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In 2000, underwater photographer Kurt Lieber founded the Ocean Defenders Alliance to "help the ecosystem survive [an] onslaught of man-made debris and pollution." It became a [[501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3)]] nonprofit in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.oceandefenders.org/who-we-are/history.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Ocean Defenders Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref>
In 2000, underwater photographer Kurt Lieber founded the Ocean Defenders Alliance to "help the ecosystem survive [an] onslaught of man-made debris and pollution." It became a [[501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3)]] nonprofit in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.oceandefenders.org/who-we-are/history.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Ocean Defenders Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref>


In 2011, Gigi Brisson formed the [[Ocean Elders]] group, a worldwide group of activists including [[Sylvia Earle]], [[Richard Branson]], [[Jackson Browne]], [[James Cameron]], [[Rita R. Colwell]], [[Jean-Michel Cousteau]], [[Wade Davis (anthropologist)|Wade Davis]], [[Jane Goodall]], [[Gerry Lopez]], [[Catherine A. Novelli]], [[Frederik Paulsen Jr]], [[Bertrand Piccard]], [[Thomas Remengesau Jr.]], [[David E. Shaw]], [[Nainoa Thompson]], [[Ted Turner]], [[Don Walsh]], [[Bob Weir]], [[Sheila Watt-Cloutier]], [[Neil Young]], and [[José María Figueres]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ocean Elders |url=http://www.oceanelders.org/ocean-elders/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.oceanelders.org/about-us/}}</ref>
In 2011, Gigi Brisson formed the [[Ocean Elders]] group, a worldwide group of activists including [[Sylvia Earle]], [[Richard Branson]], [[Jackson Browne]], [[James Cameron]], [[Rita R. Colwell]], [[Jean-Michel Cousteau]], [[Wade Davis (anthropologist)|Wade Davis]], [[Jane Goodall]], [[Gerry Lopez]], [[Catherine A. Novelli]], [[Frederik Paulsen Jr]], [[Bertrand Piccard]], [[Thomas Remengesau Jr.]], [[David E. Shaw]], [[Nainoa Thompson]], [[Ted Turner]], [[Don Walsh]], [[Bob Weir]], [[Sheila Watt-Cloutier]], [[Neil Young]], and [[José María Figueres]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ocean Elders |date=25 October 2017 |url=http://www.oceanelders.org/ocean-elders/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |date=2 December 2016 |url=http://www.oceanelders.org/about-us/}}</ref>


Circa 2013, [[Greenpeace]] proliferated photographs from its Oceans Defender Tour, documenting "illegal and destructive fishing methodologies in the [[Gulf of Thailand]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Destructive Fishing Methods in the Gulf of Thailand |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/oceans/issues/overfishing-destructive-fishing/destructive-fishing-methods-in-the-gulf-of-thailand/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Greenpeace USA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenpeace - Destructive Fishing Methods in the Gulf of Thailand |url=https://media.greenpeace.org/archive/Destructive-Fishing-Methods-in-the-Gulf-of-Thailand-27MZIFVEONKS.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=media.greenpeace.org}}</ref> The following year, Greenpeace Southeast Asia published a list of 10 everyday tasks citizens can do to help oceans defenders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Be An Ocean Defender: Things You Can Do |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/southeastasia/story/2296/be-an-ocean-defender-things-you-can-do |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Greenpeace Southeast Asia |language=en}}</ref>
Circa 2013, [[Greenpeace]] proliferated photographs from its Oceans Defender Tour, documenting "illegal and destructive fishing methodologies in the [[Gulf of Thailand]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Destructive Fishing Methods in the Gulf of Thailand |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/oceans/issues/overfishing-destructive-fishing/destructive-fishing-methods-in-the-gulf-of-thailand/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Greenpeace USA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenpeace - Destructive Fishing Methods in the Gulf of Thailand |url=https://media.greenpeace.org/archive/Destructive-Fishing-Methods-in-the-Gulf-of-Thailand-27MZIFVEONKS.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=media.greenpeace.org}}</ref> The following year, Greenpeace Southeast Asia published a list of 10 everyday tasks citizens can do to help oceans defenders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Be An Ocean Defender: Things You Can Do |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/southeastasia/story/2296/be-an-ocean-defender-things-you-can-do |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Greenpeace Southeast Asia |language=en}}</ref>


