Ramaria botrytis: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Luckas-bot (talk | contribs)
929,662 edits
m robot Adding: sv:Druvfingersvamp
list-define refs; ce
Line 2: Line 2:
| image = Ramaria botrytis 31768.jpg
| image = Ramaria botrytis 31768.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = '
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
Line 12: Line 12:
| binomial = ''Ramaria botrytis''
| binomial = ''Ramaria botrytis''
| binomial_authority = ([[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]) [[Adalbert Ricken|Ricken]]
| binomial_authority = ([[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]) [[Adalbert Ricken|Ricken]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlFungorum: Ramaria botrytis"/>
| synonyms = ''Clavaria botrytis'' <small>Pers.</small><br>
| synonyms = ''Clavaria botrytis'' <small>Pers.</small><br>
''Clavaria botrytis'' var. ''alba'' <small>A. Pearson</small><br>
''Clavaria botrytis'' var. ''alba'' <small>[[Arthur Anselm Pearson|A. Pearson]]</small><br>
''Corallium botrytis'' <small>(Pers.) Hahn</small>
''Corallium botrytis'' <small>(Pers.) Hahn</small>
}}
}}
Line 19: Line 20:


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The species was first names as ''Clavaria botrytis'' in 1797 by [[Christian Hendrik Persoon]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Commentatio de Fungis Clavaeformibus |last=Persoon CH |year= 1797 |page=42 |language=Latin}}</ref> It was given its current name in 1918 by [[Adalbert Ricken]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Vademecum für Pilzfreunde |last=Ricken A. |year=1918 |page=253}}</ref> The [[specific epithet]] is derived from the [[Latin]] word meaning "bunch of grapes".<ref name=Metzler1992>{{cite book |author=Metzler V, Metzler S. |title=Texas Mushrooms: a Field Guide |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |year=1992 |page=244 |isbn=0-292-75125-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HRtfvVigMmsC&lpg=PA244&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA244#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-12}}]</ref>
The species was first named as ''Clavaria botrytis'' in 1797 by [[Christian Hendrik Persoon]].<ref name=Persoon1797/> It was given its current name in 1918 by [[Adalbert Ricken]].<ref name=Ricken1918/> The [[specific epithet]] is derived from the [[Latin]] word meaning "bunch of grapes".<ref name=Metzler1992/>


It is [[common name|commonly known]] as the "caulilower coral",<ref name=McKnight1987>{{cite book |author=McKnight VB, McKnight KH. |title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |year=1987 |page=75 |isbn=0-395-91090-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&lpg=PA75&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref> or the "pink-tipped coral mushroom".<ref name=Arora1986>{{cite book |author=Arora D. |title=Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, Calif |year=1986 |page=656 |isbn=0-89815-169-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=86tM01VsFG0C&lpg=RA1-PA656&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=RA1-PA656#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref> In the [[Cofre de Perote]] region of [[Veracruz]], Mexico, the species is known commonly as ''escobea'', meaning "little broom", or ''pechuga'', meaning "breast meat of chicken";<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jarvis MC, Miller AM, Sheahan J, Ploetz K, Ploetz J, Watson RR, Ruiz MP, Villapan CAP, Alvarado JG, Ramirez AL, Orr B. |year=2004 |title=Edible wild mushrooms of the Cofre de Perote region, Veracruz, Mexico: An ethnomycological study of common names and uses |journal=Economic Botany |volume=58 |issue= |pages=S111–S115 |issn=0013-0001}}</ref> in Italy, it is called ''ditola''.<ref name=Pieroni1999/>
The mushroom is [[common name|commonly known]] as the "caulilower coral",<ref name=McKnight1987/> or the "pink-tipped coral mushroom".<ref name=Arora1986>{{cite book |author=Arora D. |title=Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, Calif |year=1986 |page=656 |isbn=0-89815-169-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=86tM01VsFG0C&lpg=RA1-PA656&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=RA1-PA656#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref> In the [[Cofre de Perote]] region of [[Veracruz]], Mexico, the species is known commonly as ''escobea'', meaning "little broom", or ''pechuga'', meaning "breast meat of chicken";<ref name=Jarvis2004/> in Italy, it is called ''ditola''.<ref name=Pieroni1999/>


