Gymnopilus maritimus: Difference between revisions
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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''Gymnopilus maritiumus'' was first described by mycologists Laura Guzmán-Dávalos, Antonio Ortega, Marco Contu and Alfredo Vizzini in 2009 in an article in the journal ''Mycological Progress''. The [[specific name]] ''maritimus'' refers to the typical habitat of coastal sand dunes, and the fact that it grows with ''[[Juncus maritimus]]''. Within the genus ''Gymnopilus'', the most closely related species are ''[[Gymnopilus imperialis|G. imperialis]]'' and ''[[Gymnopilus spectabilis|G. spectabilis]]''. |
''Gymnopilus maritiumus'' was first described by mycologists Laura Guzmán-Dávalos, Antonio Ortega, Marco Contu and Alfredo Vizzini in 2009 in an article in the journal ''Mycological Progress''. The [[specific name]] ''maritimus'' refers to the typical habitat of coastal sand dunes, and the fact that it grows with ''[[Juncus maritimus]]''. Within the genus ''Gymnopilus'', the most closely related species are ''[[Gymnopilus imperialis|G. imperialis]]'' and ''[[Gymnopilus spectabilis|G. spectabilis]]''.<ref name="new species">{{cite journal |author= Guzmán-Dávalos L, Ortega A, Contu M, Vizzini A, Rodríguez A, Villalobos-Arámbula AR, Santerre A |year= 2009|title= ''Gymnopilus maritimus'' (Basidiomycota, Agaricales), a new species from coastal psammophilous plant communities of northern Sardinia, Italy, and notes on ''G. arenophilus''|journal= Mycological Progress|volume= 8|issue= 3|pages= 195–205|publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|doi= 10.1007/s11557-009-0591-7|url= http://www.springerlink.com/content/x5w5414k613p2348/fulltext.pdf|accessdate= 28 December 2010}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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''Gymnopilus maritimus'' mushrooms have a [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] of between {{convert|15|and|70|mm|in}} in width which is convex to flattened-convex in shape. There is sometimes a broad [[umbo (mycology)|umbo]], and in older specimens, the cap is depressed at the centre. The margin of the cap is somewhat wavey. The cap surface is dry and dull, coloured red to red-orange, and yellow towards the cap margin. It is covered in fibrils of an orange colour, and sometimes have minute scales. The dried cap is turned blackish-red when [[potassium hydroxide]] is applied. The [[stipe (mycology)|stem]] is between {{convert|35|and|110|mm|in}} in length by {{convert|4|to|8|mm|in}} in width. It is attached centrally to the cap, and is either cylindrical or slightly narrower towards the base. It is dry, with fibres and furrows. It is a yellowish colour, bruising reddish-brown. Whitish or cream [[mycelia]] are sometimes visible at the base. A web-like [[Annulus (mycology)|ring]] lasts for a very short time. The yellow (brown at the bottom of the stipe) [[Trama (mycology)|flesh]] can be up to {{convert|15|mm|in}} thick and does not bruise. It dries dark brown. There is no distinctive odour, and the taste is mild or slightly bitter. The thick [[lamella (mycology)|gills]] can be adnate (connected to the stem by the entire depth of the gill) or sinuate (wavey, with the gills becoming shallower then deeper). They are subdistant (neither close nor distant) and swollen in the middle. In colour, they are yellow in the youngest mushrooms, turning an ochre orange, and turning a rust colour in older specimens. The gill edges are paler, and the gills stain orange brown or darker. |
''Gymnopilus maritimus'' mushrooms have a [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] of between {{convert|15|and|70|mm|in}} in width which is convex to flattened-convex in shape. There is sometimes a broad [[umbo (mycology)|umbo]], and in older specimens, the cap is depressed at the centre. The margin of the cap is somewhat wavey. The cap surface is dry and dull, coloured red to red-orange, and yellow towards the cap margin. It is covered in fibrils of an orange colour, and sometimes have minute scales. The dried cap is turned blackish-red when [[potassium hydroxide]] is applied. The [[stipe (mycology)|stem]] is between {{convert|35|and|110|mm|in}} in length by {{convert|4|to|8|mm|in}} in width. It is attached centrally to the cap, and is either cylindrical or slightly narrower towards the base. It is dry, with fibres and furrows. It is a yellowish colour, bruising reddish-brown. Whitish or cream [[mycelia]] are sometimes visible at the base. A web-like [[Annulus (mycology)|ring]] lasts for a very short time. The yellow (brown at the bottom of the stipe) [[Trama (mycology)|flesh]] can be up to {{convert|15|mm|in}} thick and does not bruise. It dries dark brown. There is no distinctive odour, and the taste is mild or slightly bitter. The thick [[lamella (mycology)|gills]] can be adnate (connected to the stem by the entire depth of the gill) or sinuate (wavey, with the gills becoming shallower then deeper). They are subdistant (neither close nor distant) and swollen in the middle. In colour, they are yellow in the youngest mushrooms, turning an ochre orange, and turning a rust colour in older specimens. The gill edges are paler, and the gills stain orange brown or darker.<ref name="new species"/> |