In 2020, the World Forum of Fisher Peoples (representing 10 million small-scale fishers from 54 countries) issued a statement affirming the necessity of ocean defenders in continuing to preserve human rights for those reliant on oceans for economic benefit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Principal |date=2020-11-19 |title=We live, We celebrate, We protect: Fishers, Oceans, Mother Earth |url=https://worldfishers.org/2020/11/19/we-live-we-celebrate-we-protect-fishers-oceans-mother-earth/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=WORLD FORUM OF FISHER PEOPLES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bennett |first=Nathan J. |last2=Le Billon |first2=Philippe |last3=Belhabib |first3=Dyhia |last4=Satizábal |first4=Paula |date=2022-08-10 |title=Local marine stewardship and ocean defenders |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44183-022-00002-6 |journal=npj Ocean Sustainability |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1038/s44183-022-00002-6 |issn=2731-426X}}</ref>
In 2020, the World Forum of Fisher Peoples (representing 10 million small-scale fishers from 54 countries) issued a statement affirming the necessity of ocean defenders in continuing to preserve human rights for those reliant on oceans for economic benefit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Principal |date=2020-11-19 |title=We live, We celebrate, We protect: Fishers, Oceans, Mother Earth |url=https://worldfishers.org/2020/11/19/we-live-we-celebrate-we-protect-fishers-oceans-mother-earth/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=WORLD FORUM OF FISHER PEOPLES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=Nathan J. |last2=Le Billon |first2=Philippe |last3=Belhabib |first3=Dyhia |last4=Satizábal |first4=Paula |date=2022-08-10 |title=Local marine stewardship and ocean defenders |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44183-022-00002-6 |journal=npj Ocean Sustainability |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1038/s44183-022-00002-6 |s2cid=251506172 |issn=2731-426X}}</ref>


In 2022, Nigerian environmental activist [[Nnimmo Bassey]] endorsed a toolkit for "Oceans and Human Rights Defenders," detailing methods of unity and advocacy.<ref name=":0" />
In 2022, Nigerian environmental activist [[Nnimmo Bassey]] endorsed a toolkit for "Oceans and Human Rights Defenders," detailing methods of unity and advocacy.<ref name=":0" />


In 2022, ''[[Frontiers in Marine Science]]'' noted that ocean defenders face additional risk because they "are frequently from groups already subject to historical and continued structural marginalization and exclusion from decision-making. This includes small-scale fishers, Indigenous Peoples, Peoples of Colour, women and youth."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bennett |first=Nathan J. |last2=López de la Lama |first2=Rocío |last3=Le Billon |first3=Philippe |last4=Ertör |first4=Irmak |last5=Morgera |first5=Elisa |date=2023 |title=Ocean defenders and human rights |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.1089049 |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2022.1089049/full |issn=2296-7745}}</ref>
In 2022, ''[[Frontiers in Marine Science]]'' noted that ocean defenders face additional risk because they "are frequently from groups already subject to historical and continued structural marginalization and exclusion from decision-making. This includes small-scale fishers, Indigenous Peoples, Peoples of Colour, women and youth."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=Nathan J. |last2=López de la Lama |first2=Rocío |last3=Le Billon |first3=Philippe |last4=Ertör |first4=Irmak |last5=Morgera |first5=Elisa |date=2023 |title=Ocean defenders and human rights |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2022.1089049 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


In 2023, the [[University of British Columbia]] shared a document under the title "[m]ore must be done to protect ocean defenders."<ref>{{Cite web |title=New publication: More must be done to protect ocean defenders |url=https://geog.ubc.ca/news/new-publication-more-must-be-done-to-protect-ocean-defenders/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Department of Geography |language=en-US}}</ref> The same year, ''[[Time for Kids]]'' published an interview with Sylvia Earle titled "Ocean Defender." Earle identified the largest current issue for ocean defenders as [[deep sea mining]] to create batteries for electronic vehicles, which harms [[Deep-sea community|deep sea ecosystems]]. She also denounced fish as food, stating, "[we need] to get over this idea that ocean wildlife is needed for our food security. We are now beginning to understand the high cost [to the environment] of eating fish."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=Ocean Defender |url=https://www.timeforkids.com/g2/ocean-defender-g2-5-plus/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Time for Kids |language=en}}</ref>
In 2023, the [[University of British Columbia]] shared a document under the title "[m]ore must be done to protect ocean defenders."<ref>{{Cite web |title=New publication: More must be done to protect ocean defenders |url=https://geog.ubc.ca/news/new-publication-more-must-be-done-to-protect-ocean-defenders/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Department of Geography |language=en-US}}</ref> The same year, ''[[Time for Kids]]'' published an interview with Sylvia Earle titled "Ocean Defender." Earle identified the largest current issue for ocean defenders as [[deep sea mining]] to create batteries for electronic vehicles, which harms [[Deep-sea community|deep sea ecosystems]]. She also denounced fish as food, stating, "[we need] to get over this idea that ocean wildlife is needed for our food security. We are now beginning to understand the high cost [to the environment] of eating fish."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=Ocean Defender |url=https://www.timeforkids.com/g2/ocean-defender-g2-5-plus/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Time for Kids |language=en}}</ref>

Revision as of 18:47, 17 July 2023

Not to be confused with water protectors, activists who defend water from an Indigenous perspective.
Cleaning beach debris in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Hawaii.

