Charles the Younger: Difference between revisions

Charles the Younger
Charles the Younger
Duke of Maine
Reign	780–811
Born	c. 772
Died	4 December 811 (aged 39)
Dynasty	Carolingian
Father	Charlemagne
Mother	Hildegard

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 02:42, 11 February 2024

Charles the Younger (c. 772 – 4 December 811) was the son of the Frankish ruler Charlemagne and his wife Queen Hildegard. Charlemagne's second son, Charles gained favour over his older, potentially illegitimate half brother Pepin. Charles was entrusted with lands and important military commands by his father. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned as emperor by Pope Leo III, and during this ceremony Charles was anointed as a king. Charles was designated as the heir of the bulk of Charlemagne's lands but predeceased his father, leaving the empire to be inherited by his younger brother Louis the Pious.

Life

Charles was born in 772 or 773 to the Frankish king Charlemagne and his wife Hildegard. Charles was Charlemagne's second son, having an older half-brother named Pepin, called Pepin the Hunchback. In 774, as Charlemagne was besieging Pavia, capital of the Lombard Kingdom, he sent for Hildegard and his sons to join the army at the camp outside the city.^[1] Charlemagne conquered the city by June 774, becoming king of the Lombards in addition to being king of the Franks.^[2] Charlemagne and his family returned north to Francia by July or August.^[3] There is little recorded of the rest of Charles' childhood. It is known that Charlemagne had all his children educated in the liberal arts, and his sons received training in riding, combat, and hunting.^[4]

In 781, Charlemagne and Hildegard brought their younger children, including their sons Carloman and Louis to Rome, leaving Pepin and Charles in Francia.^[5] In Rome, Pope Adrian baptized the children, and in the process Carloman was renamed Pepin, now sharing a name with his half-brother.^[6] The newly renamed Pepin and Louis were also then anointed and crowned, Pepin appointed king of the Lombards and Louis king of Aquitaine.^[7] The two new kings, still young children, were sent to their new kingdoms to be raised by regents and advisors in their own courts.^[8] Italy and Aquitaine were additions to Charlemagne's realm, and it is possible that in assigning them to his younger sons, Charlemagne intended the core Frankish kingdom to be a split inheritance between Charles and the elder Pepin.^[9]

Charles received his first command as he came of age in 784,^[10] leading an army in Westphalia during a campaign of the Saxon Wars.^[11] From then on, Charles "gained continual prominence a his father's deputy"^[12] and he would continue to be given army commands in Saxony.^[13] In 789, Charlemagne granted Charles rule of "the kingdom west of the Seine,"^[14] corresponding to the Duchy of Maine in Neustria.^[10] With his father's permission, Charles proposed to wed Ælfflæd, daughter of King Offa of Mercia and enter an alliance with the Anglo-Saxon king. Offa was amenable, but insisted that Charles' sister Bertha also be married to his own son. Charlemagne was insulted by this, and the marriage did not occur.^[15] This caused discord between Charlemagne and Offa that was only ended with a treaty in 796.^[16]

Dissension seemingly grew between Charles and his elder half-brother. Wandelbert, a monk writing in the mid-ninth century, recounts a story of the two brothers travelling with their father down the Rhine, each in their own boat. By chance, both stopped at the church dedicated to Saint Goar and, moved by the holiness of the church and the saint, "they now came together in brotherly concord and a pledge of friendship."^[17] This dissension between Charles and Pepin was likely over the succession.^[18] Pepin was the son of Himiltrude, whose precise relationship with Charlemagne was unclear.^[a] By the 780s, Pepin was seen as illegitimate, and though earlier Frankish inheritance practices did not distinguish sons by their mother's marital status, it seems this distinction was becoming important.^[25] This apparent sidelining of Pepin was signaled by Charles' status as his father's deputy on campaigns, while Pepin received no such commands.^[26] Following his grant of lands in Maine, Charles began to be described as primogenitus, or "first-born", despite Pepin being older.^[10] In 792, Pepin conspired with Bavarian nobles to assassinate Charlemagne, Charles, Pepin and Louis (who had all gathered at Regensburg) and install himself as king. The plot was discovered and revealed to Charlemagne. Pepin was sent to a monastery and many of his co-conspirators were executed.^[27]

