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Other proposed candidates for a shadow biosphere include organisms using different suites of amino acids in their proteins or different molecular units (e.g., bases or sugars) in their nucleic acids,<ref name="Cleland and Copley 2005">[[Carol Cleland|Cleland, C. E.]] and Copley, S. D. (2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20090320001019/http://spot.colorado.edu/~cleland/articles/Cleland_Copley.pdf The possibility of alternative microbial life on Earth]. International Journal of Astrobiology 4(4), 165-173.</ref> having a [[Chirality (chemistry)|chirality]] opposite of ours, using some of the [[Amino acid#Nonstandard amino acids|nonstandard amino acids]], or using [[arsenic]] instead of [[phosphorus]],<ref>Davies, P. C. W. , Benner, S.A., [[Carol Cleland|Cleland, C.E.]], Lineweaver,C.H., McKay,C.P. and Wolfe-Simon,F. [http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/ast.2008.0251 Signatures of a Shadow Biosphere] (2009) Astrobiology. 9(2): 241-249. {{doi|10.1089/ast.2008.0251}}.</ref> having a different [[genetic code]], or even another kind of chemical for its genetic material that are not nucleic acids ([[Deoxyribonucleic acid|DNA]] nor [[Ribonucleic acid|RNA]]) chains or [[biopolymer]]s.<ref name='new2009'/> [[Carol Cleland]], a philosopher of science at the University of Colorado (Boulder), argues that [[desert varnish]], whose status as biological or nonbiological has been debated since the time of Darwin, should be investigated as a potential candidate for a shadow biosphere.<ref name=cleland2007 /><ref name="theguardian1"/>{{Synthesis inline|date=February 2020}}
Other proposed candidates for a shadow biosphere include organisms using different suites of amino acids in their proteins or different molecular units (e.g., bases or sugars) in their nucleic acids,<ref name="Cleland and Copley 2005">[[Carol Cleland|Cleland, C. E.]] and Copley, S. D. (2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20090320001019/http://spot.colorado.edu/~cleland/articles/Cleland_Copley.pdf The possibility of alternative microbial life on Earth]. International Journal of Astrobiology 4(4), 165-173.</ref> having a [[Chirality (chemistry)|chirality]] opposite of ours, using some of the [[Amino acid#Nonstandard amino acids|nonstandard amino acids]], or using [[arsenic]] instead of [[phosphorus]],<ref>Davies, P. C. W. , Benner, S.A., [[Carol Cleland|Cleland, C.E.]], Lineweaver,C.H., McKay,C.P. and Wolfe-Simon,F. [http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/ast.2008.0251 Signatures of a Shadow Biosphere] (2009) Astrobiology. 9(2): 241-249. {{doi|10.1089/ast.2008.0251}}.</ref> having a different [[genetic code]], or even another kind of chemical for its genetic material that are not nucleic acids ([[Deoxyribonucleic acid|DNA]] nor [[Ribonucleic acid|RNA]]) chains or [[biopolymer]]s.<ref name='new2009'/> [[Carol Cleland]], a philosopher of science at the University of Colorado (Boulder), argues that [[desert varnish]], whose status as biological or nonbiological has been debated since the time of Darwin, should be investigated as a potential candidate for a shadow biosphere.<ref name=cleland2007 /><ref name="theguardian1"/>{{Synthesis inline|date=February 2020}}

On February 2023, scientists reported the findings of unusual DNA strands, which possibly came from the microorganism of the shadow biosphere, in the [[Atacama Desert|driest non-polar desert]] on the Earth.<ref name="WP-20230221">{{cite news |last=Achenbach |first=Joel |title=Strange DNA found in the desert offers lessons in the hunt for Mars life |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2023/02/21/mars-life-atacama-microbiome/ |date=21 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=21 February 2023 }}</ref><ref name="NC-20230221">{{cite journal |author=Azua-Bustos, Armando |display-authors=et al. |title=Dark microbiome and extremely low organics in Atacama fossil delta unveil Mars life detection limits |date=21 February 2023 |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=14 |issue=808 |page=808 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-36172-1 |pmid=36810853 |pmc=9944251 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14..808A }}</ref>


