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Kosovo during the Second World War was in a very dramatic period, because different currents clashed, bringing constant tensions within it. During World War II, the region of Kosovo was split into three occupational zones: Italian, German, and Bulgarian. Partisans from Albania and Yugoslavia led the fight for Kosovo's independence from the invader and his allies.^[1] During occupation by Axis powers, Bulgarian and Albanian collaborators killed thousands of Kosovo Serbs and Montenegrins. Tens of thousands were also expelled or were placed into concentration camps.

Overview

Yugoslavia was conquered by the Axis in April 1941 and divided mainly between Italy and Germany. Kosovo was included mainly in the Italian controlled area and was united to fascist Albania between 1941 and 1943.

After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941, most of Kosovo was assigned to Italian-controlled Albania, with the rest being controlled by Germany and Bulgaria. A three-dimensional conflict ensued, involving inter-ethnic, ideological, and international affiliations.^[1]

Persecution of Serbs and Montenegrins

Mustafa Kruja, the then-Prime Minister of Albania, was in Kosovo in June 1942, and at a meeting with the Albanian leaders of Kosovo, he said: "Efforts should be made to get rid of the Serbian population in Kosovo and Metohija as soon as possible ... All indigenous Serbs should be declared as colonists and, with the help of the governments of Albania and Italy, should be sent to concentration camps in Albania. The Serbian settlers should be killed."^[2] It is estimated that approximately 10,000 Serbs were massacred in Kosovo throughout the war. Around between 70,000 and 100,000 Serbs and Montenegrins were deported or sent to concentration camps throughout the war and 72,000 Albanians had settled in Kosovo from Albania.^[3] In the Nuremberg trials, it was established that the SS Skanderbeg committed crimes against humanity in Kosovo against ethnic Serbs, Jews, and Roma.^[4]

Fate of Kosovo

During the New Year's Eve between 1943 and 1944, Albanian and Yugoslav partisans gathered at the town of Bujan, near Kukës in northern Albania, where they held a conference in which they discussed the fate of Kosovo after the war. Both Albanian and Yugoslav communists signed the agreement, according to which Kosovo would have the right to democratically decide whether it wants to remain in Albania or become part of Serbia. This was seen as the marxist solution for Kosovo. The agreement was not respected by Yugoslavia, since Tito knew that Serbia would not accept it.^[5] Some Albanians, especially in the region in and around Drenica in central Kosovo revolted against the Yugoslav communists for not respecting the agreement. In response, the Yugoslavs called the rebels Nazi and Fascist collaborators and responded with violence. The Albanian Kosovar military leader Shaban Polluzha, who first fought with Yugoslav partisans but then refused to collaborate further, was attacked and killed.^[6] Between 400 and 2,000 Kosovar Albanian recruits of the Yugoslav Army were shot in Bar.^[7]