In 800 Charles joined his father in surveying his lands and defenses in Neustria where Danish pirates had been raiding, before the two travelled to Rome together.^[28] Charlemagne went to Rome to oversee the restoration of Pope Leo III. At mass on Christmas Day, 25 December 800, Leo crowned Charlemagne as emperor and anointed Charles as a king.^[29]

Charles continued to be a key lieutenant and military leader for his father^[30], as Charlemagne rarely led armies directly in his later year.^[31] In 804, Charles was assigned the privilege of escorting Leo III north on the Pope's final visit to Francia.^[32] Frankish annals record Charles' successful campaigns against the Bohemians, Sorbs, and other Slavic groups in 805 and 806.^[33]^[34] In 806, Charlemagne issued the Divisio Regnorum, which outlined formalized plans for the inheritance of the empire upon his death. Charles, as his eldest son in good favour, was given the largest share of the inheritance, with rule of Francia proper along with Saxony, Nordgau, and parts of Alemannia. Louis and the younger Pepin were confirmed in their kingdoms of Aquitaine and Italy, and gained additional territories, with most of Bavaria and Alemmannia given to Pepin and Provence, Septimania, and parts of Burgundy to Louis.^[35] Charlemagne did not address the inheritance of the imperial title.^[36] The Divisio also addressed the death of any of the brothers, and urged peace between them and between any of their nephews who might inherit.^[37] In 808, Charles led the Frankish armies that responded to the incursion of the Danish king Gudfred.^[38]

Charlemagne's succession plans did not come to fruition. Pepin of Italy, along with his sister Rotrude, aunt Gisela, Abbess of Chelles, and his half brother Pepin the Hunchback died in quick succession in 810–811.^[39] Charles followed them, dying on 11 December 811.^[40] All were possibly victims of an epidemic that had spread from cattle in 810.^[41] Charles' place of death and burial are unknown.^[42] In the wake of these deaths, Charlemagne declared Pepin's son Bernard ruler of Italy, and his own only surviving son Louis as heir to the rest of the empire.^[43] Louis was crowned as emperor in 813, and would fully succeed Charlemagne upon his death in 814.^[44]

References

^ Nelson 2019, p. 133.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 142–144.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 147–148.
^ Nelson 2019, p. 443.
^ Nelson 2019, p. 181.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 182–186.
^ Fried 2016, p. 136.
^ Nelson 2019, p. 186.
^ Goffart 1986, pp. 60–62.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nelson 2019, p. 270.
^ Nelson 2019, p. 201.
^ Goffart 1986, p. 62.
^ Nelson 2019, p. 321.
^ Fried 2016, p. 196.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 270–271.
^ Fried 2016, pp. 83–85.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 272–275.
^ Nelson 2019, p. 274.
^ Nelson 2019, p. 105.
^ McKitterick 2008, p. 84.
^ Goffart 1986, p. 89.
^ Collins 1998, p. 40.
^ Fried 2016, p. 50-51.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 91, 107, 285–286.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 274–275.
^ Goffart 1986, p. 81.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 285–287, 438.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 376–377.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 382–383.
^ Nelson 2019, p. 420.
^ Collins 1998, p. 169.
^ Fried 2016, p. 457.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 420–421.
^ Fried 2016, p. 280.
^ Fried 2016, p. 477.
^ Collins 1998, p. 157.
^ Nelson 2019, p. 432-435.
^ Fried 2016, pp. 462–463.
^ Nelson 2019, p. 440, 453.
^ Nelson 2019, p. 474.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 454, 474.
^ Nelson 2019, pp. 474–474.
^ Collins 1998, p. 158.
^ Nelson 2019, p. 476, 483–484.

Bibliography

Collins, Roger (1998). Charlemagne. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-333-65055-4.
Fried, Johannes (2016). Charlemagne. trans. Peter Lewis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674737396.
Goffart, Walter (1986). "Paul the Deacon's 'Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium' and the Early Design of Charlemagne's Succession". Traditio. 42: 59–93. doi:10.1017/S0362152900004049.
Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520314207.
McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-47285-2.