==Description==
==Description==
The [[basidiocarp|fruit bodies]] produced by this fungus may grow up to {{convert|10|to|12|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter and {{convert|7|to|12|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} tall. They are fleshy rounded masses with a short stout, base, densely branched above, white to [[buff (color)|buff]] in color, with the tips of the branches reddish. The [[stipe (mycology)|stem]] is short, thick—between {{convert|1.5|to|6|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} thick—and tapering below. Initially white in color, in age it turns [[tan (color)|tan]] or pale yellow.<ref name=Arora1986/> The branching is irregular, with the primary branches few and thick (2–3&nbsp;cm), and the final branches slender (2–3&nbsp;mm), more or less dichotomous. The [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is solid and white.
The [[basidiocarp|fruit bodies]] produced by the fungus may grow up to {{convert|10|to|12|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter and {{convert|7|to|12|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} tall. They are fleshy rounded masses with a short stout base, densely branched above, white to [[buff (color)|buff]] in color, with the tips of the branches reddish. The [[stipe (mycology)|stem]] is short and thick—between {{convert|1.5|and|6|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} thick—and tapering below. Initially white in color, in age it turns [[tan (color)|tan]] or pale yellow.<ref name=Arora1986/> The branching is irregular, with the primary branches few and thick (2–3&nbsp;cm), and the final branches slender (2–3&nbsp;mm), and more or less dichotomous. The [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is solid and white.


===Microscopic characteristics===
===Microscopic characteristics===
Viewed in [[spore print|deposit]], the [[basidiospore|spores]] are pale yellow. Microscopically, they have fine longitudinal or oblique striations that often fuse together in a vein-like network; their dimensions are 12–16 by 4–5&nbsp;[[micrometre|µm]].<ref name=Burt1922/> The spore-bearing cells, the [[basidia]], are 4-spored, and 50–70 by 8–12&nbsp;µm. The [[hypha]]e have [[clamp connection]]s.<ref name=Ellis1990>{{cite book |author=Ellis JB, Ellis MB. |title=Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London |year=1990 |page=167 |isbn=0-412-36970-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vowdIZ7GqD4C&lpg=PA167&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref>
Viewed in [[spore print|deposit]], the [[basidiospore|spores]] are pale yellow. Microscopically, they have fine longitudinal or oblique striations that often fuse together in a vein-like network; their dimensions are 12–16 by 4–5&nbsp;[[micrometre|µm]].<ref name=Burt1922/> The spore-bearing cells, the [[basidia]], are four-spored, and measure 50–70 by 8–12&nbsp;µm. The [[hypha]]e have [[clamp connection]]s.<ref name=Ellis1990/>


===Edibility===
===Edibility===
''Ramaria botrytis'' is an edible species, and some rate it as choice.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mushrooms of northeastern North America |last=Bessette A, Bessette AR, Fischer DW. |year= 1997|publisher=Syracuse University Press |location= |isbn=978-0815603887 |pages=421–22 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T2uU12XcRD4C&lpg=PA421&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA422#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false |accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref> However, one field guide rates the [[edible mushroom|edibility]] as "questionable", warning of the possible danger of confusing specimens with the poisonous ''Ramaria formosa''.<ref name=McKnight1987/> Mycologist [[David Arora]] warns of [[laxative]] effects.<ref name=Arora1986/> The odor is not distinctive, while the taste is "slight", or "fruity".<ref name=Jordan2004>{{cite book |author=Jordan M. |title=The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe |publisher=Frances Lincoln |location=London |year=2004 |page=86 |isbn=0-7112-2378-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bFMfytLn3bEC&lpg=PA88&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false |accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref> In the Gafagnana region of central Italy, the mushroom is stewed, or pickled in oil.<ref name=Pieroni1999/><ref>{{cite book |title=Mediterranean Vegetables: a Cook's ABC of Vegetables and their Preparation |last= Wright CA. |year= 2001|publisher=Harvard Common Press |location= |isbn=978-1558321960 |page= 228|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tka838efZvkC&lpg=PA228&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA228#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false |accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref>
''Ramaria botrytis'' is an [[edible mushroom|edible]] species, and some rate it as choice.<ref name=Bessette1997/> However, one field guide rates the [[edible mushroom|edibility]] as "questionable", warning of the possible danger of confusing specimens with the poisonous ''Ramaria formosa''.<ref name=McKnight1987/> Mycologist [[David Arora]] warns of [[laxative]] effects.<ref name=Arora1986/> The odor is not distinctive, while the taste is "slight", or "fruity".<ref name=Jordan2004/> In the Gafagnana region of central Italy, the mushroom is stewed, or pickled in oil.<ref name=Pieroni1999/><ref name=Wright2001/>