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===Microscopic characteristics=== |
===Microscopic characteristics=== |
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''[[Gymnopilus maritimus]]'' leaves a rusty-brown [[spore print]]. The [[basidiospore]]s can measure 7.5 to 11.5 [[micrometre]]s (μm) in length, though the typical range is 8.0 to 10.5 μm. In width, they typically measure 5.5 to 7.5 μm, but can be up to 8 μm wide. In shape, they are ellipsoid or sometimes broadly ellipsod. The top of the spores (the side where they were once attached to the sterigmatum) are rounded and blunt. The spores are covered with fairly large warts, measuring from 0.5 to 2 μm. There is no [[germ pore]] or [[Plage (mycology)|plage]], and there is no clear depression above the hilum (the area where the spore was attached to the sterigmatum). The spores turn an orange-yellow to orange brown colour in potassium hydroxide, and turn reddish-brown in [[Melzer's reagent]] and in [[Lugol's iodine]], but they are not [[metachromatic]]. |
''[[Gymnopilus maritimus]]'' leaves a rusty-brown [[spore print]]. The [[basidiospore]]s can measure 7.5 to 11.5 [[micrometre]]s (μm) in length, though the typical range is 8.0 to 10.5 μm. In width, they typically measure 5.5 to 7.5 μm, but can be up to 8 μm wide. In shape, they are ellipsoid or sometimes broadly ellipsod. The top of the spores (the side where they were once attached to the sterigmatum) are rounded and blunt. The spores are covered with fairly large warts, measuring from 0.5 to 2 μm. There is no [[germ pore]] or [[Plage (mycology)|plage]], and there is no clear depression above the hilum (the area where the spore was attached to the sterigmatum). The spores turn an orange-yellow to orange brown colour in potassium hydroxide, and turn reddish-brown in [[Melzer's reagent]] and in [[Lugol's iodine]], but they are not [[metachromatic]].<ref name="new species"/> |
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The four-spored [[basidia]] typically measure between 24 and 35 μm in length by between 7 and 9 μm in width, but can be as much as 10.5 μm wide. They are club-shaped, but narrower in the middle. They are translucent, and yellow to yellowish brown. The sterigmata (the connections between the basidium and the spores) are between 1.6 and 7 μm long. The cheilocystidia ([[cystidia]] on the edge of the gill) are typically between 30 and 42 (though sometimes as much as 50) μm long by between 6.0 and 10.5 μm wide. They are shaped like a [[hip-flask|flask]] or [[wine-skin]]. The top of the cell suddenly widens, and the cell as a whole is thin-[[cell wall|walled]], glassy and yellowish, and sometimes appears to contain small grains. The caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem) can be found in tufts at the top of the stipe, and measure from 24 to 60 by 3 to 9 μm. They are cylindrical, or narrowly flask-shaped, sometimes with a long neck. They are, again, yellow and glassy. |
The four-spored [[basidia]] typically measure between 24 and 35 μm in length by between 7 and 9 μm in width, but can be as much as 10.5 μm wide. They are club-shaped, but narrower in the middle. They are translucent, and yellow to yellowish brown. The sterigmata (the connections between the basidium and the spores) are between 1.6 and 7 μm long. The cheilocystidia ([[cystidia]] on the edge of the gill) are typically between 30 and 42 (though sometimes as much as 50) μm long by between 6.0 and 10.5 μm wide. They are shaped like a [[hip-flask|flask]] or [[wine-skin]]. The top of the cell suddenly widens, and the cell as a whole is thin-[[cell wall|walled]], glassy and yellowish, and sometimes appears to contain small grains. The caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem) can be found in tufts at the top of the stipe, and measure from 24 to 60 by 3 to 9 μm. They are cylindrical, or narrowly flask-shaped, sometimes with a long neck. They are, again, yellow and glassy.<ref name="new species"/> |