^ A 770 letter by Pope Stephen III describes both Carloman and Charlemagne "by [God's] will and decision...joined in lawful marriage...[with] wives of great beauty from the same fatherland as yourselves."^[19] Stephen wrote this in the context of attempting to dissuade either king from entering into a marriage alliance with Desiderius.^[20] By 784, at Charlemagne's court, Paul the Deacon wrote that their son Pepin was born "before legal marriage", but whether he means Charles and Himiltrude were never married, were joined in a non-canonical marriage or friedelehe, or if they married after Pepin was born is unclear.^[21] Roger Collins^[22], Johannes Fried^[23], and Janet Nelson^[24] all portray Himiltrude as a wife of Charlemagne in some capacity.

Regnal titles
Charles the Younger Carolingian dynasty Cadet branch of the 772 Born: April 773 Died: 4 December 811
Preceded by Charlemagne as sole king	King of the Franks 800–811 with Charlemagne (800–811)	Succeeded by Charlemagne as sole king
Preceded by Grifo	Duke of Maine 790–811	Succeeded by Louis the German

[FOOTNOTENelson2019133-1] Nelson 2019, p. 133.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019142–144-2] Nelson 2019, pp. 142–144.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019147–148-3] Nelson 2019, pp. 147–148.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019443-4] Nelson 2019, p. 443.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019181-5] Nelson 2019, p. 181.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019182–186-6] Nelson 2019, pp. 182–186.

[FOOTNOTEFried2016136-7] Fried 2016, p. 136.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019186-8] Nelson 2019, p. 186.

[FOOTNOTEGoffart198660–62-9] Goffart 1986, pp. 60–62.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019270-10] Nelson 2019, p. 270.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019201-11] Nelson 2019, p. 201.

[FOOTNOTEGoffart198662-12] Goffart 1986, p. 62.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019321-13] Nelson 2019, p. 321.

[FOOTNOTEFried2016196-14] Fried 2016, p. 196.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019270–271-15] Nelson 2019, pp. 270–271.

[FOOTNOTEFried201683–85-16] Fried 2016, pp. 83–85.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019272–275-17] Nelson 2019, pp. 272–275.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019274-18] Nelson 2019, p. 274.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019105-19] Nelson 2019, p. 105.

[FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200884-20] McKitterick 2008, p. 84.

[FOOTNOTEGoffart198689-21] Goffart 1986, p. 89.

[FOOTNOTECollins199840-22] Collins 1998, p. 40.

[FOOTNOTEFried201650-51-23] Fried 2016, p. 50-51.

[FOOTNOTENelson201991,_107,_285–286-24] Nelson 2019, pp. 91, 107, 285–286.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019274–275-26] Nelson 2019, pp. 274–275.

[FOOTNOTEGoffart198681-27] Goffart 1986, p. 81.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019285–287,_438-28] Nelson 2019, pp. 285–287, 438.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019376–377-29] Nelson 2019, pp. 376–377.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019382–383-30] Nelson 2019, pp. 382–383.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019420-31] Nelson 2019, p. 420.

[FOOTNOTECollins1998169-32] Collins 1998, p. 169.

[FOOTNOTEFried2016457-33] Fried 2016, p. 457.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019420–421-34] Nelson 2019, pp. 420–421.

[FOOTNOTEFried2016280-35] Fried 2016, p. 280.

[FOOTNOTEFried2016477-36] Fried 2016, p. 477.

[FOOTNOTECollins1998157-37] Collins 1998, p. 157.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019432-435-38] Nelson 2019, p. 432-435.

[FOOTNOTEFried2016462–463-39] Fried 2016, pp. 462–463.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019440,_453-40] Nelson 2019, p. 440, 453.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019474-41] Nelson 2019, p. 474.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019454,_474-42] Nelson 2019, pp. 454, 474.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019474–474-43] Nelson 2019, pp. 474–474.

[FOOTNOTECollins1998158-44] Collins 1998, p. 158.