==Habitat and distribution==
==Habitat and distribution==
It is found on the ground solitary, scattered, or in small groups among leaves in woods;<ref name=Burt1922>{{cite journal |author=Burt EA. |year=1922 |title=The North American species of ''Clavaria'' with illustrations of the type specimens |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–78}}</ref> it can alo grow in [[fairy ring|rings]].<ref name=Arora1986/> A Korean study determined that it was prevalent at sites that also produced the choice edible species ''[[Tricholoma matsutake]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Na J-S, Ryu J. |year=1992 |title=Survey on the flora and main wild mushroom in ''Tricholoma matsutake'' producing sites |journal=Korean Journal of Mycology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=144–48|issn=0253-651X}}</ref> ''Ramaria botrytis'' is classified as a "snowbank fungus", meaning it commonly fruits near the edges of melting snowbanks in the spring.<ref name=Arora1986>{{cite book |author=Arora D. |title=Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, Calif |year=1986 |pages=46–47 |isbn=0-89815-169-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=86tM01VsFG0C&lpg=PA46&dq=arora%20snowbank&lr=&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q=&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref>
Fruit bodies of ''Ramaria botrytis'' are found on the ground growing solitarily, scattered, or in small groups among leaves in woods;<ref name=Burt1922/> it can alo grow in [[fairy ring|rings]].<ref name=Arora1986/> A Korean study determined that it was prevalent at sites that also produced the choice edible species ''[[Tricholoma matsutake]]''.<ref name=Na1992/> ''Ramaria botrytis'' is classified as a "snowbank fungus", meaning it commonly fruits near the edges of melting snowbanks in the spring.<ref name=Arora1986/>


''Ramaria botrytis'' is distributed in Australia,<ref name=May2003/> India (eastern Himalayas),<ref name=Thind1985/> Pakistan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gardezi SRA, Ayub N. |year=2002 |title=Mushrooms of Kashmir – II |journal=Sarhad Journal of Agriculture |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=427–37|issn=1016-4383}}</ref> the Far East of Russia,<ref name=Govorova2003/> Turkey,<ref name=Sesli2006/> [[Tunisia]],<ref name=Saldi2009/> Europe (including the Netherlands,<ref name=Tolsma1999/> Portugal,<ref name=Barros2009/> Italy,<ref name=Pieroni1999/> and Spain<ref name=Rivera2007/>) It has a wide distribution in North America.<ref name=McKnight1987/>
''Ramaria botrytis'' is distributed in Australia,<ref name=May2003>{{cite book |title=Fungi of Australia |last=May TW, Milne J, Shingles S, Jones RH. |year=2008 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |location= |isbn=978-0643069077 |page=65 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mTJsa5a3ZpcC&lpg=PA65&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false |accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref> India (eastern Himalayas),<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thind KS, Sharda RM. |year=1985 |title=The genus ''Ramaria'' in the eastern Himalayas – subgenera ''Ramaria'', ''Echinoramaria'' and ''Lentoramaria'' |journal= Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences—Plant Sciences |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=51–64|issn=0370-0097 }}</ref> Pakistan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gardezi SRA, Ayub N. |year=2002 |title=Mushrooms of Kashmir – II |journal=Sarhad Journal of Agriculture |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=427–37|issn=1016-4383}}</ref> the Far East of Russia,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Govorova OK. |year=2003 |title=Species of the genus ''Ramaria'' (subgenus ''Ramaria'') in the Russian Far East |journal=Mikologiya I Fitopatologiya |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=8–12 |language=Russian|issn=0026-3648}}</ref> Turkey,<ref>{{cite journal |author= Sesli E.|year= 2006|title=Concentrations of trace elements in fruiting bodies of wild growing fungi in Rize province of Turkey |journal=Asian Journal of Chemistry |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=2179–84 |issn=0970-7077}}</ref> [[Tunisia]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Saldi Y, Hasnaoui F. |year=2009 |title=Contribution to the Sylvester mushroom inventory and estimation of the production on permanent plots in Kroumirie, Tunisia|journal=EFI Proceedings|work=Modelling, valuing and managing Mediterranean forest ecosystems for non-timber goods and services, Palencia, Spain, 26-27 October 2007 |volume= |issue=57 |pages=119–125 |url= |doi= |pmid= |issn=1237-8801 }}</ref> Europe (including theNetherlands,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tolsma B. |year=1999 |title=A quartet of rarities in Zeist |journal=Coolia |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=36–38 |issn=0929-7839|language= Dutch }}</ref> Portugal,<ref name=Barros2009>{{cite journal |author=Barros L, Duenas M, Ferreira ICFR, Baptista P, Santos-Buelga C.|year=2009 |title= |journal=Phenolic acids determination by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS in sixteen different Portuguese wild mushrooms species |volume= 47|issue=6 |pages=1076–1079 |url= |doi= |pmid=19709581}}</ref> Italy,<ref name=Pieroni1999>{{cite journal |author=Pieroni A. |year=1999 |title=Gathered wild food plants in the upper valley of the Serchio River (Garfagnana), central Italy|journal=Economic Botany |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=327–41}}</ref> and Spain<ref>{{cite journal |author= Rivera D, Obón C, Inocencio C, Heinrich M, Verde A, Fajardo J, Palazón JA. |year=2007 |title=Gathered Food Plants in the Mountains of Castilla–La Mancha (Spain): Ethnobotany and Multivariate Analysis |journal=Economic Botany |volume=61|issue=3 |pages= 269–89|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/d46qkq2u5541206t/ |doi= |pmid= |format=1st page preview }}</ref>) It has a wide distribution in North America.<ref name=McKnight1987/>