After the surrender of the Kingdom of Italy in September 1943, the German forces took over direct control of the region. In September 1944 the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria and occupied part of the country. A coup d'état on 9 September led to Bulgaria joining the Soviets. As result in the early October three Bulgarian armies, consisting of around 340,000-man,^[8] together with the Red Army entered occupied Yugoslavia and moved from Sofia to Niš, Skopje and Pristina to blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece.^[9]^[10] The Bulgarians operated in conjunction with the Yugoslav and Albanian communist partisans.^[11] Kosovo was liberated by the end of November.^[12] It became a province of Serbia within the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. The Kosovo Albanians, who had been promised self-determination if they joined the partisans, rebelled and martial law was declared. It took about six months for the area to be pacified after some 20,000 Albanians under Shaban Polluza resisted integration of Kosovo within Yugoslavia.^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. Macmillan. pp. 310–312. ISBN 0-333-66612-7.
^ Schwegler, U.; Smith, L. R. (2012). "Ethno-political conflict in Kosovo: Cultivating trust in Serbian-Albanian post-conflict peace building". In Landis, Dan; Albert, Rosita D. (eds.). Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives. Springer. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-46140-448-4.
^ Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Indiana University Press. p. 114, 141. ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8.
^ Stein, George H. (1966). The Waffen SS; Hitler's elite guard at war, 1939-1945. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0407-X. OCLC 395669.
^ "The Resolution of Bujan". Albanian History. Robert Elsie. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
^ Elsie, R. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Kosova. European historical dictionaries. Scarecrow Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-8108-5309-6.
^ Fevziu, B.; Elsie, R.; Nishku, M. (2016). Enver Hoxha: The Iron Fist of Albania. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-85772-703-9.
^ Dear, Ian; Foot, Michael Richard Daniell, eds. (2001). The Oxford companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-19-860446-7.
^ Thomas, Nigel (1995). Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-8553-2473-2.
^ Collier, Paul (2010). World War II: The Mediterranean 1940-1945. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-43589-132-6.
^ Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: occupation and collaboration. Stanford University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-8047-3615-4.
^ Opfer, Björn; Opfer-Klinger, Björn (2005). Im Schatten des Krieges: Besatzung oder Anschluss - Befreiung oder Unterdrückung? ; eine komparative Untersuchung über die bulgarische Herrschaft in Vardar-Makedonien 1915-1918 und 1941-1944. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 208. ISBN 978-3-82587-997-6.
^ Judah, Tim (2000). The Serbs. p. 132. ISBN 0300085079. Retrieved 2010-06-19.

[Malcolm-1] Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. Macmillan. pp. 310–312. ISBN 0-333-66612-7.

[2] Schwegler, U.; Smith, L. R. (2012). "Ethno-political conflict in Kosovo: Cultivating trust in Serbian-Albanian post-conflict peace building". In Landis, Dan; Albert, Rosita D. (eds.). Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives. Springer. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-46140-448-4.

[3] Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Indiana University Press. p. 114, 141. ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8.

[4] Stein, George H. (1966). The Waffen SS; Hitler's elite guard at war, 1939-1945. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0407-X. OCLC 395669.

[5] "The Resolution of Bujan". Albanian History. Robert Elsie. Retrieved 27 July 2019.

[Elsie_2004_p._140-6] Elsie, R. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Kosova. European historical dictionaries. Scarecrow Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-8108-5309-6.

[Fevziu_Elsie_Nishku_2016_p._134-7] Fevziu, B.; Elsie, R.; Nishku, M. (2016). Enver Hoxha: The Iron Fist of Albania. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-85772-703-9.

[8] Dear, Ian; Foot, Michael Richard Daniell, eds. (2001). The Oxford companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-19-860446-7.

[9] Thomas, Nigel (1995). Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-8553-2473-2.

[10] Collier, Paul (2010). World War II: The Mediterranean 1940-1945. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-43589-132-6.

[11] Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: occupation and collaboration. Stanford University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-8047-3615-4.

[12] Opfer, Björn; Opfer-Klinger, Björn (2005). Im Schatten des Krieges: Besatzung oder Anschluss - Befreiung oder Unterdrückung? ; eine komparative Untersuchung über die bulgarische Herrschaft in Vardar-Makedonien 1915-1918 und 1941-1944. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 208. ISBN 978-3-82587-997-6.