[FOOTNOTENelson2019476,_483–484-45] Nelson 2019, p. 476, 483–484.

[25] A 770 letter by Pope Stephen III describes both Carloman and Charlemagne "by [God's] will and decision...joined in lawful marriage...[with] wives of great beauty from the same fatherland as yourselves."^[19] Stephen wrote this in the context of attempting to dissuade either king from entering into a marriage alliance with Desiderius.^[20] By 784, at Charlemagne's court, Paul the Deacon wrote that their son Pepin was born "before legal marriage", but whether he means Charles and Himiltrude were never married, were joined in a non-canonical marriage or friedelehe, or if they married after Pepin was born is unclear.^[21] Roger Collins^[22], Johannes Fried^[23], and Janet Nelson^[24] all portray Himiltrude as a wife of Charlemagne in some capacity.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[a]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Frankish noble, son of Charlemagne}}
 {{Infobox royalty
-| succession     = [[King of the Franks]]<br><small>'''''with [[Charlemagne]]'''''</small>
-| coronation     = 25 December 800
 | succession1    = [[Duke of Maine]]
-| reign1         = 790–811
+| reign1         = 780–811
-| predecessor1   = [[Grifo (noble)|Grifo]]
+| predecessor1   =
-| successor1     = [[Louis the German]]
+| successor1     =
 | birth_date     = {{circa|772}}
 | birth_place    =
@@ Line 15: / Line 13: @@
 }}
 {{Carolingians}}
-'''Charles the Younger''' or '''Charles of Ingelheim''' (c. 772 – 4 December 811) was a member of the [[Carolingian dynasty]], the second son of [[Charlemagne]] and the first by his second wife, [[Hildegard, wife of Charlemagne|Hildegard of Swabia]]<ref>Himiltrude, by whom Charlemagne had a son, [[Pepin the Hunchback]], was a concubine or common law wife. See Riche, Pierre, ''The Carolingians'', p.86 ("Although he already had a son by his concubine, Himiltrude..."); Chamberlin, Russell, ''The Emperor Charlemagne'', p.61: "he made the first of those confusing sexual relationships which was something more than concubinage, less than marriage...the Franks called it ''friedelehe'', and it could perhaps be compared with the English system of common-law wife or husband..."</ref> and brother of [[Louis the Pious]] and [[Pepin Carloman]].  When Charlemagne divided his empire among his sons, his son Charles was designated [[King of the Franks]].
+'''Charles the Younger''' ({{circa|772}} – 4 December 811) was the son of the Frankish ruler [[Charlemagne]] and his wife [[Hildegard (queen)|Queen Hildegard]]. Charlemagne's second son, Charles gained favour over his older, potentially illegitimate half brother [[Pepin the Hunchback|Pepin]]. Charles was entrusted with lands and important military commands by his father. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned as [[Holy Roman Emperor|emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]], and during this ceremony Charles was anointed as a king. Charles was designated as the heir of the bulk of Charlemagne's lands but predeceased his father, leaving the empire to be inherited by his younger brother [[Louis the Pious]].
-== Life ==
+==Life==
+Charles was born in 772 or 773 to the Frankish king [[Charlemagne]] and his wife [[Hildegard (queen)|Hildegard]]. Charles was Charlemagne's second son, having an older half-brother named [[Pepin the Hunchback|Pepin]], called Pepin the Hunchback. In 774, as Charlemagne was [[Siege of Pavia (773–774)|besieging Pavia]], capital of the [[Lombard Kingdom]], he sent for Hildegard and his sons to join the army at the camp outside the city.{{snf|Nelson|2019|p=133}} Charlemagne conquered the city by June 774, becoming [[king of the Lombards]] in addition to being king of the Franks.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=142–144}} Charlemagne and his family returned north to Francia by July or August.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=147-148}} There is little recorded of the rest of Charles' childhood. It is known that Charlemagne had all his children educated in the [[Liberal arts education#history|liberal arts]], and his sons received training in riding, combat, and hunting.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=443}}