==Research==
==Research==
[[Extract]]s of the fruit body of ''Ramaria botrytis'' have been shown to favorably influence the growth and development of [[HeLa]] cells grown in [[tissue culture]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chung KS. |year=1979 |title=The effects of mushroom components on the proliferation of Hela cell line ''in vitro'' |journal=Archives of Pharmacal Research (Seoul) |volume= 2 |issue=1 |pages=25–34|issn=0253-6269}}</ref>
[[Extract]]s of the fruit body of ''Ramaria botrytis'' have been shown to favorably influence the growth and development of [[HeLa]] cells grown in [[tissue culture]].<ref name=Chung1979/>


The species is known to [[bioaccumulate]] the toxic compound [[arsenic]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Slekovec M, Irgolic KJ. |year=1996 |title=Uptake of arsenic by mushrooms from soil |journal=Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability |volume=8 |issue=3–4 |pages=67–73 |issn=0954-2299 }}</ref>
The species is known to [[bioaccumulate]] the toxic compound [[arsenic]].<ref name=Slekovec1996/>


''Ramaria botrytis'' contains the chemical [[nicotianamine]], an [[ACE inhibitor]] ([[angiotensin-converting enzyme]]).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Izawa H, Aoyagi Y. |year=2006 |title=Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme by mushroom |journal=Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology-Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=459–65|language=Japanese|issn=1341-027X }}</ref>
''Ramaria botrytis'' contains the chemical [[nicotianamine]], an [[ACE inhibitor]] ([[angiotensin-converting enzyme]]).<ref name=Izawa2006/>


In a 2009 study of 16 Portuguese wild mushroom species, ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' was shown to have the highest concentration of [[phenols|phenolic acids]] (356.7&nbsp;[[milligram|mg]] per [[kilogram|kg]] of fresh fruit body), made up largely of [[protocatechuic acid]]; it also had the highest [[antioxidant]] capacity.<ref name=Barros2009/>
In a 2009 study of 16 Portuguese wild mushroom species, ''R.&nbsp;botrytis'' was shown to have the highest concentration of [[phenols|phenolic acids]] (356.7&nbsp;[[milligram|mg]] per [[kilogram|kg]] of fresh fruit body), made up largely of [[protocatechuic acid]]; it also had the highest [[antioxidant]] capacity.<ref name=Barros2009/>

