 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=PMC4935971 |pmid=27378076}}</ref>
**** Genus "''Candidatus'' Nanopusillus"<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Wurch |first=Louie |last2=Giannone |first2=Richard J. |last3=Belisle |first3=Bernard S. |last4=Swift |first4=Carolyn |last5=Utturkar |first5=Sagar |last6=Hettich |first6=Robert L. |last7=Reysenbach |first7=Anna-Louise |last8=Podar |first8=Mircea |date=2016-07-05 |title=Genomics-informed isolation and characterization of a symbiotic Nanoarchaeota system from a terrestrial geothermal environment |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12115 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=12115 |doi=10.1038/ncomms12115 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=PMC4935971 |pmid=27378076}}</ref>
***** "''Ca.'' N. acidilobi"<ref name=":3" />
***** "''Ca.'' N. acidilobi"<ref name=":3" />
***** "''Ca.'' N. stetteri"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Castelle |first=Cindy J. |last2=Wrighton |first2=Kelly C. |last3=Thomas |first3=Brian C. |last4=Hug |first4=Laura A. |last5=Brown |first5=Christopher T. |last6=Wilkins |first6=Michael J. |last7=Frischkorn |first7=Kyle R. |last8=Tringe |first8=Susannah G. |last9=Singh |first9=Andrea |last10=Markillie |first10=Lye Meng |last11=Taylor |first11=Ronald C. |last12=Williams |first12=Kenneth H. |last13=Banfield |first13=Jillian F. |date=March 2015 |title=Genomic Expansion of Domain Archaea Highlights Roles for Organisms from New Phyla in Anaerobic Carbon Cycling |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014 |journal=Current Biology |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=690–701 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014 |issn=0960-9822}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Rinke |first=Christian |last2=Chuvochina |first2=Maria |last3=Mussig |first3=Aaron J. |last4=Chaumeil |first4=Pierre-Alain |last5=Davin |first5=Adrian A. |last6=Waite |first6=David W. |last7=Whitman |first7=William B. |last8=Parks |first8=Donovan H. |last9=Hugenholtz |first9=Philip |date=2021-02-17 |title=Resolving widespread incomplete and uneven archaeal classifications based on a rank-normalized genome-based taxonomy |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.972265v2 |language=en |pages=2020.03.01.972265 |doi=10.1101/2020.03.01.972265}}</ref>
***** "''Ca.'' N. stetteri"<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Rinke |first=Christian |last2=Chuvochina |first2=Maria |last3=Mussig |first3=Aaron J. |last4=Chaumeil |first4=Pierre-Alain |last5=Davin |first5=Adrian A. |last6=Waite |first6=David W. |last7=Whitman |first7=William B. |last8=Parks |first8=Donovan H. |last9=Hugenholtz |first9=Philip |date=2021-02-17 |title=Resolving widespread incomplete and uneven archaeal classifications based on a rank-normalized genome-based taxonomy |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.972265v2 |language=en |pages=2020.03.01.972265 |doi=10.1101/2020.03.01.972265}}</ref>
** '''Order "Tiddalikarchaeales"'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Vázquez-Campos |first=Xabier |last2=Kinsela |first2=Andrew S. |last3=Bligh |first3=Mark W. |last4=Payne |first4=Timothy E. |last5=Wilkins |first5=Marc R. |last6=Waite |first6=T. David |date=2021 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Archaea Inhabiting an Australian Radioactive Legacy Site |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.732575 |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.732575 |issn=1664-302X |pmc=PMC8561730 |pmid=34737728}}</ref>
** '''Order "Tiddalikarchaeales"'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Vázquez-Campos |first=Xabier |last2=Kinsela |first2=Andrew S. |last3=Bligh |first3=Mark W. |last4=Payne |first4=Timothy E. |last5=Wilkins |first5=Marc R. |last6=Waite |first6=T. David |date=2021 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Archaea Inhabiting an Australian Radioactive Legacy Site |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.732575 |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.732575 |issn=1664-302X |pmc=PMC8561730 |pmid=34737728}}</ref>
*** Family "Tiddalikarchaeaceae"<ref name=":1" />
*** Family "Tiddalikarchaeaceae"<ref name=":1" />