-His eldest half-brother, [[Pippin the Hunchback]], had been sent to the monastery of [[Prüm]] in 792 after having been involved in a rebellion against their father, Charlemagne.<ref name="Collins1998">{{cite book|author=Roger Collins|title=Charlemagne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05IVoPSfb48C&pg=PA125|year=1998|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8218-3|pages=125–}}</ref> Of his younger brothers, [[Pepin of Italy|Carloman]] (renamed [[Pepin of Italy|Pippin]]) and [[Louis the Pious]], were appointed sub-kings of [[Italy]] and [[Aquitaine]].<ref name="Becher2003">{{cite book|author=Matthias Becher|title=Charlemagne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbbMcYpuQswC&pg=PA127|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-10758-6|pages=127–}}</ref>
+In 781, Charlemagne and Hildegard brought their younger children, including their sons [[Pepin of Italy|Carloman]] and [[Louis the Pious|Louis]] to Rome, leaving Pepin and Charles in Francia.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=181}} In Rome, Pope Adrian baptized the children, and in the process Carloman was renamed Pepin, now sharing a name with his half-brother.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=182–186}} The newly renamed Pepin and Louis were also then anointed and crowned, Pepin appointed king of the Lombards and Louis [[king of Aquitaine]].{{sfn|Fried|2016|p=136}} The two new kings, still young children, were sent to their new kingdoms to be raised by regents and advisors in their own courts.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=186}} Italy and Aquitaine were additions to Charlemagne's realm, and it is possible that in assigning them to his younger sons, Charlemagne intended the core Frankish kingdom to be a split inheritance between Charles and the elder Pepin.{{sfn|Goffart|1986|pp=60–62}}
-Charles was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons, whose border he shared and who rebelled on at least two occasions and were easily put down, but he was also sent against the Saxons on multiple occasions. Charles' father outlived him, however, and the entire kingdom thus went to his younger brother Louis the Pious, Pippin also having died.
+Charles received his first command as he came of age in 784,{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=270}} leading an army in Westphalia during a campaign of the [[Saxon Wars]].{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=201}} From then on, Charles "gained continual prominence a his father's deputy"{{sfn|Goffart|1986|p=62}} and he would continue to be given army commands in Saxony.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=321}} In 789, Charlemagne granted Charles rule of "the kingdom west of the [[Seine]],"{{sfn|Fried|2016|p=196}} corresponding to the [[Maine (province)#Early Middle Ages|Duchy of Maine]] in [[Neustria]].{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=270}} With his father's permission, Charles proposed to wed [[Ælfflæd of Mercia|Ælfflæd]], daughter of King [[Offa of Mercia]] and enter an alliance with the Anglo-Saxon king. Offa was amenable, but insisted that Charles' sister [[Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne|Bertha]] also be married to his own son. Charlemagne was insulted by this, and the marriage did not occur.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=270–271}} This caused discord between Charlemagne and Offa that was only ended with a treaty in 796.{{sfn|Fried|2016|pp=83–85}}
-Around 789, it was suggested by Charlemagne that Charles the Younger should be married to [[Offa of Mercia|Offa's]] daughter [[Ælfflæd of Mercia|Ælfflæd]]. Offa insisted that the marriage could only go ahead if Charlemagne's daughter Bertha was married to Offa's son [[Ecgfrith of Mercia|Ecgfrith]]. Charlemagne took offence, broke off contact, and closed his ports to English traders.<ref name="FrydeReitz2009">{{cite book|author1=Natalie Fryde|author2=Dirk Reitz|title=Walls, Ramparts, and Lines of Demarcation: Selected Studies from Antiquity to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9_moud2DyQC&pg=PA41|year=2009|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-9478-8|pages=41–}}</ref> Eventually, normal relations were reestablished and the ports were reopened. Just a few years later, in 796, Charlemagne and Offa concluded the first commercial treaty known in English history.
+[[File:Frankish Empire 481 to 814-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map of the Frankish empire. Charles ruled the portion of Neustria west of the Seine during his lifetime, and was intended to inherit the majority of the kingdom.]]
