Callus (cell biology): Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Callus1.jpg|thumb|Callus ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]'']] |
[[Image:Callus1.jpg|thumb|Callus ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]'']] |
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In biological research and biotechnology, a plant callus (plural calli) is a mass of undifferentiated cells derived from plant tissue (explants). In plant biology, callus cells are those cells that cover a plant wound <ref>[http://www.liv.ac.uk/~sd21/tisscult/what.htm What is Plant Tissue Culture?]</ref>. To induce callus formation, plant tissues are surface sterilized and then plated onto ''in vitro'' tissue culture medium. Plant hormones, such as [[auxin]]s, [[cytokinin]]s, and [[gibberellin]]s, are supplemented into the medium to initiate callus formation or somatic [[embryogenesis]]. Callus tissue initiation has been described for a number of plant taxonomic divisions: [[Marchantiophyta]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Reiji|coauthors=Katoh, Kenji|title=Growth and sesquiterpenoid production by Calypogeia granulata inoue cells in suspension culture|journal=Planta|date=NaN undefined NaN|volume=151|issue=6|pages=525–530|doi=10.1007/BF00387429}}</ref> , [[Anthocerotophyta]], [[Bryophyta]], [[Lycopodiophyta]], [[Pteridophyta]], [[Cycadophyta]], [[Ginkophyta]], [[Pinophyta]], [[Gnetophyta]], and [[Magnoliophyta]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Burris|first=Jason N.|coauthors=Mann, David G. J., Joyce, Blake L., Stewart, C. Neal|title=An Improved Tissue Culture System for Embryogenic Callus Production and Plant Regeneration in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)|journal=BioEnergy Research|date=10 October 2009|volume=2|issue=4|pages=267–274|doi=10.1007/s12155-009-9048-8}}</ref> . |
In biological research and biotechnology, a plant callus (plural calli) is a mass of undifferentiated cells derived from plant tissue (explants). In plant biology, callus cells are those cells that cover a plant wound <ref>[http://www.liv.ac.uk/~sd21/tisscult/what.htm What is Plant Tissue Culture?]</ref>. To induce callus formation, plant tissues are surface sterilized and then plated onto ''in vitro'' tissue culture medium. Plant hormones, such as [[auxin]]s, [[cytokinin]]s, and [[gibberellin]]s, are supplemented into the medium to initiate callus formation or somatic [[embryogenesis]]. Callus tissue initiation has been described for a number of plant taxonomic divisions: [[Marchantiophyta]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Reiji|coauthors=Katoh, Kenji|title=Growth and sesquiterpenoid production by Calypogeia granulata inoue cells in suspension culture|journal=Planta|date=NaN undefined NaN|volume=151|issue=6|pages=525–530|doi=10.1007/BF00387429}}</ref> , [[Anthocerotophyta]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Peterson|first=M|title=Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase from cell cultures of the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis|journal=Planta|year=2003|volume=217|issue=1|pages=96-101|doi=10.1007/s00425-002-0960-9}}</ref> , [[Bryophyta]], [[Lycopodiophyta]], [[Pteridophyta]], [[Cycadophyta]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chavez|first=V. M.|coauthors=Litz, R. E., Monroy, M., Moon, P. A., Vovides, A. M.|title=Regeneration of Ceratozamia euryphyllidia (Cycadales, Gymnospermae) plants from embryogenic leaf cultures derived from mature-phase trees|journal=Plant Cell Reports|date=NaN undefined NaN|volume=17|issue=8|pages=612–616|doi=10.1007/s002990050452}}</ref> , [[Ginkophyta]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jeon|first=MeeHee|coauthors=Sung, SangHyun, Huh, Hoon, Kim, YoungChoong|title=Ginkgolide B production in cultured cells derived from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves|journal=Plant Cell Reports|date=NaN undefined NaN|volume=14|issue=8|doi=10.1007/BF00232783}}</ref> , [[Pinophyta]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Finer|first=John J.|coauthors=Kriebel, Howard B., Becwar, Michael R.|title=Initiation of embryogenic callus and suspension cultures of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.)|journal=Plant Cell Reports|date=1 January 1989|volume=8|issue=4|pages=203–206|doi=10.1007/BF00778532}}</ref> , [[Gnetophyta]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Dowd|first=Niamh A.|coauthors=McCauley, Patrick G., Richardson, David H. S., Wilson, Graham|title=Callus production, suspension culture and in vitro alkaloid yields of Ephedra|journal=Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture|date=NaN undefined NaN|volume=34|issue=2|pages=149–155|doi=10.1007/BF00036095}}</ref> , and [[Magnoliophyta]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Burris|first=Jason N.|coauthors=Mann, David G. J., Joyce, Blake L., Stewart, C. Neal|title=An Improved Tissue Culture System for Embryogenic Callus Production and Plant Regeneration in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)|journal=BioEnergy Research|date=10 October 2009|volume=2|issue=4|pages=267–274|doi=10.1007/s12155-009-9048-8}}</ref> . |
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==Callus Induction and Tissue Culture== |
==Callus Induction and Tissue Culture== |
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Revision as of 02:11, 25 April 2011
In biological research and biotechnology, a plant callus (plural calli) is a mass of undifferentiated cells derived from plant tissue (explants). In plant biology, callus cells are those cells that cover a plant wound [1]. To induce callus formation, plant tissues are surface sterilized and then plated onto in vitro tissue culture medium. Plant hormones, such as auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, are supplemented into the medium to initiate callus formation or somatic embryogenesis. Callus tissue initiation has been described for a number of plant taxonomic divisions: Marchantiophyta[2] , Anthocerotophyta[3] , Bryophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Pteridophyta, Cycadophyta[4] , Ginkophyta[5] , Pinophyta[6] , Gnetophyta[7] , and Magnoliophyta[8] .
