Clostridium cadaveris: Difference between revisions
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==Role as Normal Micribiota== |
==Role as Normal Micribiota== |
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''Clostridium cadaveris'' normally colonizes in the gastrointestinal tract. [[Microbiota]](gut flora) contains between 400 and 800 bacterial species and are usually classified in two divisions: Bacteriodetes and [[Firmicutes]] with ''Clostridium cadaveris'' being a member of the Firmicutes division. Species diversity of human microbiota is unique and microbiota display unequal distribution in the digestive tract. Smaller populations are found in the small intestines, whereas populations one hundred fold are found in the ileum,colon and rectum. Imbalance of the ratio between Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes levels are connected to |
''Clostridium cadaveris'' normally colonizes in the gastrointestinal tract. [[Microbiota]](gut flora) contains between 400 and 800 bacterial species and are usually classified in two divisions: Bacteriodetes and [[Firmicutes]] with ''Clostridium cadaveris'' being a member of the Firmicutes division.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bondia|first=F.|coauthors=Latorre,Artach0,Moya|title=The active gut microbiota differs from the total microbiota|journal=PLOS One|year=2011|volume=6|issue=7|pmid=21829462|accessdate=2/22/2012}}</ref> Species diversity of human microbiota is unique and microbiota display unequal distribution in the digestive tract. Smaller populations are found in the small intestines, whereas populations one hundred fold are found in the ileum,colon and rectum. Imbalance of the ratio between Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes levels are connected to obesity, [[Chron's Disease]], and other health complications. Antibiotic treatment can also alter the balance of microbiota causing pathogenic bacterial growth. |
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==Role in Decomposition== |
==Role in Decomposition== |
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Revision as of 00:03, 23 February 2012
| Clostridium cadaveris | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Species: | Cl. cadaveris
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| Binomial name | |
| Clostridium cadaveris (Klein 1899) McClung and McCoy 1957
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Clostridium cadaveris is a strict anaerobic, gas-forming,enteric, motile, gram-positive bacterium of the genus "Clostridium". First described by Klein in 1899, it was noted to be the the most prominent bacteria during human decomposition and referred to historically as "putrefying flora". Clostridium cadaveris is usually considered non-pathenogenic and unlike other species of Clostridium does not produce toxins.[1]Clostridium cadaveris is found in soil, water, and is a normal component of the human intestinal tract.
The genus Clostridium is large and phylogenetically diverse comprising over 150 species. Clostrida are extensively found in nature predominately as benign soil saprophytes.A number of Clostridium species are pathogenic to humans. Members including C.botulinium, C. perfringens, and C.septicum are spore forming and the cause of botulism and gas gangrene respectively. Clostridium cadaveris is closely related phylogenetically to Clostridium fallax and Clostridium intestinale.[2]
Infections in humans due to C. cadaveris are rare and the organism is seldom found is clinical specimens.Most cases reported in medical literature document infections in immunocompromised patients, but isolated cases in immunocompetent hosts have been reported.[3] [4]
Colony characteristics
Cultivated on blood agar plates, C. cadaveris grows anaerobically and can be identified using standard laboratory techniques. Primary isolation media is blood agar incubated anaerobically at 35-37 degrees Celsius for 40-48 hours. Microscopic appearance shows gram positive rods with both smooth and rough colony types.Further spore staining technique may be utilized to determine spore shape and position.[5] Currently the standard is to identify clostrida species by molecular techniques utilizing ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.[6]
Infections
Infections due to C. cadaveris are rare and present predominately as bactremias of gastro-intestinal origin and may occur endogenously.[7]Associated risk factors for bactremias of C. cadaveris origin include a compromised immune system,trauma, recent surgical procedures,diabetes, and perforated bowel.[8] Bactremia and sepsis caused by Clostridium cadaveris have been implicated following orthopedic procedures,in patients undergoing oncological treatment, and in cases of necrotic decubitus.[9] Due to the rare clinical manifestation of bactremias attributed to C. cadaveris the organisms succeptibilty to antibiotic treatment is not well documented. Case reports indicate a susceptibility to most antibiotics including metronidazole and penicillin as well as resistance to clindamycin and possibly beta-lactams.[10]Infections may be persistent due to the organisms ability to sporulate.[11]
Role as Normal Micribiota
Clostridium cadaveris normally colonizes in the gastrointestinal tract. Microbiota(gut flora) contains between 400 and 800 bacterial species and are usually classified in two divisions: Bacteriodetes and Firmicutes with Clostridium cadaveris being a member of the Firmicutes division.[12] Species diversity of human microbiota is unique and microbiota display unequal distribution in the digestive tract. Smaller populations are found in the small intestines, whereas populations one hundred fold are found in the ileum,colon and rectum. Imbalance of the ratio between Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes levels are connected to obesity, Chron's Disease, and other health complications. Antibiotic treatment can also alter the balance of microbiota causing pathogenic bacterial growth.
Role in Decomposition
In humans, one of the first signs of decomposition is a yellow-green discolorization of the ...indicitive of ....Nutrient supply of anaerobes increases,subsequently, colonization increases. In initial stages of decomposition bacteria feed on both intestinal contents and intestinal tissue. Prolific colonization occurs, allowing digestive enzymes and anaerobic bacteria such as C. cadaveris to breach the intestinal tract and digest other tissues and organs. Transloction of gut flora such as C. cadaveris allows for these organisms to serve as bacterial indicators for time of death in individuals.
References
- ^ Schade, Rogier (28). "Clostridium cadaveris bactremia:Two cases and review". Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 38 (1): 59–78. doi:10.1080/00365540500388792.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check date values in:|accessdate=,|date=, and|year=/|date=mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Elsayed, S. (2005). "Bactremia Caused by Clostridium Intestinale". Journal of Clincial Microbiology. 43 (4): 2018–2020. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.4.2018-2020.2005.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Gucalp, R. (1993). "Clostridium cadaveris bactremia in the immunocompromised host". Med. Perdiatric Oncology. 21 (1): 70. PMID 8426578.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Poduval, Rajiv (1999). "Clostridium cadaveris in an Immunocompetent Host". Clinical Infectious Disease. 29 (5): 1354–1355. PMID 10525006.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Starr, S..E. (1971). Applied Microbiology. 22 (4): 655–658.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Woo, P.C. (2005). "Clostridium bacteramia characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 58: 301–307.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Goldman, Herman (1992). "Clostridium cadaveris: an unusual cause of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis". Am Journal Gastrenterology. 87 (1): 140–142. PMID 1728112.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Elsayed, S. (2005). "Bactremia caused by Clostridium intestinale". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (4).
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Morshed, S. (2007). "Clostriduim cadaveris septic arthritis in a metastatic breat cancer patient". J. Athroplasty. 22 (2): 289–292. PMID 17275650.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Willis, A.T. (1977). Anaerobic bacteriology:clinical and laborartory practice. Boston: Butterworth. pp. 111–166.
- ^ Stolk-Engelaar, Virginia (1997). "Pleural empyema due to clostridium difficile and clostridium cadaveris". Clinical Infectiuos Disease: 160. Retrieved 2/14/2012.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Bondia, F. (2011). "The active gut microbiota differs from the total microbiota". PLOS One. 6 (7). PMID 21829462.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
Databases 
people - UniProt. "Clostridium cadaveris". Retrieved 2011-02-03.
External links
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