+Dissension seemingly grew between Charles and his elder half-brother. [[Wandelbert]], a monk writing in the mid-ninth century, recounts a story of the two brothers travelling with their father down the Rhine, each in their own boat. By chance, both stopped at the [[Sankt Goar#history|church dedicated]] to [[Goar of Aquitaine|Saint Goar]] and, moved by the holiness of the church and the saint, "they now came together in brotherly concord and a pledge of friendship."{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=272–275}} This dissension between Charles and Pepin was likely over the succession.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=274}} Pepin was the son of [[Himiltrude]], whose precise relationship with Charlemagne was unclear.{{efn|A 770 letter by [[Pope Stephen III]] describes both Carloman and Charlemagne "by [God's] will and decision...joined in lawful marriage...[with] wives of great beauty from the same fatherland as yourselves."{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=105}} Stephen wrote this in the context of attempting to dissuade either king from entering into a marriage alliance with Desiderius.{{sfn|McKitterick|2008|p=84}} By 784, at Charlemagne's court, Paul the Deacon wrote that their son Pepin was born "before legal marriage", but whether he means Charles and Himiltrude were never married, were joined in a non-canonical marriage or {{lang|de|[[Friedelehe|friedelehe]]}}, or if they married after Pepin was born is unclear.{{sfn|Goffart|1986|p=89}} Roger Collins{{sfn|Collins|1998|p=40}}, Johannes Fried{{sfn|Fried|2016|p=50-51}}, and Janet Nelson{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp= 91, 107, 285-286}} all portray Himiltrude as a wife of Charlemagne in some capacity.}} By the 780s, Pepin was seen as illegitimate, and though earlier Frankish inheritance practices did not distinguish sons by their mother's marital status, it seems this distinction was becoming important.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=274–275}} This apparent sidelining of Pepin was signaled by Charles' status as his father's deputy on campaigns, while Pepin received no such commands.{{sfn|Goffart|1986|p=81}} Following his grant of lands in Maine, Charles began to be described as {{lang|la|primogenitus}}, or "first-born", despite Pepin being older.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=270}} In 792, Pepin conspired with Bavarian nobles to assassinate Charlemagne, Charles, Pepin and Louis (who had all gathered at [[Regensburg]]) and install himself as king. The plot was discovered and revealed to Charlemagne. Pepin was sent to a monastery and many of his co-conspirators were executed.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=285-287, 438}}
-His father associated Charles in the government of [[Francia]] and [[Saxony]] in 790, and installed him as ruler of the ''ducatus Cenomannicus'' (corresponding to the later [[Duke of Maine|Duchy of Maine]]) with the title of king.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://home.eckerd.edu/~oberhot/feud-maine.htm | title=Counts of Maine | accessdate=2006-11-04}}</ref> Charles was crowned [[King of the Franks]] at Rome 25 December, 800, the same day his father was crowned Emperor.
+In 800 Charles joined his father in surveying his lands and defenses in Neustria where Danish pirates had been raiding, before the two travelled to Rome together.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=376—377}} Charlemagne went to Rome to oversee the restoration of [[Pope Leo III]]. At mass on Christmas Day, 25 December 800, Leo crowned Charlemagne as [[Holy Roman Emperor|emperor]] and anointed Charles as a king.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=382–383}}
-He killed [[Sorbs|Sorbian]] duke [[Miliduch]] and Slavic [[Knez (title)|Knez]], [[Nussito]] (''[[Nessyta]]'') near modern-day [[Weißenfels]] in a [[Franks|Frankish]] campaign in 806.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Bohemia |last=Vickers |first=Robert H. |year=1894 |publisher=C. H. Sergel Company |location=Chicago |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofbohemia00vick/page/48 48]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbohemia00vick}}</ref>
