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The '''Perceived Stress Scale''' was developed to measure of the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. Psychological [[stress]] has been defined as the extent to which persons perceive (appraise) that their demands exceed their ability to [[coping (psychology)|cope]].
The '''Perceived Stress Scale''' was developed to measure of the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. Psychological [[stress]] has been defined as the extent to which persons perceive (appraise) that their demands exceed their ability to [[coping (psychology)|cope]].


The PSS was published in 1983,<ref name="JHSB">{{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=S|coauthors=Kamarck T, Mermelstein R|title=A global measure of perceived stress|journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior|year=1983|month=December|volume=24|issue=4|pages=385-396|pmid=6668417}}</ref> and has become one of the most widely used<ref>{{cite web|title=Perceived Stress Scale: Measuring the self-perception of stress|url=http://www.mindgarden.com/products/pss.htm|accessdate=29 March 2011|year=2005}}</ref> psychological instruments for measuring nonspecific perceived stress. It has been used in studies assessing the stressfulness of situations, the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions, and the extent to which there are associations between psychological stress and psychiatric and physical disorders.
The PSS was published in 1983,<ref name="JHSB">{{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=S|coauthors=Kamarck T, Mermelstein R|title=A global measure of perceived stress|journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior|year=1983|month=December|volume=24|issue=4|pages=385-396|pmid=6668417}}</ref> and has become one of the most widely used<ref>{{cite web|title=Perceived Stress Scale: Measuring the self-perception of stress|url=http://www.mindgarden.com/products/pss.htm|accessdate=29 March 2011|year=2005}}</ref> [[psychological testing|psychological instruments]] for measuring nonspecific perceived stress. It has been used in studies assessing the stressfulness of situations,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Leon|first=KA|coauthors=Hyre AD, Ompad D, DeSalvo KB, Muntner P|title=Perceived stress among a workforce 6 months following hurricane Katrina|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|year=2007|month=December|volume=42|issue=12|pages=1005-1011|pmid=17932611|accessdate=29 March 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=McAlonan|first=GM|coauthors=Lee AM, Cheung V, Cheung C, Tsang KWT, Sham PC, Chua SE, Josephine GWS|title=Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers|journal=The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|year=2007|month=April|volume=52|issue=4|pages=241-247|pmid=17500305}}</ref> the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cruess|first=DG|coauthors=Antoni MH, Kumar M, Ironson G, McCabe P, Fernandez JB, Fletcher M, Schneiderman N|title=Cognitive-behavioral stress management buffers decreases in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and increases in the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio and reduces mood disturbance and perceived stress among HIV-seropositive men|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|year=1999|month=July|volume=24|issue=5|pages=537-549|pmid=10378240}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Holzel|first=BK|coauthors=Carmody J, Evans KC, Hoge EA, Dusek JA, Morgan L, Pitman RK, Lazar SW|title=Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala|journal=Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience|year=2010|month=March|volume=5|issue=1|pages=11-17|pmid=19776221}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Lane|first=JD|coauthors=Seskevich JE, Pieper CF|title=Brief meditation training can improve perceived stress and negative mood|journal=Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine|year=2007|month=Jan-Feb|volume=13|issue=1|pages=38-44|pmid=17283740}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Marcus|first=MT|coauthors=Fine PM, Moeller FG, Khan MM, Pitts K, Swank PR, Liehr P|title=Change in Stress Levels Following Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction in a Therapeutic Community|journal=Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment|year=2003|month=September|volume=2|issue=3|pages=63-68}}</ref> and the extent to which there are associations between psychological stress and psychiatric and physical<ref>{{cite journal|last=Culhane|first=JF|coauthors=Rauh V, McCollum KF, Hogan VK, Agnew K, Wadhwa PD|title=Maternal stress is associated with bacterial vaginosis in human pregnancy|journal=Maternal and Child Health Journal|year=2001|month=June|volume=5|issue=2|pages=127-134|pmid=11573838}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Garg|first=A|coauthors=Chren MM, Sands LP, Matsui MS, Marenus KD, Feingold KR, Elias PM|title=Psychological stress perturbs epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis: implications for the pathogenesis of stress-associated skin disorders|journal=Archives of Dermatology|year=2001|month=January|volume=137|issue=1|pages=53-59|pmid=11176661}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Kramer|first=JR|coauthors=Ledolter J, Manos GN, Bayless ML|title=Stress and metabolic control in diabetes mellitus: methodological issues and an illustrative analysis|journal=Annals of Behavioral Medicine|year=2000|month=Winter|volume=22|issue=1|pages=17-28|pmid=10892525}}</ref> disorders.