An oceans defender is a human rights and environmental activist focused on protecting the Earth's oceans. General objectives include protecting the rights of human beings as well as defending aquatic ecosystems from pollution or destruction.[1] They generally oppose extractivism, overfishing, unreported fishing, and human rights abuses of those living on coastlines or in ocean-reliant economies.[1]

In 2000, underwater photographer Kurt Lieber founded the Ocean Defenders Alliance to "help the ecosystem survive [an] onslaught of man-made debris and pollution." It became a 501(c)(3) nonprofit in 2002.[2]

In 2011, Gigi Brisson formed the Ocean Elders group, a worldwide group of activists including Sylvia Earle, Richard Branson, Jackson Browne, James Cameron, Rita R. Colwell, Jean-Michel Cousteau, Wade Davis, Jane Goodall, Gerry Lopez, Catherine A. Novelli, Frederik Paulsen Jr, Bertrand Piccard, Thomas Remengesau Jr., David E. Shaw, Nainoa Thompson, Ted Turner, Don Walsh, Bob Weir, Sheila Watt-Cloutier, Neil Young, and José María Figueres.[3][4]

Circa 2013, Greenpeace proliferated photographs from its Oceans Defender Tour, documenting "illegal and destructive fishing methodologies in the Gulf of Thailand."[5][6] The following year, Greenpeace Southeast Asia published a list of 10 everyday tasks citizens can do to help oceans defenders.[7]

In 2020, the World Forum of Fisher Peoples (representing 10 million small-scale fishers from 54 countries) issued a statement affirming the necessity of ocean defenders in continuing to preserve human rights for those reliant on oceans for economic benefit.[8][9]

In 2022, Nigerian environmental activist Nnimmo Bassey endorsed a toolkit for "Oceans and Human Rights Defenders," detailing methods of unity and advocacy.[1]

In 2022, Frontiers in Marine Science noted that ocean defenders face additional risk because they "are frequently from groups already subject to historical and continued structural marginalization and exclusion from decision-making. This includes small-scale fishers, Indigenous Peoples, Peoples of Colour, women and youth."[10]

In 2023, the University of British Columbia shared a document under the title "[m]ore must be done to protect ocean defenders."[11] The same year, Time for Kids published an interview with Sylvia Earle titled "Ocean Defender." Earle identified the largest current issue for ocean defenders as deep sea mining to create batteries for electronic vehicles, which harms deep sea ecosystems. She also denounced fish as food, stating, "[we need] to get over this idea that ocean wildlife is needed for our food security. We are now beginning to understand the high cost [to the environment] of eating fish."[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Toolkit for Oceans and Human Rights Defenders (PDF). Benin City, Nigeria: HOMEF. 2022.
  2. ^ "Our History". Ocean Defenders Alliance. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
  3. ^ "The Ocean Elders". 25 October 2017.
  4. ^ "About Us". 2 December 2016.
  5. ^ "Destructive Fishing Methods in the Gulf of Thailand". Greenpeace USA. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
  6. ^ "Greenpeace - Destructive Fishing Methods in the Gulf of Thailand". media.greenpeace.org. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
  7. ^ "Be An Ocean Defender: Things You Can Do". Greenpeace Southeast Asia. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
  8. ^ Principal (2020-11-19). "We live, We celebrate, We protect: Fishers, Oceans, Mother Earth". WORLD FORUM OF FISHER PEOPLES. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
  9. ^ Bennett, Nathan J.; Le Billon, Philippe; Belhabib, Dyhia; Satizábal, Paula (2022-08-10). "Local marine stewardship and ocean defenders". npj Ocean Sustainability. 1 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1038/s44183-022-00002-6. ISSN 2731-426X. S2CID 251506172.
  10. ^ Bennett, Nathan J.; López de la Lama, Rocío; Le Billon, Philippe; Ertör, Irmak; Morgera, Elisa (2023). "Ocean defenders and human rights". Frontiers in Marine Science. 9. doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.1089049. ISSN 2296-7745.
  11. ^ "New publication: More must be done to protect ocean defenders". Department of Geography. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
  12. ^ "Ocean Defender". Time for Kids. 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
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