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|356843}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
{{reflist|2}}

<ref name=Arora1986>{{cite book |author=Arora D. |title=Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, CA |year=1986 |pages=46–47 |isbn=0-89815-169-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=86tM01VsFG0C&lpg=PA46&dq=arora%20snowbank&lr=&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q=&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref>

<ref name=Barros2009>{{cite journal |author=Barros L, Duenas M, Ferreira ICFR, Baptista P, Santos-Buelga C.|year=2009 |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |title=Phenolic acids determination by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS in sixteen different Portuguese wild mushrooms species |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1076–79 |url= |doi= |pmid=19709581}}</ref>

<ref name=Bessette1997>{{cite book |title=Mushrooms of Northeastern North America |last=Bessette A, Bessette AR, Fischer DW. |year= 1997 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, NY |isbn=978-0815603887 |pages=421–22 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T2uU12XcRD4C&lpg=PA421&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA422#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false |accessdate=2010-09-14}}</ref>

<ref name=Burt1922>{{cite journal |author=Burt EA. |year=1922 |title=The North American species of ''Clavaria'' with illustrations of the type specimens |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–78}}</ref>

<ref name=Chung1979>{{cite journal |author=Chung KS. |year=1979 |title=The effects of mushroom components on the proliferation of Hela cell line ''in vitro'' |journal=Archives of Pharmacal Research (Seoul) |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–34 |issn=0253-6269}}</ref>

<ref name=Ellis1990>{{cite book |author=Ellis JB, Ellis MB. |title=Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London |year=1990 |page=167 |isbn=0-412-36970-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vowdIZ7GqD4C&lpg=PA167&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false|accessdate=2010-09-14}}</ref>

<ref name=Govorova2003>{{cite journal |author=Govorova OK. |year=2003 |title=Species of the genus ''Ramaria'' (subgenus ''Ramaria'') in the Russian Far East |journal=Mikologiya I Fitopatologiya |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=8–12 |language=Russian |issn=0026-3648}}</ref>

<ref name=Izawa2006>{{cite journal |author=Izawa H, Aoyagi Y. |year=2006 |title=Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme by mushroom |journal=Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology-Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=459–65 |language=Japanese |issn=1341-027X }}</ref>

<ref name=Jarvis2004>{{cite journal |author=Jarvis MC, Miller AM, Sheahan J, Ploetz K, Ploetz J, Watson RR, Ruiz MP, Villapan CAP, Alvarado JG, Ramirez AL, Orr B. |year=2004 |title=Edible wild mushrooms of the Cofre de Perote region, Veracruz, Mexico: An ethnomycological study of common names and uses |journal=Economic Botany |volume=58 |issue= |pages=S111–S115 |issn=0013-0001}}</ref>

<ref name=Jordan2004>{{cite book |author=Jordan M. |title=The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe |publisher=Frances Lincoln |location=London |year=2004 |page=86 |isbn=0-7112-2378-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bFMfytLn3bEC&lpg=PA88&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false |accessdate=2010-09-14}}</ref>

<ref name=May2003>{{cite book |title=Fungi of Australia |last=May TW, Milne J, Shingles S, Jones RH. |year=2008 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |location= |isbn=978-0643069077 |page=65 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mTJsa5a3ZpcC&lpg=PA65&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false |accessdate=2010-09-14}}</ref>

<ref name=McKnight1987>{{cite book |author=McKnight VB, McKnight KH. |title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston, MA |year=1987 |page=75 |isbn=0-395-91090-0 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&lpg=PA75&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false |accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref>

<ref name=Metzler1992>{{cite book |author=Metzler V, Metzler S. |title=Texas Mushrooms: a Field Guide |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, TX |year=1992 |page=244 |isbn=0-292-75125-7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HRtfvVigMmsC&lpg=PA244&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA244#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false |accessdate=2010-09-14}}]</ref>

<ref name=Na1992>{{cite journal |author=Na J-S, Ryu J. |year=1992 |title=Survey on the flora and main wild mushroom in ''Tricholoma matsutake'' producing sites |journal=Korean Journal of Mycology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=144–48|issn=0253-651X}}</ref>