The PSS predicts both objective biological markers of stress and increased risk for disease among persons with higher perceived stress levels. For example, those with higher scores (suggestive of [[chronic stress]]) on the PSS fend worse on biological markers of aging, cortisol levels, immune markers,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maes|first=M|coauthors=Van Bockstaele DR|title=The effects of psychological stress on leukocyte subset distribution in humans: evidence of immune activation|journal=Neuropsychobiology|year=1999|volume=39|issue=1|pages=1-9|pmid=9892853}}</ref> depression,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Carpenter|first=LL|coauthors=Tyrka AR, McDougle CJ, Malison RT, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB, Price LH|title=Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor and perceived early-life stress in depressed patients and healthy control subjects|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology|year=2004|month=April|volume=29|issue=4|pages=777-784|pmid=14702025}}</ref> infectious disease,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=S|coauthors=Tyrrell DA, Smith AP|title=Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect, and susceptibility to the common cold|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|year=1993|month=January|volume=64|issue=1|pages=131-140|pmid=8421249}}</ref> wound healing,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ebrecht|first=M|coauthors=Hextall J, Kirtley LG, Taylor A, Dyson M, Weinman J|title=Perceived stress and cortisol levels predict speed of wound healing in healthy male adults|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|year=2004|month=July|volume=29|issue=6|pages=798-809|pmid=15110929}}</ref> and prostate specific antigen levels in men.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stone|first=AA|coauthors=Mezzacappa ES, Donatone BA, Gonder M|title=Psychosocial stress and social support are associated with prostate-specific antigen levels in men: results from a community screening program|journal=Health Psychology|year=1999|month=September|volume=18|issue=5|pages=482-486|pmid=10519464}}</ref>
The PSS predicts both objective biological markers of stress and increased risk for disease among persons with higher perceived stress levels. For example, those with higher scores (suggestive of [[chronic stress]]) on the PSS fend worse on biological markers of aging, cortisol levels,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Malarkey|first=WB|coauthors=Pearl DK, Demers LM, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R|title=Influence of academic stress and season on 24-hour mean concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, and beta-endorphin|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|year=1995|volume=20|issue=5|pages=499-508|pmid=7675934}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Pruessner|first=JC|coauthors=Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C|title=Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol responses to awakening|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|year=1999|month=Mar-Apr|volume=61|issue=2|pmid=10204973}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=van Eck|first=MM|coauthors=Nicolson NA|title=Perceived stress and salivary cortisol in daily life|journal=Annals of Behavioral Medicine|year=1994|volume=16|issue=3|pages=221-227}}</ref> immune markers,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maes|first=M|coauthors=Van Bockstaele DR|title=The effects of psychological stress on leukocyte subset distribution in humans: evidence of immune activation|journal=Neuropsychobiology|year=1999|volume=39|issue=1|pages=1-9|pmid=9892853}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Burns|first=VE|coauthors=Drayson M, Ring C, Carroll D|title=Perceived stress and psychological well-being are associated with antibody status after meningitis C conjugate vaccination|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|year=2002|month=Nov-Dec|volume=64|issue=6|pages=963-970|pmid=12461201}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=S|coauthors=Doyle WJ, Skoner DP|title=Psychological stress, cytokine production, and severity of upper respiratory illness|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|year=1999|month=Mar-Apr|volume=61|issue=2|pages=175-180|pmid=10204970}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Glaser|first=R|coauthors=Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Marucha PT, MacCullum RC, Laskowski BF, Malarkey WB|title=Stress-related changes in proinflammatory cytokine production in wounds|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|year=1999|month=May|volume=56|issue=5|pages=450-456|pmid=10232300}}</ref> depression,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Carpenter|first=LL|coauthors=Tyrka AR, McDougle CJ, Malison RT, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB, Price LH|title=Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor and perceived early-life stress in depressed patients and healthy control subjects|journal=Neuropsychopharmacology|year=2004|month=April|volume=29|issue=4|pages=777-784|pmid=14702025}}</ref> infectious disease,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=S|coauthors=Tyrrell DA, Smith AP|title=Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect, and susceptibility to the common cold|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|year=1993|month=January|volume=64|issue=1|pages=131-140|pmid=8421249}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Dyck|first=DG|coauthors=Short R, Vitaliano PP|title=Predictors of burden and infectious illness in schizophrenia caregivers|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|year=1999|month=Jul-Aug|volume=61|issue=4|pages=411-419|pmid=10443748}}</ref> wound healing,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ebrecht|first=M|coauthors=Hextall J, Kirtley LG, Taylor A, Dyson M, Weinman J|title=Perceived stress and cortisol levels predict speed of wound healing in healthy male adults|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|year=2004|month=July|volume=29|issue=6|pages=798-809|pmid=15110929}}</ref> and prostate specific antigen levels in men.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stone|first=AA|coauthors=Mezzacappa ES, Donatone BA, Gonder M|title=Psychosocial stress and social support are associated with prostate-specific antigen levels in men: results from a community screening program|journal=Health Psychology|year=1999|month=September|volume=18|issue=5|pages=482-486|pmid=10519464}}</ref>


The Perceived Stress scale was developed by [[Sheldon A. Cohen]] and his colleagues.<ref name="JHSB" />
The Perceived Stress scale was developed by [[Sheldon A. Cohen]] and his colleagues.<ref name="JHSB" />

Revision as of 16:02, 29 March 2011

The Perceived Stress Scale was developed to measure of the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. Psychological stress has been defined as the extent to which persons perceive (appraise) that their demands exceed their ability to cope.

