Theiophytalia: Difference between revisions
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'''''Theiophytalia''''' is a [[genus]] of herbivorous [[dinosaur]] from the |
'''''Theiophytalia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[herbivorous]] [[iguanodont]]ian [[dinosaur]] from the lower [[Cretaceous]] [[period (geology)|period]] ([[Aptian]]-[[Albian]] stage, about 112 million years ago<ref name="iguanodonts2010carpenter">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter, K. and Ishida, Y. |year=2010 |url=http://www.ucm.es/info/estratig/JIG/vol_content/vol_36_2/36_2_145_164_Carpenter.pdf |title=Early and “Middle” Cretaceous Iguanodonts in Time and Space |journal=Journal of Iberian Geology |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=145–164}}</ref>) of [[Colorado]].<ref name=BrillCarpenter>{{cite book |author=Brill, K. and K. Carpenter |year=2006 |chapter=A Description of a New Ornithopod from the Lytle Member of the Purgatoire Formation (Lower Cretaceous) and a Reassessment of the Skull of ''Camptosaurus'' |editor=Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.) |title=Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |pages=49-67 }}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
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The [[generic name]] is, from Greek, ''theios'': "divine" + Greek ''phytalia'': "garden", or "garden of the gods". [[Garden of the Gods]] is a park near [[Colorado Springs]], Colorado, where a skull, the only fossil of the genus yet to be discovered, was found in 1878. The [[specific name]] ''kerri'' honors James Hutchinson Kerr, who found the specimen.<ref name=BrillCarpenter/> |
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==Discovery and Description== |
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[[File:Marsh Camptosaurus.jpg|thumb|left|Historical skeletal restoration of ''Camptosaurus'' by O.C. Marsh, with skull based on remains now referred to ''Theiophytalia'']] |
[[File:Marsh Camptosaurus.jpg|thumb|left|Historical skeletal restoration of ''Camptosaurus'' by O.C. Marsh, with skull based on remains now referred to ''Theiophytalia'']] |
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The [[holotype]] |
The [[holotype]] and only known specimen, '''YPM 1887''', is a partial [[skull]] that was referred by [[Othniel Charles Marsh|O.C. Marsh]] (affirmed by [[Charles W. Gilmore|Gilmore]], 1909), to whom the skull was given in 1886, as that of ''[[Camptosaurus]] amplus''. Gilmore used the skull to reconstruct the skull of ''Camptosaurus'' assuming that it came from the [[Morrison Formation]].<ref name=Gilmore09>{{Cite journal|author=Gilmore, C.W. |year=1909 |title=Osteology of the Jurassic reptile ''Camptosaurus'', with a revision of the species of the genus, and descriptions of two new species |journal=Proceedings of the United States National Museum |volume=36 |pages=197-332 }}</ref> However, microscopic comparisons of thin-sections of the Mesozoic formations in the [[Garden of the Gods]] showed that the specimen actually came from the Lytle Member of the [[Purgatoire Formation]]; therefore, the skull was Early Cretaceous in age. |
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Detailed comparisons by Brill and Carpenter (2006) also showed that the skull differed in a number of key features from that of ''Camptosaurus'', namely: a longer, heavier, and more rugose snout; a wider dorsal process on the maxilla; a proportionally smaller [[antorbital fenestra]]; and stouter [[quadrate bone|quadrate]], with a bulbous articulation for the lower jaw. Compare the skull image with that of ''[[Camptosaurus]]''. Therefore, they put it into its own genus and species.<ref name=BrillCarpenter/> |
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The article describing the find classified ''Theiophytalia'' as intermediate in derivation between ''Camptosaurus'' and ''[[Iguanodon]]''. The [[type species]] is ''Theiophytalia kerri''.<ref name=BrillCarpenter/> |