[13] Judah, Tim (2000). The Serbs. p. 132. ISBN 0300085079. Retrieved 2010-06-19.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[File:Kosova në Luftën e Dytë Botërore.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Kosovo]] during [[World War II|WWII]]. Kosovo was split into three occupational zones: Italian, German, and Bulgarian]]
-[[Kosovo]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]] was in a very dramatic period, because different currents clashed, bringing constant tensions within it. During World War II, the region of Kosovo was split into three occupational zones: Italian, German, and Bulgarian. [[Albanian Partisans|Partisans from Albania]] and [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslavia]] led the fight for Kosovo's independence from the invader and his allies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malcolm |first=Noel |title=Kosovo: A Short History |publisher=Macmillan |year=1998 |page=310|isbn=0-333-66612-7}}</ref> During occupation by Axis powers, Bulgarian and Albanian collaborators killed thousands of [[Kosovo Serbs]] and [[Kosovo Montenegrins|Montenegrins]]. Tens of thousands were also [[Ethnic cleansing|expelled]] or were placed into [[Internment|concentration camps]].
+[[Kosovo]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]] was in a very dramatic period, because different currents clashed, bringing constant tensions within it. During World War II, the region of Kosovo was split into three occupational zones: Italian, German, and Bulgarian. [[Albanian Partisans|Partisans from Albania]] and [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslavia]] led the fight for Kosovo's independence from the invader and his allies.<ref name="Malcolm">{{Cite book |last=Malcolm |first=Noel |title=Kosovo: A Short History |publisher=Macmillan |year=1998 |pages=310-312|isbn=0-333-66612-7}}</ref> During occupation by Axis powers, Bulgarian and Albanian collaborators killed thousands of [[Kosovo Serbs]] and [[Kosovo Montenegrins|Montenegrins]]. Tens of thousands were also [[Ethnic cleansing|expelled]] or were placed into [[Internment|concentration camps]].
 == Overview ==
 [[Yugoslavia]] was conquered by the [[Axis powers|Axis]] in April 1941 and divided mainly between Italy and Germany. Kosovo was included mainly in the Italian controlled area and was united to fascist Albania between 1941 and 1943.
-After the Axis [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] in 1941, most of Kosovo was assigned to [[Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)|Italian-controlled Albania]], with the rest being controlled by Germany and Bulgaria. A three-dimensional conflict ensued, involving inter-ethnic, ideological, and international affiliations, with the first being most important.
+After the Axis [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] in 1941, most of Kosovo was assigned to [[Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)|Italian-controlled Albania]], with the rest being controlled by Germany and Bulgaria. A three-dimensional conflict ensued, involving inter-ethnic, ideological, and international affiliations.<ref name="Malcolm" />
 === Persecution of Serbs and Montenegrins ===
-Mustafa Kruja, the then-Prime Minister of Albania, was in Kosovo in June 1942, and at a meeting with the Albanian leaders of Kosovo, he said: "Efforts should be made to get rid of the Serbian population in Kosovo and Metohija as soon as possible ... All indigenous Serbs should be declared as colonists and, with the help of the governments of Albania and Italy, should be sent to [[concentration camps]] in Albania. The Serbian settlers should be killed."" It is estimated that approximately 10,000 Serbs were massacred in Kosovo throughout the war. Around between 70,000 and 100,000 Serbs and Montenegrins were deported or sent to concentration camps throughout the war and 72,000 Albanians had settled in Kosovo from Albania.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramet |first=Sabrina P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC |title=The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005 |date=2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34656-8 |language=en}}</ref> In the Nuremberg trials, it was established that the [[21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg|SS Skanderbeg]] committed crimes against humanity in Kosovo against ethnic Serbs, Jews, and Roma.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=George H. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/395669 |title=The Waffen SS; Hitler's elite guard at war, 1939-1945 |date=1966 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0-8014-0407-X |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |oclc=395669}}</ref>
+Mustafa Kruja, the then-Prime Minister of Albania, was in Kosovo in June 1942, and at a meeting with the Albanian leaders of Kosovo, he said: "Efforts should be made to get rid of the Serbian population in Kosovo and Metohija as soon as possible ... All indigenous Serbs should be declared as colonists and, with the help of the governments of Albania and Italy, should be sent to [[concentration camps]] in Albania. The Serbian settlers should be killed."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwegler |first1=U. |last2=Smith |first2=L. R. |editor1-last=Landis |editor1-first=Dan |editor2-last=Albert |editor2-first=Rosita D. |title=Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-46140-448-4 |page=354 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-06606-014 |chapter=Ethno-political conflict in Kosovo: Cultivating trust in Serbian-Albanian post-conflict peace building}}</ref> It is estimated that approximately 10,000 Serbs were massacred in Kosovo throughout the war. Around between 70,000 and 100,000 Serbs and Montenegrins were deported or sent to concentration camps throughout the war and 72,000 Albanians had settled in Kosovo from Albania.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramet |first=Sabrina P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC |title=The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005 |page=114, 141 |date=2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34656-8 |language=en}}</ref> In the Nuremberg trials, it was established that the [[21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg|SS Skanderbeg]] committed crimes against humanity in Kosovo against ethnic Serbs, Jews, and Roma.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=George H. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/395669 |title=The Waffen SS; Hitler's elite guard at war, 1939-1945 |date=1966 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0-8014-0407-X |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |oclc=395669}}</ref>
 === Fate of Kosovo ===