The PSS was published in 1983,[1] and has become one of the most widely used[2] psychological instruments for measuring nonspecific perceived stress. It has been used in studies assessing the stressfulness of situations,[3] [4] the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions,[5] [6] [7] [8] and the extent to which there are associations between psychological stress and psychiatric and physical[9] [10] [11] disorders.

The PSS predicts both objective biological markers of stress and increased risk for disease among persons with higher perceived stress levels. For example, those with higher scores (suggestive of chronic stress) on the PSS fend worse on biological markers of aging, cortisol levels,[12] [13] [14] immune markers,[15] [16] [17] [18] depression,[19] infectious disease,[20] [21] wound healing,[22] and prostate specific antigen levels in men.[23]

The Perceived Stress scale was developed by Sheldon A. Cohen and his colleagues.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Cohen, S (1983). "A global measure of perceived stress". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 24 (4): 385–396. PMID 6668417. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ "Perceived Stress Scale: Measuring the self-perception of stress". 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  3. ^ Leon, KA (2007). "Perceived stress among a workforce 6 months following hurricane Katrina". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 42 (12): 1005–1011. PMID 17932611. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ McAlonan, GM (2007). "Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 52 (4): 241–247. PMID 17500305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Cruess, DG (1999). "Cognitive-behavioral stress management buffers decreases in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and increases in the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio and reduces mood disturbance and perceived stress among HIV-seropositive men". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 24 (5): 537–549. PMID 10378240. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Holzel, BK (2010). "Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala". Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience. 5 (1): 11–17. PMID 19776221. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Lane, JD (2007). "Brief meditation training can improve perceived stress and negative mood". Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine. 13 (1): 38–44. PMID 17283740. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Marcus, MT (2003). "Change in Stress Levels Following Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction in a Therapeutic Community". Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment. 2 (3): 63–68. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Culhane, JF (2001). "Maternal stress is associated with bacterial vaginosis in human pregnancy". Maternal and Child Health Journal. 5 (2): 127–134. PMID 11573838. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Garg, A (2001). "Psychological stress perturbs epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis: implications for the pathogenesis of stress-associated skin disorders". Archives of Dermatology. 137 (1): 53–59. PMID 11176661. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Kramer, JR (2000). "Stress and metabolic control in diabetes mellitus: methodological issues and an illustrative analysis". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 22 (1): 17–28. PMID 10892525. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Malarkey, WB (1995). "Influence of academic stress and season on 24-hour mean concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, and beta-endorphin". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 20 (5): 499–508. PMID 7675934. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Pruessner, JC (1999). "Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol responses to awakening". Psychosomatic Medicine. 61 (2). PMID 10204973. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ^ van Eck, MM (1994). "Perceived stress and salivary cortisol in daily life". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 16 (3): 221–227. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Maes, M (1999). "The effects of psychological stress on leukocyte subset distribution in humans: evidence of immune activation". Neuropsychobiology. 39 (1): 1–9. PMID 9892853. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Burns, VE (2002). "Perceived stress and psychological well-being are associated with antibody status after meningitis C conjugate vaccination". Psychosomatic Medicine. 64 (6): 963–970. PMID 12461201. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Cohen, S (1999). "Psychological stress, cytokine production, and severity of upper respiratory illness". Psychosomatic Medicine. 61 (2): 175–180. PMID 10204970. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Glaser, R (1999). "Stress-related changes in proinflammatory cytokine production in wounds". Archives of General Psychiatry. 56 (5): 450–456. PMID 10232300. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Carpenter, LL (2004). "Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor and perceived early-life stress in depressed patients and healthy control subjects". Neuropsychopharmacology. 29 (4): 777–784. PMID 14702025. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ^ Cohen, S (1993). "Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect, and susceptibility to the common cold". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 64 (1): 131–140. PMID 8421249. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ^ Dyck, DG (1999). "Predictors of burden and infectious illness in schizophrenia caregivers". Psychosomatic Medicine. 61 (4): 411–419. PMID 10443748. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ^ Ebrecht, M (2004). "Perceived stress and cortisol levels predict speed of wound healing in healthy male adults". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 29 (6): 798–809. PMID 15110929. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ^ Stone, AA (1999). "Psychosocial stress and social support are associated with prostate-specific antigen levels in men: results from a community screening program". Health Psychology. 18 (5): 482–486. PMID 10519464. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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