+Charles continued to be a key lieutenant and military leader for his father{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=420}}, as Charlemagne rarely led armies directly in his later year.{{sfn|Collins|1998|p=169}} In 804, Charles was assigned the privilege of escorting Leo III north on the Pope's final visit to Francia.{{sfn|Fried|2016|p=457}} Frankish annals record Charles' successful campaigns against the [[Bohemians (tribe)|Bohemians]], [[Sorbs]], and other Slavic groups in 805 and 806.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=420–421}}{{sfn|Fried|2016|p=280}} In 806, Charlemagne issued the {{lang|la|Divisio Regnorum}}, which outlined formalized plans for the inheritance of the empire upon his death. Charles, as his eldest son in good favour, was given the largest share of the inheritance, with rule of Francia proper along with Saxony, [[Margraviate of the Nordgau|Nordgau]], and parts of Alemannia. Louis and the younger Pepin were confirmed in their kingdoms of Aquitaine and Italy, and gained additional territories, with most of Bavaria and Alemmannia given to Pepin and Provence, Septimania, and parts of Burgundy to Louis.{{sfn|Fried|2016|p=477}} Charlemagne did not address the inheritance of the imperial title.{{sfn|Collins|1998|p=157}} The {{lang|la|Divisio}} also addressed the death of any of the brothers, and urged peace between them and between any of their nephews who might inherit.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=432-435}} In 808, Charles led the Frankish armies that responded to the incursion of the Danish king [[Gudfred]].{{sfn|Fried|2016|pp=462–463}}
-On 4 December 811, in [[Bavaria]], Charles had a stroke and died. He left no children. In the [[Matter of France]], Charles is fictionalized as [[Charlot]].
+Charlemagne's succession plans did not come to fruition. Pepin of Italy, along with his sister [[Rotrude]], aunt [[Gisela, Abbess of Chelles]], and his half brother Pepin the Hunchback died in quick succession in 810–811.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=440, 453}} Charles followed them, dying on 11 December 811.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=474}} All were possibly victims of an epidemic that had spread from cattle in 810.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=454, 474}} Charles' place of death and burial are unknown.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|pp=474–474}} In the wake of these deaths, Charlemagne declared Pepin's son [[Bernard of Italy|Bernard]] ruler of Italy, and his own only surviving son Louis as heir to the rest of the empire.{{sfn|Collins|1998|p=158}} Louis was crowned as emperor in 813, and would fully succeed Charlemagne upon his death in 814.{{sfn|Nelson|2019|p=476, 483–484}}
 ==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{reflist}}
+===Bibliography===
+{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFEinhard,_putative741–829}}
+<!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name -->
+{{Refbegin|30em}}
+* {{cite book | last=Collins | first=Roger | year=1998 | title=Charlemagne | location=Toronto | publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn= 978-0-333-65055-4}}
+* {{cite book|last=Fried|first=Johannes|title=Charlemagne|year=2016|others=trans. Peter Lewis|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=978-0674737396}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Goffart |first1=Walter |date=1986 |title=[[Paul the Deacon]]'s 'Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium' and the Early Design of Charlemagne's Succession |url= |journal=Traditio |volume=42 |issue= |pages=59–93 |doi= 10.1017/S0362152900004049 }}
+* {{cite book|first=Janet L.|last=Nelson|author-link=Janet Nelson|title=King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne |location=Oakland |publisher=University of California Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780520314207 }}
+* {{cite book|first=Rosamond|last=McKitterick|title=Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=kxb8kR4hvbQC|page=91}}|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-47285-2|author-link=Rosamond McKitterick|location=Cambridge}}
+{{Refend}}
+{{notelist}}
 {{s-start}}

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Germany
People	Deutsche Biographie

Carolingian dynasty

Pippinids Pippin the Elder (c. 580–640) Grimoald (616–656) Childebert the Adopted (d. 662)
Arnulfings Arnulf of Metz (582–640) Ansegisel (d. 662 or 679) Chlodulf of Metz (d. 696 or 697) Pepin of Herstal (635–714) Grimoald II (d. 714) Drogo of Champagne (670–708) Theudoald (d. 741)
Carolingians Charles Martel (686–741) Carloman (d. 754) Pepin the Short (714–768) Carloman I (751–771) Charlemagne (742–814) Pepin the Hunchback (768–811) Charles the Younger (772–811) Pepin of Italy (773–810) Louis the Pious (778–840) Pepin I of Aquitaine (797–838)
After the Treaty of Verdun (843) Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor (795–855; Middle Francia) Charles the Bald (823–877) (West Francia) Louis the German (804–876) (East Francia)
v t e