Callus Induction and Tissue Culture
A callus cell culture is usually sustained on gel medium. Callus induction medium consists of agar and a mixture of macronutrients and micronutrients for the given cell type. There are several types of basal salt mixtures used in plant tissue culture, but most notably modified Murashige and Skoog medium [9], White's medium [10], and woody plant medium [11]. Vitamins are also provided to enhance growth such as Gamborg B5 vitamins [12]. For plant cells, enrichment with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is especially important.
Morphology
Plant callus is usually derived from somatic tissues. The tissues used to initiate callus formation depends on plant species and which tissues are available for explant culture. The cells that give rise to callus and somatic embryos usually undergo rapid division or are partially undifferentiated such as meristematic tissue. In alfalfa, Medicago truncatula, however callus and somatic embryos are derived from mesophyll cells that undergo dedifferentiation [13]. Plant hormones are used to initiate callus growth. Specific auxin to cytokinin ratios in plant tissue culture medium give rise to an unorganized growing and dividing mass of callus cells. Callus cultures are often broadly classified as being either compact or friable. Friable calluses fall apart easily, and can be used to generate cell suspension cultures. Callus can directly undergo direct organogenesis and/or embryogenesis where the cells will form an entirely new plant. Callus can brown and die during culture, but the causes for callus browning are not well understood. In Jatropha curcas callus cells, small organized callus cells became disorganized and varied in size after browning occurred [14]. Browning has also been associated with oxidation and phenolic compounds in both explant tissues and explant secretions [15].
Uses
Callus cells are not necessarily genetically homogeneous because a callus is often made from structural tissue, not individual cells. Nevertheless, callus cells are often considered similar enough for standard scientific analysis to be performed as if on a single subject. For example, an experiment may have half a callus undergo a treatment as the experimental group, while the other half undergoes a similar but non-active treatment as the control group.
Plant cell calluses may be made to differentiate into the specialized tissues of a whole plant, with the addition of a number of hormones or enzymes. This is an ability known as totipotency. This function is similar to that of stem cells in metazoa.
Genes can be inserted into callus cells using biolistic bombardment, also known as a gene gun, or Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Cells that receive the gene of interest can then be recovered into whole plants using a combination of plant hormones. The whole plants that are recovered can be used for experiment to determine gene function(s), or to enhance crop plant traits for modern agriculture.
Callus tissue is of particular use in micropropagation where it can be used to grow genetically identical copies of plants with desirable characteristics.
References
- ^ What is Plant Tissue Culture?
- ^ Takeda, Reiji (NaN undefined NaN). "Growth and sesquiterpenoid production by Calypogeia granulata inoue cells in suspension culture". Planta. 151 (6): 525–530. doi:10.1007/BF00387429.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Peterson, M (2003). "Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase from cell cultures of the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis". Planta. 217 (1): 96–101. doi:10.1007/s00425-002-0960-9.
- ^ Chavez, V. M. (NaN undefined NaN). "Regeneration of Ceratozamia euryphyllidia (Cycadales, Gymnospermae) plants from embryogenic leaf cultures derived from mature-phase trees". Plant Cell Reports. 17 (8): 612–616. doi:10.1007/s002990050452.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Jeon, MeeHee (NaN undefined NaN). "Ginkgolide B production in cultured cells derived from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves". Plant Cell Reports. 14 (8). doi:10.1007/BF00232783.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Finer, John J. (1 January 1989). "Initiation of embryogenic callus and suspension cultures of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.)". Plant Cell Reports. 8 (4): 203–206. doi:10.1007/BF00778532.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ O'Dowd, Niamh A. (NaN undefined NaN). "Callus production, suspension culture and in vitro alkaloid yields of Ephedra". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 34 (2): 149–155. doi:10.1007/BF00036095.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Burris, Jason N. (10 October 2009). "An Improved Tissue Culture System for Embryogenic Callus Production and Plant Regeneration in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)". BioEnergy Research. 2 (4): 267–274. doi:10.1007/s12155-009-9048-8.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Murashige, Toshio (1962). "A Revised Medium for Rapid Growth and Bio Assays with Tobacco Tissue Cultures". Physiologia Plantarum. 15 (3): 473–497. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ White, P. R. (1939). "Potentially unlimited growth of excised plant callus in an artificial nutrient". American Journal of Botany. 26 (2): 59–4.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Lloyd, G (1981). "Commercially-feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot-tip culture". Combined Proceedings, International Plant Propagators' Society. 30: 421–427.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Gamborg, OL (1968). "Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells". Experimental Cell Research. 50 (1): 151–158. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(68)90403-5.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Wang, X.-D. (10 January 2011). "Ontogeny of embryogenic callus in Medicago truncatula: the fate of the pluripotent and totipotent stem cells". Annals of Botany. 107 (4): 599–609. doi:10.1093/aob/mcq269.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ He, Yang (NaN undefined NaN). "Changes in morphology and biochemical indices in browning callus derived from Jatropha curcas hypocotyls". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 98 (1): 11–17. doi:10.1007/s11240-009-9533-y.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Dan, Yinghui (NaN undefined NaN). "Lipoic acid—an unique plant transformation enhancer". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant. 45 (6): 630–638. doi:10.1007/s11627-009-9227-5.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
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