Revision as of 02:42, 8 April 2023

Nanoarchaeota
Nanoarcheotum Nanopusillus acidilobi attached to Acidilobus.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Archaea
Superphylum: DPANN
Huber et al. 2002
Phylum: Nanoarchaeota
Huber et al. 2002
Order
  • "Nanoarchaeales"
  • "Nanobdellales"
  • "Parvarchaeales"
  • "Tiddalikarchaeales"
Synonyms

Nanoarchaeota (Greek, "dwarf or tiny ancient one") are a phylum of the Archaea.[1] This phylum currently has only one representative, Nanoarchaeum equitans. Nanoarchaeota were first discovered in 2002 in a submarine hydrothermal vent. [2]

Taxonomy

Despite its small size and limited genomic repertoire, N. equitans has unique metabolic features and has been found to have a highly complex molecular machinery for intercellular communication with its host. [3]

53 marker proteins based GTDB 07-RS207 phylogeny.[4][5][6]

"Nanoarchaeia"
"Nanoarchaeales"
"Nanoarchaeaceae"
"Nanopusillaceae"

"Ca. Nanoclepta minuta"

"Ca. Nanopusillus"

"Ca. N. acidilobi"

"Ca. N. stetteri"

"Tiddalikarchaeales"
"Tiddalikarchaeaceae"
"Parvarchaeales"
"Parvarchaeaceae"
"Ca. Parvarchaeum"

"Ca. P. acidiphilum"

"Ca. P. paracidiphilum"

"Nanobdellia"
"Nanobdellales"
"Nanobdellaceae"

"Ca. Nanobdella"

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[7] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[8]

  • Class Nanobdellia [9]
    • Order Nanobdellales [9]
      • Family Nanobdellaceae [9]
        • Genus Nanobdella [9]
          • N. aerobiophila [9]
  • Class "Nanoarchaeia"[10] ["Nanoarchaea" [11]]
    • Order "Nanoarchaeales" [11]
    • Order "Tiddalikarchaeales"[10]
      • Family "Tiddalikarchaeaceae"[10]
        • Genus "Candidatus Tiddalikarchaeum"[10]
          • "Ca. T. anstoanum"[10]
    • Order "Parvarchaeales"[15]
      • Family "Acidifodinimicrobiaceae"[16]
        • Genus "Candidatus Acidifodinimicrobium"[16]
      • Family "Parvarchaeaceae"[15]
        • Genus "Candidatus Parvarchaeum"[17]
          • "Ca. P. acidiphilum"[17]
          • "Ca. P. paracidiphilum"[17]

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of the Nanoarchaeota is highly related to a representative genus, Nanoarchaeum equitans. N. equitans is confirmed to be a separate part in a phylogenetic tree different from the Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota lineages.[18] Further analysis has shown that N. equitans diverged early on in the evolution of Archaea, as indicated by the 16S rRNA sequence. This suggests that they occupy a deeply branching position within this group.[19]

Habitat

Nanoarchaeota are obligate symbionts that grow attached to an archaeal host known as Ignicoccus.[20] Both terrestrial hot springs and underwater hydrothermal vents have yielded Nanoarchaeum isolates.[21] However, there is proof that Nanoarcheota reside in a variety of habitats outside of marine thermal vents.[2]  Genetic evidence of Nanoarchaeota has been discovered to be pervasive in terrestrial hot springs and mesophilic hypersaline habitat using primers created from the 16S rRNA gene of Nanoarchaeum equitans (N. equitans).[2] In addition, the discovery of ribosmoal sequences in photic-zone water samples taken distant from hydrothermal vents raises the possibility that Nanoarcheota are an ubiquitous and diversified class of Archaea that can live in habitats with a variety of temperatures and geochemical settings.[2]

