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Kialo
Type of businessInc
Available inMultilingual
HeadquartersBrooklyn, Berlin
Country of originUnited States
Founder(s)Errikos Pitsos
URLwww.kialo.com
CommercialYes
LaunchedAugust 2017; 6 years ago (2017-08)
Current statusActive
Content license
-
Written inJavascript

Kialo is an online structured debate platform with argument maps in the form of debate trees. It is a collaborative reasoning tool for thoughtful discussion, understanding different points of view, and collaborative decision-making, showing arguments for and against claims underneath user-submitted theses or questions.[1][2][3][4]

Kialo debate tree schema with an example path through it.[5]
Example partial argument tree with claims and corresponding impact votes for arguments within the given line of reasoning, one form of collective determination of argument weights that is used on the platform[6]

The deliberative discourse platform is designed to present hundreds of supporting or opposing arguments in a dynamic argument tree[7] and is streamlined for rational civil debate on topics such as philosophical questions, policy deliberations, science questions, and unsolved problems or subjects of disagreement in general.[2][1][8] Argument-boxes are structured into hierarchical branches where the root is the main thesis or theses of the debate, enabling deliberation and navigatable debates between opposing perspectives. A debate is divided into Pro (supporting) and Con (refuting or devaluing) columns where registered users can add arguments and rate the impact on the weight or validity of the parent claim. The arguments are sorted according to the average ratings.[13]

Its structured argument trees enables a detailed scrutiny of claims at all levels of the tree[14] and allows users to for example quickly understand why a decision was made or which of the aggregated arguments swayed it this way.[2] Newcomers can join a debate at any time and look back at the structured discussion history to learn more about a topic, and then weigh in at the right place.[1][9] The design presets a structure on debates "that allows participants to easily see, process, and ultimately assess the many facets of competing claims".[14]

The word Kialo is Esperanto for "reason".[2][1] The platform is the largest argument mapping and structured debate site.[15][16]

Overview

Users can comment on every Pro or Con, for example for requesting sources or expansions.[8] Recent activities of a debate are shown in a panel on the right side of the respective debate.[8] Debates can be found through the search or on the Explore page through their descriptions and topic-tags.[4]

Mere comments that do not make a constructive point (a self-contained argument backed by reasoning) are not allowed and are picked up by other users and moderators.[2][4][17] "Civil language and sensible observations from opposing perspectives" can be seen also in debates about controversial topics.[18] The site by-design incentivizes fair, rigorous, open-minded dialogue.[19] Contributors making claims often also write counterpoints to their own contribution.[2] Claims need to be shorter than 500 characters and can link to external sources.[20]

Debates can grow large and complex for which a sunburst diagram visualization of the topology of the debate[4][21][14][22][23][24] and the search functionality can be useful. Each debate also has a chat-box.[25][26] In cases where e.g. a "Con" is a point against multiple in the "Pros", users – through moderators – can link these arguments at the respective places to avoid duplication of content and allowing a clean chain for people to understand which points are arguments against each other.[8] Contributions of users are tracked, enabling a board of thought-leaders for every debate.[22] Other gamification elements include a feature to thank users for their contributions.[27][20]

The "Perspectives" feature of Kialo Edu lets teachers view votes for a whole class, individuals, or supporters/opponents of a specific thesis.[28] Users in both versions of Kialo can vote on the overall debate topic as well as on individual claims to express their perspectives or conclusions, with the rationale (i.e. the main causal arguments) why they voted on the veracity of the thesis as they did not being captured.[29]

Debate trees can also start of with multiple theses – such as different policy options or hypotheses – and link to related debates.[30]

As of 2021, Kialo doesn't have a mobile app.[31] As of October 2019, the collaborative argument platform contains public trees on over 1.4K issues with over 130K statements.[32] A 2018 report states Kialo has hosted more than 10,000 debates in various languages, many of which are private.[20]

Kialo Inc.

The site is run by Kialo Inc. It was founded by German-born entrepreneur and London School of Economics and Political Science graduate Errikos Pitsos in August 2017 and is based in Brooklyn and Berlin.[2][1] According to a 2018 report, the site does not show advertisements and does not sell user's data.[2] The for-profit company was founded in 2011,[33][additional citation(s) needed] Pitsos began to develop the concept in 2012[20] and described various specifics of the system in 2014.[34] In 2018, he stated that they intend to make money by selling the platform to companies as a deliberation and decision-making tool.[20]

Applications and adoption

Adopted applications

See also: Education § Development

Applications of its content or the platform in society include:

  • Teachers and professors, especially of high-schools including of the universities Harvard and Princeton, are using Kialo for class discussions and exercises in critical thinking and reasoning,[2][31][20][35][15][29] as consolidating understanding of materials covered in recent classes,[15] more useful and engaging learning experiences,[29] for remote/e-learning,[36] for clearing up misconceptions,[10] teaching logical fallacies and rational argumentation,[37][38] for academic dialogue,[39] teaching media literacy, and for teaching to sufficiently reflect or research before posting online.[38] Like for debaters of the main site, access for schools and universities is free. Kialo Edu is the custom version of Kialo specifically designed for classroom use where debates are private and locked to invited students.[40][9][41][42][15][43]
    • Kialo allows for teachers to provide feedback to students on their ideas, argument structure, and research quality while it is left to other students to rate the impacts of their peers' arguments.[9]
    • Students can be allowed to contribute anonymously which may be useful for controversial issues as well as for safeguarding privacy in education.[44]
    • Students are or can be encouraged to back-up their claims with evidence which can foster digital literacy and research skills.[9]
    • Students and teachers can use it to arrange their thoughts when structuring an essay or project.[9]
  • The site's name was decided on internally using the software.[1]