 During the New Year's Eve between 1943 and 1944, Albanian and Yugoslav partisans gathered at the town of [[Bujan]], near [[Kukës]] in northern Albania, where they held a conference in which they discussed the fate of Kosovo after the war. Both Albanian and Yugoslav communists signed the agreement, according to which Kosovo would have the right to democratically decide whether it wants to remain in Albania or become part of Serbia. This was seen as the marxist solution for Kosovo. The agreement was not respected by Yugoslavia, since Tito knew that Serbia would not accept it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/1944_Resolution-of-Bujan/index.html |title=The Resolution of Bujan |website=Albanian History |publisher=Robert Elsie |access-date=27 July 2019 }}</ref> Some Albanians, especially in the region in and around Drenica in central Kosovo revolted against the Yugoslav communists for not respecting the agreement. In response, the Yugoslavs called the rebels [[Nazi collaborators|Nazi and Fascist collaborators]] and responded with violence. The Albanian Kosovar military leader [[Shaban Polluzha]], who first fought with Yugoslav partisans but then refused to collaborate further, was attacked and killed.<ref name="Elsie 2004 p. 140">{{cite book | last=Elsie | first=R. | title=Historical Dictionary of Kosova | publisher=Scarecrow Press | series=European historical dictionaries | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-8108-5309-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fnbw1wsacSAC&pg=PA140 |page=140}}</ref> Between 400 and 2,000 Kosovar Albanian recruits of the Yugoslav Army were [[Bar massacre|shot in Bar]].<ref name="Fevziu Elsie Nishku 2016 p. 134">{{cite book | last1=Fevziu | first1=B. | last2=Elsie | first2=R. | last3=Nishku | first3=M. | title=Enver Hoxha: The Iron Fist of Albania | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-85772-703-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lbeKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134 | page=134}}</ref>
-After the surrender of the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] in September 1943, the German forces took over direct control of the region. In September 1944 the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria and occupied part of the country. A coup d'état on 9 September led to Bulgaria joining the Soviets. As result in the early October three Bulgarian armies, consisting of around 340,000-man,<ref name="p. 134">''The Oxford companion to World War II'', Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell Foot, Oxford University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-19-860446-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC&pg=PA133 p. 134].</ref> together with the [[Red Army]] entered occupied Yugoslavia and moved from Sofia to [[Niš]], [[Skopje]] and [[Pristina]] to blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece.<ref>''Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45'', Nigel Thomas, K. Mikulan, Darko Pavlović, Osprey Publishing, 1995, {{ISBN|1-85532-473-3}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=A8X6UH58dlgC&pg=PA33 p. 33]{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref><ref>''World War II: The Mediterranean 1940–1945, World War II: Essential Histories'', Paul Collier, Robert O'Neill, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2010, {{ISBN|1-4358-9132-5}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vc4hlXkSIDsC&pg=PA77 p. 77.]</ref> The Bulgarians operated in conjunction with the Yugoslav and Albanian communist partisans.<ref name="Tomasevich-2001-p168">''War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: occupation and collaboration'', Jozo Tomasevich, Stanford University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8047-3615-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA168 p. 168].</ref> [[Kosovo Operation (1944)|Kosovo was liberated]] by the end of November.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IPknoQzKm9sC&q=Bulgarische+Truppen+besetzten+&pg=PA208 Im Schatten des Krieges: Besatzung oder Anschluss – Befreiung oder Unterdrückung? Eine komparative Untersuchung über die bulgarische Herrschaft in Vardar-Makedonien 1915–1918 und 1941–1944], Björn Opfer, LIT Verlag Münster, 2005, s. 208.</ref> It became a province of Serbia within the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. The Kosovo Albanians, who had been promised self-determination if they joined the partisans, rebelled and martial law was declared. It took about six months for the area to be pacified after some 20,000 Albanians under Shaban Polluza resisted integration of Kosovo within Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4YbP0fPcMYC&pg=PA132 |title=The Serbs: history, myth, and the ... |isbn=0300085079 |access-date=2010-06-19|last1=Judah |first1=Tim |year=2000 }}</ref>
+After the surrender of the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] in September 1943, the German forces took over direct control of the region. In September 1944 the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria and occupied part of the country. A coup d'état on 9 September led to Bulgaria joining the Soviets. As result in the early October three Bulgarian armies, consisting of around 340,000-man,<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Dear |editor1-first=Ian |editor2-last=Foot |editor2-first=Michael Richard Daniell |title=The Oxford companion to World War II |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC&pg=PA133 |isbn=0-19-860446-7 |page=134}}</ref> together with the [[Red Army]] entered occupied Yugoslavia and moved from Sofia to [[Niš]], [[Skopje]] and [[Pristina]] to blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Nigel |title=Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45 |date=1995 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-8553-2473-2 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTw3vgAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Collier |first1=Paul |title=World War II: The Mediterranean 1940-1945 |date=2010 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-43589-132-6 |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vc4hlXkSIDsC&pg=PA77}}</ref> The Bulgarians operated in conjunction with the Yugoslav and Albanian communist partisans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tomasevich |first1=Jozo |title=War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: occupation and collaboration |date=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-3615-4 |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA168}}</ref> [[Kosovo Operation (1944)|Kosovo was liberated]] by the end of November.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Opfer |first1=Björn |last2=Opfer-Klinger |first2=Björn |title=Im Schatten des Krieges: Besatzung oder Anschluss - Befreiung oder Unterdrückung? ; eine komparative Untersuchung über die bulgarische Herrschaft in Vardar-Makedonien 1915-1918 und 1941-1944 |date=2005 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-82587-997-6 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPknoQzKm9sC&q=Bulgarische+Truppen+besetzten+&pg=PA208}}</ref> It became a province of Serbia within the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. The Kosovo Albanians, who had been promised self-determination if they joined the partisans, rebelled and martial law was declared. It took about six months for the area to be pacified after some 20,000 Albanians under Shaban Polluza resisted integration of Kosovo within Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4YbP0fPcMYC&pg=PA132 |title=The Serbs |page= 132 |isbn=0300085079 |access-date=2010-06-19|last1=Judah |first1=Tim |year=2000}}</ref>
 == See also ==

