Kynurenic acid: Difference between revisions
CopperKettle (talk | contribs) m →Role in disease: del underscore in TBE link |
CopperKettle (talk | contribs) some more on kynurenic hypothesis of schizophrenia, with a couple of refs; rewamped the Liebig ref |
||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
'''Kynurenic acid''' is a product of the normal metabolism of amino acid L-[[tryptophan]]. It is formed from L-[[kynurenine]], a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme [[kynurenine—oxoglutarate transaminase]]. It has been shown that kynurenic acid possesses neuroactive activity. It acts as an antiexcitotoxic and [[anticonvulsant]], most likely through acting as an antagonist at excitatory amino acid receptors. Because of this activity, it may influence important neurophysiologic and neuropathologic processes. As a result, kynurenic acid has been considered for use in therapy in certain neurobiological disorders. Conversely, increased levels of kynurenic acid have also been linked to certain pathological conditions. |
'''Kynurenic acid''' is a product of the normal metabolism of amino acid L-[[tryptophan]]. It is formed from L-[[kynurenine]], a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme [[kynurenine—oxoglutarate transaminase]]. It has been shown that kynurenic acid possesses neuroactive activity. It acts as an antiexcitotoxic and [[anticonvulsant]], most likely through acting as an antagonist at excitatory amino acid receptors. Because of this activity, it may influence important neurophysiologic and neuropathologic processes. As a result, kynurenic acid has been considered for use in therapy in certain neurobiological disorders. Conversely, increased levels of kynurenic acid have also been linked to certain pathological conditions. |
||
Kynurenic acid was discovered in 1853 by the German chemist [[Justus von Liebig]] in dog urine |
Kynurenic acid was discovered in 1853 by the German chemist [[Justus von Liebig]] in dog urine.<!-- |
||
| ⚫ | |||
== Role in disease == |
== Role in disease == |
||
High levels of kynurenic acid have been identified in patients suffering from [[tick-borne encephalitis]], [[schizophrenia]] and [[HIV]]-related illnesses. In all these situations increased levels were associated with confusion and psychotic symptoms. Kynurenic acid acts in the [[brain]] as a glycine-site [[NMDA receptor|NMDAr]] antagonist, key in glutamatergic neurotransmission system, which is thought to be involved in the [[pathophysiology]] of the mental illness. |
High levels of kynurenic acid have been identified in patients suffering from [[tick-borne encephalitis]], [[schizophrenia]] and [[HIV]]-related illnesses. In all these situations increased levels were associated with confusion and psychotic symptoms. Kynurenic acid acts in the [[brain]] as a glycine-site [[NMDA receptor|NMDAr]] antagonist, key in glutamatergic neurotransmission system, which is thought to be involved in the [[pathophysiology]] of the mental illness. |
||
A kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia has been proposed in 2007,<!-- |
|||
--><ref name="pmid17573079">{{cite journal |author=Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Nilsson L, Linderholm K, Engberg G |title=The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia |journal=Physiol. Behav. |volume=92 |issue=1-2 |pages=203–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17573079 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.025}}</ref><ref name="pmid15206728">{{cite journal |author=Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Engberg G |title=Kynurenic acid and schizophrenia |journal=Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. |volume=527 |issue= |pages=155–65 |year=2003 |pmid=15206728 |doi=}}</ref><!-- |
|||
--> based on its action on midbrain dopamine activity and NMDArs, thus linking [[dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia]] with the [[glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia|glutamate hypothesis]] of the disease. |
|||
High levels of kynurenic acid have been identified in human urine in certain metabolic disorders, such as marked [[pyridoxine]] |
High levels of kynurenic acid have been identified in human urine in certain metabolic disorders, such as marked [[pyridoxine]] |
||
deficiency and deficiency/absence of [[kynureninase]]. |
deficiency and deficiency/absence of [[kynureninase]]. |
||
== |
==References== |
||
{{Reflist|2}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:Aromatic acids]] |
[[Category:Aromatic acids]] |
||
Revision as of 03:06, 8 November 2007
| Kynurenic acid | |
|---|---|
| |
| Systematic name | 4-oxo-1H-quinoline-2-carboxylic acid |
| Other names | Kinurenic acid, kynuronic acid, quinurenic acid, transtorine |
| Chemical formula | C10H7N1O3 |
| Molecular mass | 189.168 g/mol |
| Density | x.xxx g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 282.5°C |
| Boiling point | xx.x °C |
| CAS number | 492-27-3 |
| SMILES | C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=O)C=C(N2)C(=O)O |
| Disclaimer and references | |
Kynurenic acid is a product of the normal metabolism of amino acid L-tryptophan. It is formed from L-kynurenine, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme kynurenine—oxoglutarate transaminase. It has been shown that kynurenic acid possesses neuroactive activity. It acts as an antiexcitotoxic and anticonvulsant, most likely through acting as an antagonist at excitatory amino acid receptors. Because of this activity, it may influence important neurophysiologic and neuropathologic processes. As a result, kynurenic acid has been considered for use in therapy in certain neurobiological disorders. Conversely, increased levels of kynurenic acid have also been linked to certain pathological conditions.
Kynurenic acid was discovered in 1853 by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in dog urine.[1]
Role in disease
High levels of kynurenic acid have been identified in patients suffering from tick-borne encephalitis, schizophrenia and HIV-related illnesses. In all these situations increased levels were associated with confusion and psychotic symptoms. Kynurenic acid acts in the brain as a glycine-site NMDAr antagonist, key in glutamatergic neurotransmission system, which is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of the mental illness.
A kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia has been proposed in 2007,[2][3] based on its action on midbrain dopamine activity and NMDArs, thus linking dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia with the glutamate hypothesis of the disease.
High levels of kynurenic acid have been identified in human urine in certain metabolic disorders, such as marked pyridoxine deficiency and deficiency/absence of kynureninase.
References
- ^ Liebig, J., Uber Kynurensäure, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 86: 125-126, 1853.
- ^ Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Nilsson L, Linderholm K, Engberg G (2007). "The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia". Physiol. Behav. 92 (1–2): 203–9. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.025. PMID 17573079.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Engberg G (2003). "Kynurenic acid and schizophrenia". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 527: 155–65. PMID 15206728.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)