<ref name=Persoon1797>{{cite book |title=Commentatio de Fungis Clavaeformibus |last=Persoon CH |year=1797 |location=Leipzig |publisher=Petrum Phillippum Wolf |page=42 |language=Latin |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zlY-AAAAcAAJ&dq=Commentatio%20de%20Fungis%20Clavaeformibus&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>

<ref name=Pieroni1999>{{cite journal |author=Pieroni A. |year=1999 |title=Gathered wild food plants in the upper valley of the Serchio River (Garfagnana), central Italy |journal=Economic Botany |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=327–41 |doi=10.1007/BF02866645}}</ref>

<ref name=Ricken1918>{{cite book |title=Vademecum für Pilzfreunde |last=Ricken A. |year=1918 |page=253 |language=German}}</ref>

<ref name=Rivera2007>{{cite journal |author=Rivera D, Obón C, Inocencio C, Heinrich M, Verde A, Fajardo J, Palazón JA. |year=2007 |title=Gathered Food Plants in the Mountains of Castilla–La Mancha (Spain): Ethnobotany and Multivariate Analysis |journal=Economic Botany |volume=61|issue=3 |pages= 269–89 |doi=10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[269:GFPITM]2.0.CO;2}}</ref>

<ref name=Saldi2009>{{cite journal |author=Saldi Y, Hasnaoui F. |year=2009 |title=Contribution to the Sylvester mushroom inventory and estimation of the production on permanent plots in Kroumirie, Tunisia|journal=EFI Proceedings|work=Modelling, valuing and managing Mediterranean forest ecosystems for non-timber goods and services, Palencia, Spain, 26–27 October 2007 |volume= |issue=57 |pages=119–125 |url= |doi= |pmid= |issn=1237-8801 }}</ref>

<ref name=Sesli2006>{{cite journal |author=Sesli E. |year=2006 |title=Concentrations of trace elements in fruiting bodies of wild growing fungi in Rize province of Turkey |journal=Asian Journal of Chemistry |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=2179–84 |issn=0970-7077}}</ref>

<ref name=Slekovec1996>{{cite journal |author=Slekovec M, Irgolic KJ. |year=1996 |title=Uptake of arsenic by mushrooms from soil |journal=Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability |volume=8 |issue=3–4 |pages=67–73 |issn=0954-2299 }}</ref>

<ref name=Thind1985>{{cite journal |author=Thind KS, Sharda RM. |year=1985 |title=The genus ''Ramaria'' in the eastern Himalayas – subgenera ''Ramaria'', ''Echinoramaria'' and ''Lentoramaria'' |journal= Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences—Plant Sciences |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=51–64 |issn=0370-0097}}</ref>

<ref name=Tolsma1999>{{cite journal |author=Tolsma B. |year=1999 |title=A quartet of rarities in Zeist |journal=Coolia |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=36–38 |issn=0929-7839 |language=Dutch }}</ref>

<ref name=Wright2001>{{cite book |title=Mediterranean Vegetables: a Cook's ABC of Vegetables and their Preparation |last=Wright CA. |year= 2001 |publisher=Harvard Common Press |location= |isbn=978-1558321960 |page=228 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tka838efZvkC&lpg=PA228&dq=Ramaria%20botrytis&lr=&pg=PA228#v=onepage&q=Ramaria%20botrytis&f=false |accessdate=2010-09-14}}</ref>

<ref name="urlFungorum: Ramaria botrytis">{{cite web |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=356843 |title=''Ramaria botrytis'' (Pers.) Ricken |publisher=CAB International |work=Species Fungorum |accessdate=2010-09-14}}</ref>

}}


[[Category:Agaricomycetes]]
[[Category:Agaricomycetes]]

Revision as of 15:50, 14 September 2010

Ramaria botrytis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Gomphales
Family:
Gomphaceae
Genus:
Ramaria
Species:
R. botrytis
Binomial name
Ramaria botrytis
Synonyms[1]

Clavaria botrytis Pers.
Clavaria botrytis var. alba A. Pearson
Corallium botrytis (Pers.) Hahn

Ramaria botrytis, commonly known as the caulilower coral, is a edible species of coral fungus in the Gomphaceae family. Its fruit body resembles a marine coral, and it is identifiable by its white-colored branches with numerous red to orange branched tips. It has a wide distribution, and is found in North America, North Africa, central and eastern Europe, Australia, and Asia. It is the type species of the genus Ramaria.