Prototypical and theoretical applications

See also: Evidence-based policy and Research question § ICTs, participation and routine procedures
Structured debates from the site could be used for intelligent assistants and similar AI software[23] such as in computational reasoning; such bots have been called "artificial deliberative agents" (ADAs).[45]
Example of an ADA contributing missing information to a debate via crawled Kialo data and selected based on the prior conversation and crawled argument weight ratings.[45]

Potential, theoretical, prototypical or little-used applications include:

Education
  • Improving critical thinking skills of society at large as well as facilitating deep or efficient thinking and deepen research and debates[1][21][9][35] where e.g. discussions are less shallow[14] and the well-known or many arguments have already been made and in many cases aren't unreasonably over- or underrated.
    • Pitsos claimed that "we're training students to be very good test-takers instead of critical thinkers", suggesting teaching people to think things through may be more important or neglected compared to essay writing skills.[1]
  • Many young people and adults are "submerged into a sea of dispersed information", "[b]rowsing and engaging in superficial thinking activities". Kialo could counteract this issue and help people develop good sane reasoning.[21]
Academia, R&D and policy
  • Three scholars from three prestigious U.S. universities outlined possible benefits in this domain, including applications beyond higher education such as for academic communication. They suggest the debate platform could be used for structuring the communication of open peer-review by helping those giving feedback to "hone in on core arguments and pieces of evidence in an even more direct way" than annotated commenting.[21][14]
  • It could be used to evaluate extracted argument structures and sequences from raw texts,[14] as in a Semantic Web for arguments. Such "argument mining", to which Kialo is the largest structured source so far, could e.g. be used to assess the completeness and effectiveness of an argumentative discussion[12] or to augment it (with additional arguments, contextual information, assessments, refuting evidence or supporting data).[5]
  • A security studies paper suggested it could be used for "managing arguments more effectively than traditional paragraph/bullet-point approaches". It claims that "complexity demands adaptation" but also notes that "Kialo's simplicity does pose some weaknesses and limitations, and in general current systems cannot reliably automate analysis or synthesis of arguments in the same way that statistical packages can automate analysis of data".[46]
  • The site could be used by companies and government organizations as "intuitive debate software for internal discussions and decision-making".[2][21]
  • It could aid in the search for the best policies and course of action.[14] This may include "experiments of deliberative democracy inside local governments".[20]
  • With a platform like Kialo, users provide "both data on what they see is in the landscape of relevant arguments but also some indication of what they think is important [or has priority] in determining their policy preferences" and "also shows which arguments the individual did not find persuasive, and possibly which rebuttals to a particular argument [was] used to discard it."[14] Current functionality of the site may still be insufficient for the latter outside of experiments.
  • It could increase efficiency in knowledge acquisition, including concerning information overload on social media.[12]
  • Policy makers and scientists could use platforms and debates like these to engage with each other as well as the public[30] if they were aware of it and used it.
  • The debate trees can be used to identify arguments that are seen as most credible, as well as revealing which areas of argumentation lack support, precedent, or evidence,[14] which may be useful for subsequent work or more efficient and useful science (as in identifying little-supported assumptions, providing key missing data, or researching key open questions).
General
  • Writers in general could populate a Kialo debate with their arguments and release it alongside the traditional linear written format,[14] albeit such would mean the arguments would be open to scrutiny more accessible than large comment sections or may already be part of an existing debate tree. They could also use the site in other ways such as for selecting questions to pose to interviewees or for selecting unexplored questions to investigate.
  • It could be used for legal cases.[14]
  • Websites could embed read-only argument trees from the site.[20]
  • More broadly, the site's content could be used for reflective brainstorming, and as crowdsourcing resource for points to use in other media (e.g. long-form text). It enables a detailed exploration of some theses or topics as the visual reasoning through tree-based structure allows for many levels of depth and for follow-up questions in the discussion tab of each claim (where users can make revision proposals, decide if the argument should be moved to another branch, and ask for extra evidence or clarification).[48] The founder stated that "The public debates are basically supposed to become a site where people can go and inform themselves. If a debate has over 2,000 unique arguments, it's going to be hard to find an argument that's not in there already. You can go there, similar to Wikipedia, and read."[1]

Research

Claims can continuously be revised collaboratively; such changes are categorized by the user via a set of edit-types.[49][50][51]

Kialo is a subject of research studies and its data has been used in research as there are datasets of its contents[4][11][49][51][6] and the site allows exporting CSV files[14] as well as allows crawling and filtering debates.[5][45]