v t e World War II in Yugoslavia
1941	Invasion of Yugoslavia Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina May 1941 Sanski Most revolt June uprising in eastern Herzegovina Siege of Rogatica Olovo Uprising in Serbia Battle of Loznica Battle of Banja Koviljača Attack on Šabac Mačva operation Battle of Trešnjica Kruševac Kraljevo Operation Uzice Operation Mihailovic Novi Pazar Sjenica Uprising in Montenegro Battle of Pljevlja Uprising in Croatia Croatian Partisans Srb uprising Karadak-Gollak Uprising (1941–1951)
1942	Operations Southeast Croatia and Ozren Operation Trio Chetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines Kozara Offensive Operation Alfa Operation Kopaonik
1943	Case White Case Black Siege of Turjak Operation Kugelblitz Battle of Višegrad
1944	Operations Kugelblitz and Schneesturm Operation Rösselsprung Operation Rübezahl Belgrade offensive Operation Draufgänger Battle of Jelova Gora Kosovo Operation Battle of Knin Battle of Tuzla Battle of Batina
1945	Syrmian Front Mostar operation Sarajevo Operation Battle of Lijevče Field Battle of Zelengora Battle of Poljana Battle of Odžak
Croatia	Zagreb in World War II
Macedonia	World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia
Serbia	Kosovo during World War II
Slovenia	World War II in the Slovene Lands
Strategic bombing	Belgrade 1941 1944 Podgorica Sarajevo Zadar Zagreb
see also Factions in the Yugoslav Front People of the Yugoslav Front