Taxonomy

The species was first named as Clavaria botrytis in 1797 by Christian Hendrik Persoon.[2] It was given its current name in 1918 by Adalbert Ricken.[3] The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word meaning "bunch of grapes".[4]

The mushroom is commonly known as the "caulilower coral",[5] or the "pink-tipped coral mushroom".[6] In the Cofre de Perote region of Veracruz, Mexico, the species is known commonly as escobea, meaning "little broom", or pechuga, meaning "breast meat of chicken";[7] in Italy, it is called ditola.[8]

Description

The fruit bodies produced by the fungus may grow up to 10 to 12 cm (3.9 to 4.7 in) in diameter and 7 to 12 cm (2.8 to 4.7 in) tall. They are fleshy rounded masses with a short stout base, densely branched above, white to buff in color, with the tips of the branches reddish. The stem is short and thick—between 1.5 and 6 cm (0.6 and 2.4 in) thick—and tapering below. Initially white in color, in age it turns tan or pale yellow.[6] The branching is irregular, with the primary branches few and thick (2–3 cm), and the final branches slender (2–3 mm), and more or less dichotomous. The flesh is solid and white.

Microscopic characteristics

Viewed in deposit, the spores are pale yellow. Microscopically, they have fine longitudinal or oblique striations that often fuse together in a vein-like network; their dimensions are 12–16 by 4–5 µm.[9] The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are four-spored, and measure 50–70 by 8–12 µm. The hyphae have clamp connections.[10]

Edibility

Ramaria botrytis is an edible species, and some rate it as choice.[11] However, one field guide rates the edibility as "questionable", warning of the possible danger of confusing specimens with the poisonous Ramaria formosa.[5] Mycologist David Arora warns of laxative effects.[6] The odor is not distinctive, while the taste is "slight", or "fruity".[12] In the Gafagnana region of central Italy, the mushroom is stewed, or pickled in oil.[8][13]

Habitat and distribution

Fruit bodies of Ramaria botrytis are found on the ground growing solitarily, scattered, or in small groups among leaves in woods;[9] it can alo grow in rings.[6] A Korean study determined that it was prevalent at sites that also produced the choice edible species Tricholoma matsutake.[14] Ramaria botrytis is classified as a "snowbank fungus", meaning it commonly fruits near the edges of melting snowbanks in the spring.[6]

Ramaria botrytis is distributed in Australia,[15] India (eastern Himalayas),[16] Pakistan[17] the Far East of Russia,[18] Turkey,[19] Tunisia,[20] Europe (including the Netherlands,[21] Portugal,[22] Italy,[8] and Spain[23]) It has a wide distribution in North America.[5]

Research

Extracts of the fruit body of Ramaria botrytis have been shown to favorably influence the growth and development of HeLa cells grown in tissue culture.[24]

The species is known to bioaccumulate the toxic compound arsenic.[25]

Ramaria botrytis contains the chemical nicotianamine, an ACE inhibitor (angiotensin-converting enzyme).[26]

In a 2009 study of 16 Portuguese wild mushroom species, R. botrytis was shown to have the highest concentration of phenolic acids (356.7 mg per kg of fresh fruit body), made up largely of protocatechuic acid; it also had the highest antioxidant capacity.[22]