Computational research on argumentation

The platform has gained attention in computational research on argumentation because of its high-quality arguments and elaborate argument trees.[12][52] Its data has been used to train and to evaluate natural language processing AI systems such as, most commonly, BERT and its variants.[57] This includes argument extraction, conclusion generation,[54][additional citation(s) needed] argument form quality assessment,[51] machine argumentative debate generation or participation,[5][6][52] surfacing most relevant previously overlooked viewpoints or arguments,[5][6] argumentative writing support[49] (incl. sentence attackability scores),[32] automatic real-time evaluation of how truthful or convincing a sentence is (similar to fact-checking),[32] language model fine tuning[58][52] (incl. chatbots),[59][60] argument impact prediction, argument classification and polarity prediction.[17][61]

Content analysis in social science and belief studies

The contents can also be analyzed to e.g. show the most common Con rationale-types and factors in general,[32] or reveal the most contested arguments where ratings diverge the most for a given topic.

The site's founder proposed the types of arguments and ways people reason could be investigated as well as the "performance of Kialo versus long-form text in making people change their minds".[1] One study suggests arguers seem to change their viewpoints more readily when a fact they believe has evidence and is undermined when compared to prior beliefs without any specified supporting data.[32]

The platform as a subject

A study showed that when evaluating policies via Kialo debates, "reading comments from most to least liked, on average, displays more [winning arguments] than reading comments earliest first".[62][63] Kialo has a a set of different permissions that participants can have in a given debate. A preprint study makes suggestions regarding "interface design as a scalable solution to conflict management" to prevent adversarial beliefs and values of moderators to have negative impacts on the site.[64]

Reception, motivation and distinction from alternatives

In 2022, MakeUseOf named the site as one of the five best "debate sites to civilly and logically argue online about opinions"[8] and in 2019 as one of the "100+ best websites on the Internet".[65]

Online discourse quality

The site aims to be a hub for civilized debate where shouting, rudeness or irrationality aren't allowed.[2][20] This has been described as remarkable in a "age of Trumpian tweeting".[2] The site's founder stated that he noticed early on that the Web became "ideal for bad conversations, with prominence given to the most outrageous conversations" and the he "wondered if there wasn't a better method of online discourse.", claiming the site's mission is to "empower reason and to make the world more thoughtful",[2][3][66][40] describing it as a "platform where people with opposing views can meet and understand each other's thinking".[67] As of 2023, there are major concerns about online irrational or misinformation-fueled debate – for example a researcher affirmed[18] that "Twitter was not designed or intended to be a digital town square" as part of a "functioning democracy", addressing Elon Musk's comments about the site. Instead she claims it to be a "space for millions of town criers, but not a town square for people to come together and debate".[68] Reports suggest the site may present a more complete and complex view of reality than some other sites where "it's easy to get trapped in echo-chambers of like-minded people where your beliefs are never [meaningfully] challenged" as it shows you "the best arguments on both sides of a debate".[69][30]

Communication formats

Standard digital formats e.g. "tend to only allow a linear progression of arguments in a stream-of-discussion format".[14] On many websites, "circuitous comment threads [often] render meaningful discussion impossible" and "formats that we use to communicate shape the way we communicate".[1]

Kialo may be more appropriate for discussions that are relatively complex and hard to visualize or oversee otherwise and allows for public ideation and structured interaction among different types of stakeholders.[30] Linking to supporting evidence is encouraged,[18] but not as strictly required as for example on Wikipedia. Kialo has advantages over structured knowledge bases and Wikipedia in "that it includes many debatable statements; many attacked sentences are subjective judgments, so fact-based knowledge sources may have limited utility".[32] Chains of reasoning can be followed "from beginning to end" with relatively little text to read, nearly no repetition or unexplained statements and without having it derailed by for example "name-calling and directionless ranting".[18] Online debates "have grown so large and acrimonious that no one realistically has the time to read everything and hence get a sense of the actually winning arguments (winners) after all points have been considered" and there is research into how to efficiently calculate the winning arguments or arguments weights and the overall conclusions.[63]

Criticism

One preprint study stated that "[t]hough kialo is designed for scale, and therefore has to be not only robust but also both easy and appealing to use, it has simplified its notion of argument structure so much that there is very little flexibility left. As a commercial entity, its data and platform are also closed, making wide-scale application at the science-policy interface more challenging."[70] One study suggests the platform is structured in a way that gives insufficient capacity for users to do anything else other than to either agree or disagree with a side,[71] with there e.g. only being options to rate the veracity of the main thesis but not for proposing concrete alternatives and middle-grounds such as more nuanced policies or specifying conditional critical considerations of one's veracity rating of the main thesis.

Complementarity

The founder clarified key distinctions and complementarity of the site saying "We're going to just be an added place. We're not competing with anybody out there with regards to thoughtful discourse. There are a couple of sites that are question-and-answer sites, or commenting sites, or sharing sites, but there's not a single [major] site for collaborative reasoning — a repository of the why".[1] He states that Wikipedia – another peer production site to which Kialo is sometimes compared with due to argumentative discussions on Talk pages[12] and its collaborative knowledge integration[64][29] – "tells you the what and we tell you the why".[1]

See also

References

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External links

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