Existence of a shadow biosphere could mean that [[life]] has evolved on Earth more than once, which means that [[microorganism]]s may exist on Earth which have no [[Last universal ancestor|evolutionary connection]] with any other known form of life.<ref name='new2009'>{{Cite web| last=Callaway | first = Ewen | url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/02/how-to-hunt-for-shadow-life.html |title=Short Sharp Science: How to hunt for shadow life |publisher=NewScientist |date=2009-02-15 |access-date=2010-05-15 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111120022707/https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/02/how-to-hunt-for-shadow-life.html | archive-date = 20 November 2011}}</ref><ref name='BBC 2009'>{{Cite web| last=Morgan |first=James |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7893414.stm?lss |title=Alien life 'may exist among us' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2009-02-16 |access-date=2015-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090214162626.htm |title=Cosmologist Explores Notion Of 'Alien' Life On Earth |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2009-02-26 |access-date=2010-05-15}}</ref> It is suggested that if an alternate form of microbial life on Earth is discovered, the odds are good that life is also common elsewhere in the universe.<ref name='new2009'/><ref name='BBC 2009'/>
Existence of a shadow biosphere could mean that [[life]] has evolved on Earth more than once, which means that [[microorganism]]s may exist on Earth which have no [[Last universal ancestor|evolutionary connection]] with any other known form of life.<ref name='new2009'>{{Cite web| last=Callaway | first = Ewen | url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/02/how-to-hunt-for-shadow-life.html |title=Short Sharp Science: How to hunt for shadow life |publisher=NewScientist |date=2009-02-15 |access-date=2010-05-15 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111120022707/https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/02/how-to-hunt-for-shadow-life.html | archive-date = 20 November 2011}}</ref><ref name='BBC 2009'>{{Cite web| last=Morgan |first=James |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7893414.stm?lss |title=Alien life 'may exist among us' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2009-02-16 |access-date=2015-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090214162626.htm |title=Cosmologist Explores Notion Of 'Alien' Life On Earth |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2009-02-26 |access-date=2010-05-15}}</ref> It is suggested that if an alternate form of microbial life on Earth is discovered, the odds are good that life is also common elsewhere in the universe.<ref name='new2009'/><ref name='BBC 2009'/>

Revision as of 06:41, 13 September 2023

A shadow biosphere is a hypothetical microbial biosphere of Earth that would use radically different biochemical and molecular processes from that of currently known life. Although life on Earth is relatively well studied, if a shadow biosphere exists it may still remain unnoticed, because the exploration of the microbial world targets primarily the biochemistry of the macro-organisms.

The hypothesis

It has been proposed that the early Earth hosted multiple origins of life, some of which produced chemical variations on life as we know it.[1][2] Some argue that these alternative life forms could have become extinct, either by being out-competed by other forms of life, or they might have become one with the present day life via mechanisms like lateral gene transfer.[1] Others, however, argue that this other form of life might still exist to this day.

Steven A. Benner, Alonso Ricardo, and Matthew A. Carrigan, biochemists at the University of Florida, argued that if organisms based on RNA once existed, they might still be alive today, unnoticed because they do not contain ribosomes, which are usually used to detect living microorganisms. They suggest searching for them in environments that are low in sulfur, environments that are spatially constrained (for example, minerals with pores smaller than one micrometre), or environments that cycle between extreme hot and cold.[3]

Other proposed candidates for a shadow biosphere include organisms using different suites of amino acids in their proteins or different molecular units (e.g., bases or sugars) in their nucleic acids,[4] having a chirality opposite of ours, using some of the nonstandard amino acids, or using arsenic instead of phosphorus,[5] having a different genetic code, or even another kind of chemical for its genetic material that are not nucleic acids (DNA nor RNA) chains or biopolymers.[6] Carol Cleland, a philosopher of science at the University of Colorado (Boulder), argues that desert varnish, whose status as biological or nonbiological has been debated since the time of Darwin, should be investigated as a potential candidate for a shadow biosphere.[1][2][improper synthesis?]

Existence of a shadow biosphere could mean that life has evolved on Earth more than once, which means that microorganisms may exist on Earth which have no evolutionary connection with any other known form of life.[6][7][8] It is suggested that if an alternate form of microbial life on Earth is discovered, the odds are good that life is also common elsewhere in the universe.[6][7]

Criticism

Methods used by proponents and conclusions drawn from experiments that purport to show evidence of shadow biospheres have been criticized. For example, evidence that once seemed to support arsenic as a substitute for phosphorus in DNA could have resulted from lab or field contamination, and DNA that includes arsenic is chemically unstable.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Cleland, C.E. (2007) Epistemological issues in the study of microbial life: alternative biospheres. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 38:847–861.
  2. ^ a b "Life on Earth… but not as we know it", Robin McKie, 14 April 2013, The Guardian
  3. ^ Benner, S. A., Ricardo, A. and Carrigan, M. A. (2004) Is there a common chemical model for life in the universe? Archived 2010-12-14 at the Wayback Machine. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 8, 672-689. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.10.003.
  4. ^ Cleland, C. E. and Copley, S. D. (2005) The possibility of alternative microbial life on Earth. International Journal of Astrobiology 4(4), 165-173.
  5. ^ Davies, P. C. W. , Benner, S.A., Cleland, C.E., Lineweaver,C.H., McKay,C.P. and Wolfe-Simon,F. Signatures of a Shadow Biosphere (2009) Astrobiology. 9(2): 241-249. doi:10.1089/ast.2008.0251.
  6. ^ a b c Callaway, Ewen (2009-02-15). "Short Sharp Science: How to hunt for shadow life". NewScientist. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  7. ^ a b Morgan, James (2009-02-16). "Alien life 'may exist among us'". BBC News. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
  8. ^ "Cosmologist Explores Notion Of 'Alien' Life On Earth". Sciencedaily.com. 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  9. ^ Vastag, Brian (27 May 2011). "Debate over arsenic-based life enters a new chapter". Washington Post.

Further reading

External links

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