External links

References

  1. ^ "Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Ricken". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  2. ^ Persoon CH (1797). Commentatio de Fungis Clavaeformibus (in Latin). Leipzig: Petrum Phillippum Wolf. p. 42.
  3. ^ Ricken A. (1918). Vademecum für Pilzfreunde (in German). p. 253.
  4. ^ Metzler V, Metzler S. (1992). Texas Mushrooms: a Field Guide. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 244. ISBN 0-292-75125-7. Retrieved 2010-09-14.]
  5. ^ a b c McKnight VB, McKnight KH. (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 75. ISBN 0-395-91090-0. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
  6. ^ a b c d e Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press. p. 656. ISBN 0-89815-169-4. Retrieved 2009-10-12. Cite error: The named reference "Arora1986" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ Jarvis MC, Miller AM, Sheahan J, Ploetz K, Ploetz J, Watson RR, Ruiz MP, Villapan CAP, Alvarado JG, Ramirez AL, Orr B. (2004). "Edible wild mushrooms of the Cofre de Perote region, Veracruz, Mexico: An ethnomycological study of common names and uses". Economic Botany. 58: S111–S115. ISSN 0013-0001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c Pieroni A. (1999). "Gathered wild food plants in the upper valley of the Serchio River (Garfagnana), central Italy". Economic Botany. 53 (3): 327–41. doi:10.1007/BF02866645.
  9. ^ a b Burt EA. (1922). "The North American species of Clavaria with illustrations of the type specimens". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 9 (1): 1–78.
  10. ^ Ellis JB, Ellis MB. (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 167. ISBN 0-412-36970-2. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  11. ^ Bessette A, Bessette AR, Fischer DW. (1997). Mushrooms of Northeastern North America. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. pp. 421–22. ISBN 978-0815603887. Retrieved 2010-09-14.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 86. ISBN 0-7112-2378-5. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  13. ^ Wright CA. (2001). Mediterranean Vegetables: a Cook's ABC of Vegetables and their Preparation. Harvard Common Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-1558321960. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  14. ^ Na J-S, Ryu J. (1992). "Survey on the flora and main wild mushroom in Tricholoma matsutake producing sites". Korean Journal of Mycology. 20 (2): 144–48. ISSN 0253-651X.
  15. ^ May TW, Milne J, Shingles S, Jones RH. (2008). Fungi of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-0643069077. Retrieved 2010-09-14.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Thind KS, Sharda RM. (1985). "The genus Ramaria in the eastern Himalayas – subgenera Ramaria, Echinoramaria and Lentoramaria". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences—Plant Sciences. 95 (1): 51–64. ISSN 0370-0097.
  17. ^ Gardezi SRA, Ayub N. (2002). "Mushrooms of Kashmir – II". Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. 18 (4): 427–37. ISSN 1016-4383.
  18. ^ Govorova OK. (2003). "Species of the genus Ramaria (subgenus Ramaria) in the Russian Far East". Mikologiya I Fitopatologiya (in Russian). 37 (2): 8–12. ISSN 0026-3648.
  19. ^ Sesli E. (2006). "Concentrations of trace elements in fruiting bodies of wild growing fungi in Rize province of Turkey". Asian Journal of Chemistry. 18 (3): 2179–84. ISSN 0970-7077.
  20. ^ Saldi Y, Hasnaoui F. (2009). "Contribution to the Sylvester mushroom inventory and estimation of the production on permanent plots in Kroumirie, Tunisia". EFI Proceedings (57): 119–125. ISSN 1237-8801. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |work= and |journal= specified (help)
  21. ^ Tolsma B. (1999). "A quartet of rarities in Zeist". Coolia (in Dutch). 42 (1): 36–38. ISSN 0929-7839.
  22. ^ a b Barros L, Duenas M, Ferreira ICFR, Baptista P, Santos-Buelga C. (2009). "Phenolic acids determination by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS in sixteen different Portuguese wild mushrooms species". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 47 (6): 1076–79. PMID 19709581.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Rivera D, Obón C, Inocencio C, Heinrich M, Verde A, Fajardo J, Palazón JA. (2007). "Gathered Food Plants in the Mountains of Castilla–La Mancha (Spain): Ethnobotany and Multivariate Analysis". Economic Botany. 61 (3): 269–89. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[269:GFPITM]2.0.CO;2.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Chung KS. (1979). "The effects of mushroom components on the proliferation of Hela cell line in vitro". Archives of Pharmacal Research (Seoul). 2 (1): 25–34. ISSN 0253-6269.
  25. ^ Slekovec M, Irgolic KJ. (1996). "Uptake of arsenic by mushrooms from soil". Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability. 8 (3–4): 67–73. ISSN 0954-2299.
  26. ^ Izawa H, Aoyagi Y. (2006). "Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme by mushroom". Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology-Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi (in Japanese). 53 (9): 459–65. ISSN 1341-027X.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramaria_botrytis&oldid=384808156"