The article describing the find classified ''Theiophytalia'' as intermediate in derivation between ''Camptosaurus'' and ''[[Iguanodon]]''. The [[type species]] is ''Theiophytalia kerri''.<ref name=BrillCarpenter/> In 2010 and 2011 [[cladistic]] analyses of McDonald and colleagues, ''Theiophytalia'' has been recovered as a basal member of the [[Styracosterna]] and its closest relative was ''[[Hippodraco]]''.<ref name=hippoiguana>{{Cite journal|author=McDonald, A.T., Kirkland, J.I., DeBlieux, D.D., Madsen, S.K., Cavin, J., Milner, A.R.C. and Panzarin, L. |year=2010 |title=New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=e14075 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014075 }}</ref><ref name="McDonald">{{Cite journal|author=Andrew T. McDonald |year=2011 |title=The taxonomy of species assigned to ''Camptosaurus'' (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/z02783p068f.pdf |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2783 |issue= |pages=52–68 |doi= }}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 07:00, 13 March 2011
| Theiophytalia Temporal range: Early Cretaceous,
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|---|---|
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| Holotype skull | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | †Ornithischia |
| Clade: | †Ornithopoda |
| Clade: | †Styracosterna |
| Genus: | †Theiophytalia Brill & Carpenter, 2006 |
| Species | |
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Theiophytalia is a genus of herbivorous iguanodontian dinosaur from the lower Cretaceous period (Aptian-Albian stage, about 112 million years ago[1]) of Colorado.[2]
Etymology
The generic name is, from Greek, theios: "divine" + Greek phytalia: "garden", or "garden of the gods". Garden of the Gods is a park near Colorado Springs, Colorado, where a skull, the only fossil of the genus yet to be discovered, was found in 1878. The specific name kerri honors James Hutchinson Kerr, who found the specimen.[2]
Discovery and Description
The holotype and only known specimen, YPM 1887, is a partial skull that was referred by O.C. Marsh (affirmed by Gilmore, 1909), to whom the skull was given in 1886, as that of Camptosaurus amplus. Gilmore used the skull to reconstruct the skull of Camptosaurus assuming that it came from the Morrison Formation.[3] However, microscopic comparisons of thin-sections of the Mesozoic formations in the Garden of the Gods showed that the specimen actually came from the Lytle Member of the Purgatoire Formation; therefore, the skull was Early Cretaceous in age.
Detailed comparisons by Brill and Carpenter (2006) also showed that the skull differed in a number of key features from that of Camptosaurus, namely: a longer, heavier, and more rugose snout; a wider dorsal process on the maxilla; a proportionally smaller antorbital fenestra; and stouter quadrate, with a bulbous articulation for the lower jaw. Compare the skull image with that of Camptosaurus. Therefore, they put it into its own genus and species.[2]
The article describing the find classified Theiophytalia as intermediate in derivation between Camptosaurus and Iguanodon. The type species is Theiophytalia kerri.[2] In 2010 and 2011 cladistic analyses of McDonald and colleagues, Theiophytalia has been recovered as a basal member of the Styracosterna and its closest relative was Hippodraco.[4][5]
References
- ^ Carpenter, K. and Ishida, Y. (2010). "Early and "Middle" Cretaceous Iguanodonts in Time and Space" (PDF). Journal of Iberian Geology. 36 (2): 145–164.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Brill, K. and K. Carpenter (2006). "A Description of a New Ornithopod from the Lytle Member of the Purgatoire Formation (Lower Cretaceous) and a Reassessment of the Skull of Camptosaurus". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.) (ed.). Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 49–67.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help) - ^ Gilmore, C.W. (1909). "Osteology of the Jurassic reptile Camptosaurus, with a revision of the species of the genus, and descriptions of two new species". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 36: 197–332.
- ^ McDonald, A.T., Kirkland, J.I., DeBlieux, D.D., Madsen, S.K., Cavin, J., Milner, A.R.C. and Panzarin, L. (2010). "New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs". PLoS ONE. 5 (11): e14075. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Andrew T. McDonald (2011). "The taxonomy of species assigned to Camptosaurus (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2783: 52–68.
External links
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