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The yellowish [[hyphae]] are between 15 and 13.5 μm wide with a wall of variable thickness. There are [[clamp connections]] at the septa (the walls dividing individual hypha cells). The flesh in the cap is radial, and is made up of yellowish hyphae of between 2.4 and 20 μm wide. The [[pileipellis]], the outermost layer of hyphae, forms a [[Trichoderm#Cutis|cutis]], and on older specimens (and on the small scales) forms a [[Trichoderm#Trichoderm|trichoderm]]. |
The yellowish [[hyphae]] are between 15 and 13.5 μm wide with a wall of variable thickness. There are [[clamp connections]] at the septa (the walls dividing individual hypha cells). The flesh in the cap is radial, and is made up of yellowish hyphae of between 2.4 and 20 μm wide. The [[pileipellis]], the outermost layer of hyphae, forms a [[Trichoderm#Cutis|cutis]], and on older specimens (and on the small scales) forms a [[Trichoderm#Trichoderm|trichoderm]].<ref name="new species"/> |
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===Similar species=== |
===Similar species=== |
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There are five species similar in appearance to ''G. maritimus''; ''[[Gymnopilus arenophilus|G. arenophilus]]'', ''[[Gymnopilus decipiens|G. decipiens]]'', ''[[Gymnopilus flavus|G. flavus]]'', ''[[Gymnopilus fulgens|G. fulgens]]'' and ''[[Gymnopilus pseudofulgens|G. pseudofulgens]]''. ''G. arenophilus'' and ''G. fulgens'' are the most similar. ''G. arenophilus'', which is slightly smaller and typically grows in [[pine]] forests, has a weak, bitterish taste, while the smaller still ''G. fulgens'', which grows in peat bogs, has a sweet taste. |
There are five species similar in appearance to ''G. maritimus''; ''[[Gymnopilus arenophilus|G. arenophilus]]'', ''[[Gymnopilus decipiens|G. decipiens]]'', ''[[Gymnopilus flavus|G. flavus]]'', ''[[Gymnopilus fulgens|G. fulgens]]'' and ''[[Gymnopilus pseudofulgens|G. pseudofulgens]]''. ''G. arenophilus'' and ''G. fulgens'' are the most similar. ''G. arenophilus'', which is slightly smaller and typically grows in [[pine]] forests, has a weak, bitterish taste, while the smaller still ''G. fulgens'', which grows in peat bogs, has a sweet taste.<ref name="new species"/> |
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==Habitat and distribution== |
==Habitat and distribution== |
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''Gymnopilus maritimus'' is known only from an extremely localised area in [[Pittulongu]], an area of [[Olbia]], in [[Sardinia]], [[Italy]]. There, mushrooms were found growing in close groups and tufts on coastal [[sand dunes]]. They were observed at the base of ''[[Juncus maritimus]]'' (sea rush) plants and on decaying sea rushes. They were observed growing in winter time, between the end of October and January. |
''Gymnopilus maritimus'' is known only from an extremely localised area in [[Pittulongu]], an area of [[Olbia]], in [[Sardinia]], [[Italy]]. There, mushrooms were found growing in close groups and tufts on coastal [[sand dunes]]. They were observed at the base of ''[[Juncus maritimus]]'' (sea rush) plants and on decaying sea rushes. They were observed growing in winter time, between the end of October and January.<ref name="new species"/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|fungi}} |
{{Portal|fungi}} |
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*[[List of Gymnopilus species|List of ''Gymnopilus'' species]] |
*[[List of Gymnopilus species|List of ''Gymnopilus'' species]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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Revision as of 16:24, 28 December 2010
| Gymnopilus maritimus | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Species: | G. maritimus
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| Binomial name | |
| Gymnopilus maritimus Contu, Guzm.-Dáv., A. Ortega & Vizzini
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Gymnopilus maritiumus |
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Taxonomy
Gymnopilus maritiumus was first described by mycologists Laura Guzmán-Dávalos, Antonio Ortega, Marco Contu and Alfredo Vizzini in 2009 in an article in the journal Mycological Progress. The specific name maritimus refers to the typical habitat of coastal sand dunes, and the fact that it grows with Juncus maritimus. Within the genus Gymnopilus, the most closely related species are G. imperialis and G. spectabilis.[1]
Description