Nanoarchaeum equitans

Characteristics

N. equitans cells are spherical with a diameter of approximately 400 nm (Huver et al., 2002). N. equitans has a very short and compact DNA sequence with the entire genome containing only 490,885 base pairs (Waters et al., 2003). While they have the genetic code to carry out processing and repair, they cannot carry out certain biosynthetic and metabolic processes such as lipid, amino acid, cofactor, or nucleotide synthesis (Waters et al., 2003). Due to its limited machinery, it is an obligate parasite, the only one known in the Archaeal kingdom (Waters et al., 2003). Because of their unusual ss rRNA sequences, they are difficult to detect using standard polymerase chain reaction methods (Huver et al., 2002). N. equitans contain a normal S-layer with sixfold symmetry with a 15 nm lattice constant (Huver et al., 2002).

Metabolism

Although Nanoarchaeota metabolism is unknown, its host is an autotroph that grows on elemental sulphur as an electron acceptor and H2 as an electron giver.[21] The majority of recognized metabolic processes, such as the creation of monomers like amino acids, nucleotides, and coenzymes, lack recognizable genes in this organism.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ See the NCBI webpage on Nanoarchaeota. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  2. ^ a b c d Munson-McGee, Jacob H.; Field, Erin K.; Bateson, Mary; Rooney, Colleen; Stepanauskas, Ramunas; Young, Mark J. (2015-11-15). Wommack, K. E. (ed.). "Nanoarchaeota, Their Sulfolobales Host, and Nanoarchaeota Virus Distribution across Yellowstone National Park Hot Springs". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 81 (22): 7860–7868. doi:10.1128/AEM.01539-15. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4616950. PMID 26341207.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  3. ^ Jarett, Jessica K.; Nayfach, Stephen; Podar, Mircea; Inskeep, William; Ivanova, Natalia N.; Munson-McGee, Jacob; Schulz, Frederik; Young, Mark; Jay, Zackary J.; Beam, Jacob P.; Kyrpides, Nikos C.; Malmstrom, Rex R.; Stepanauskas, Ramunas; Woyke, Tanja (2018-09-17). "Single-cell genomics of co-sorted Nanoarchaeota suggests novel putative host associations and diversification of proteins involved in symbiosis". Microbiome. 6 (1): 161. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0539-8. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 6142677. PMID 30223889.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ "GTDB release 07-RS207". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  5. ^ "ar53_r207.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  6. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  7. ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Phylum "Candidatus Nanoarchaeota"". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2021-11-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ Sayers; et al. "Nanoarchaeota". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  9. ^ a b c d e Kato, Shingo; Ogasawara, Ayaka; Itoh, Takashi; Sakai, Hiroyuki D.; Shimizu, Michiru; Yuki, Masahiro; Kaneko, Masanori; Takashina, Tomonori; Ohkuma, MoriyaYR 2022. "Nanobdella aerobiophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermoacidophilic, obligate ectosymbiotic archaeon, and proposal of Nanobdellaceae fam. nov., Nanobdellales ord. nov. and Nanobdellia class. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 72 (8): 005489. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005489. ISSN 1466-5034.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b c d e Vázquez-Campos, Xabier; Kinsela, Andrew S.; Bligh, Mark W.; Payne, Timothy E.; Wilkins, Marc R.; Waite, T. David (2021). "Genomic Insights Into the Archaea Inhabiting an Australian Radioactive Legacy Site". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.732575. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 8561730. PMID 34737728.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ a b c d Trujillo, Martha E; Dedysh, Svetlana; DeVos, Paul; Hedlund, Brian; Kämpfer, Peter; Rainey, Fred A; Whitman, William B, eds. (2015-04-17). Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.obm00129. ISBN 978-1-118-96060-8.