Gymnopilus maritimus mushrooms have a cap of between 15 and 70 millimetres (0.59 and 2.76 in) in width which is convex to flattened-convex in shape. There is sometimes a broad umbo, and in older specimens, the cap is depressed at the centre. The margin of the cap is somewhat wavey. The cap surface is dry and dull, coloured red to red-orange, and yellow towards the cap margin. It is covered in fibrils of an orange colour, and sometimes have minute scales. The dried cap is turned blackish-red when potassium hydroxide is applied. The stem is between 35 and 110 millimetres (1.4 and 4.3 in) in length by 4 to 8 millimetres (0.16 to 0.31 in) in width. It is attached centrally to the cap, and is either cylindrical or slightly narrower towards the base. It is dry, with fibres and furrows. It is a yellowish colour, bruising reddish-brown. Whitish or cream mycelia are sometimes visible at the base. A web-like ring lasts for a very short time. The yellow (brown at the bottom of the stipe) flesh can be up to 15 millimetres (0.59 in) thick and does not bruise. It dries dark brown. There is no distinctive odour, and the taste is mild or slightly bitter. The thick gills can be adnate (connected to the stem by the entire depth of the gill) or sinuate (wavey, with the gills becoming shallower then deeper). They are subdistant (neither close nor distant) and swollen in the middle. In colour, they are yellow in the youngest mushrooms, turning an ochre orange, and turning a rust colour in older specimens. The gill edges are paler, and the gills stain orange brown or darker.[1]
Microscopic characteristics
Gymnopilus maritimus leaves a rusty-brown spore print. The basidiospores can measure 7.5 to 11.5 micrometres (μm) in length, though the typical range is 8.0 to 10.5 μm. In width, they typically measure 5.5 to 7.5 μm, but can be up to 8 μm wide. In shape, they are ellipsoid or sometimes broadly ellipsod. The top of the spores (the side where they were once attached to the sterigmatum) are rounded and blunt. The spores are covered with fairly large warts, measuring from 0.5 to 2 μm. There is no germ pore or plage, and there is no clear depression above the hilum (the area where the spore was attached to the sterigmatum). The spores turn an orange-yellow to orange brown colour in potassium hydroxide, and turn reddish-brown in Melzer's reagent and in Lugol's iodine, but they are not metachromatic.[1]
The four-spored basidia typically measure between 24 and 35 μm in length by between 7 and 9 μm in width, but can be as much as 10.5 μm wide. They are club-shaped, but narrower in the middle. They are translucent, and yellow to yellowish brown. The sterigmata (the connections between the basidium and the spores) are between 1.6 and 7 μm long. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the edge of the gill) are typically between 30 and 42 (though sometimes as much as 50) μm long by between 6.0 and 10.5 μm wide. They are shaped like a flask or wine-skin. The top of the cell suddenly widens, and the cell as a whole is thin-walled, glassy and yellowish, and sometimes appears to contain small grains. The caulocystidia (cystidia on the stem) can be found in tufts at the top of the stipe, and measure from 24 to 60 by 3 to 9 μm. They are cylindrical, or narrowly flask-shaped, sometimes with a long neck. They are, again, yellow and glassy.[1]
The yellowish hyphae are between 15 and 13.5 μm wide with a wall of variable thickness. There are clamp connections at the septa (the walls dividing individual hypha cells). The flesh in the cap is radial, and is made up of yellowish hyphae of between 2.4 and 20 μm wide. The pileipellis, the outermost layer of hyphae, forms a cutis, and on older specimens (and on the small scales) forms a trichoderm.[1]
Similar species
There are five species similar in appearance to G. maritimus; G. arenophilus, G. decipiens, G. flavus, G. fulgens and G. pseudofulgens. G. arenophilus and G. fulgens are the most similar. G. arenophilus, which is slightly smaller and typically grows in pine forests, has a weak, bitterish taste, while the smaller still G. fulgens, which grows in peat bogs, has a sweet taste.[1]
Habitat and distribution
Gymnopilus maritimus is known only from an extremely localised area in Pittulongu, an area of Olbia, in Sardinia, Italy. There, mushrooms were found growing in close groups and tufts on coastal sand dunes. They were observed at the base of Juncus maritimus (sea rush) plants and on decaying sea rushes. They were observed growing in winter time, between the end of October and January.[1]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Guzmán-Dávalos L, Ortega A, Contu M, Vizzini A, Rodríguez A, Villalobos-Arámbula AR, Santerre A (2009). "Gymnopilus maritimus (Basidiomycota, Agaricales), a new species from coastal psammophilous plant communities of northern Sardinia, Italy, and notes on G. arenophilus" (PDF). Mycological Progress. 8 (3). Springer: 195–205. doi:10.1007/s11557-009-0591-7. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)