  12. ^ a b Huber, Harald; Hohn, Michael J.; Rachel, Reinhard; Fuchs, Tanja; Wimmer, Verena C.; Stetter, Karl O. (2002-05). "A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont". Nature. 417 (6884): 63–67. doi:10.1038/417063a. ISSN 1476-4687. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ a b St. John, Emily; Liu, Yitai; Podar, Mircea; Stott, Matthew B.; Meneghin, Jennifer; Chen, Zhiqiang; Lagutin, Kirill; Mitchell, Kevin; Reysenbach, Anna-Louise (2019-01-01). "A new symbiotic nanoarchaeote (Candidatus Nanoclepta minutus) and its host (Zestosphaera tikiterensis gen. nov., sp. nov.) from a New Zealand hot spring". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. Taxonomy of uncultivated Bacteria and Archaea. 42 (1): 94–106. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2018.08.005. ISSN 0723-2020.
  14. ^ a b Wurch, Louie; Giannone, Richard J.; Belisle, Bernard S.; Swift, Carolyn; Utturkar, Sagar; Hettich, Robert L.; Reysenbach, Anna-Louise; Podar, Mircea (2016-07-05). "Genomics-informed isolation and characterization of a symbiotic Nanoarchaeota system from a terrestrial geothermal environment". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 12115. doi:10.1038/ncomms12115. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4935971. PMID 27378076.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  15. ^ a b c Rinke, Christian; Chuvochina, Maria; Mussig, Aaron J.; Chaumeil, Pierre-Alain; Davin, Adrian A.; Waite, David W.; Whitman, William B.; Parks, Donovan H.; Hugenholtz, Philip (2021-02-17). "Resolving widespread incomplete and uneven archaeal classifications based on a rank-normalized genome-based taxonomy": 2020.03.01.972265. doi:10.1101/2020.03.01.972265. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ a b c Luo, Zhen-Hao; Li, Qi; Lai, Yan; Chen, Hao; Liao, Bin; Huang, Li-nan (2020). "Diversity and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Parvarchaeota Family in Acid Mine Drainage Sediments". Frontiers in Microbiology. 11. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.612257. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 7779479. PMID 33408709.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ a b c Baker, Brett J.; Comolli, Luis R.; Dick, Gregory J.; Hauser, Loren J.; Hyatt, Doug; Dill, Brian D.; Land, Miriam L.; VerBerkmoes, Nathan C.; Hettich, Robert L.; Banfield, Jillian F. (2010-05-11). "Enigmatic, ultrasmall, uncultivated Archaea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (19): 8806–8811. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914470107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2889320. PMID 20421484.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  18. ^ Waters, Elizabeth; Hohn, Michael J.; Ahel, Ivan; Graham, David E.; Adams, Mark D.; Barnstead, Mary; Beeson, Karen Y.; Bibbs, Lisa; Bolanos, Randall; Keller, Martin; Kretz, Keith; Lin, Xiaoying; Mathur, Eric; Ni, Jingwei; Podar, Mircea (2003-10-28). "The genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans: Insights into early archaeal evolution and derived parasitism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (22): 12984–12988. doi:10.1073/pnas.1735403100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 240731. PMID 14566062.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  19. ^ Garrett, Roger A.; Klenk, Hans-Peter, eds. (2006-12-08). Archaea. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470750865. ISBN 978-0-470-75086-5.
  20. ^ Huber, Harald; Hohn, Michael J.; Rachel, Reinhard; Stetter, Karl O. (2006), Dworkin, Martin; Falkow, Stanley; Rosenberg, Eugene; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz (eds.), "Nanoarchaeota", The Prokaryotes: Volume 3: Archaea. Bacteria: Firmicutes, Actinomycetes, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 274–280, doi:10.1007/0-387-30743-5_14, ISBN 978-0-387-30743-5, retrieved 2023-04-08
  21. ^ a b c Amils, Ricardo (2011), Gargaud, Muriel; Amils, Ricardo; Quintanilla, José Cernicharo; Cleaves, Henderson James (Jim) (eds.), "Nanoarchaeota", Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1106–1106, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1040, ISBN 978-3-642-11274-4, retrieved 2023-04-08

Further reading

Scientific journals

Scientific books

Scientific databases

Template:Taxonomic references

External links

Template:Taxonomic links

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