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The '''ParaHox''' gene cluster is an array of [[homeobox]] genes from the [[Gsx (gene family)|Gsx]], [[Xlox]] ([[Pdx (gene family)|Pdx]]) and [[Cdx]] gene families. These genes were first shown to be arranged into a physically-linked chromosomal cluster in [[amphioxus]], an [[invertebrate]] with a single member of each of the three gene families<ref name=Brooke>{{cite journal|last=Brooke, N.M.|coauthors=Garcia-Fernandez, J. & Holland, P.W.H.|title=The ParaHox gene cluster is an evolutionary sister of the Hox gene cluster.|journal=Nature|year=1998|volume=392|pages=920-922|pmid=9582071}}</ref>. All the ParaHox genes in the amphioxus genome are therefore in the ParaHox gene cluster. In contrast, the human genome has six ParaHox genes ([[GSH1]], [[GSH2]], [[PDX1]], [[CDX1]], [[CDX2]], [[CDX4]]), of which three genes ([[GSH1]], [[PDX1]] (=IPF1), [[CDX2]]) are physically linked to form a human ParaHox gene cluster on [[chromosome 13]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ferrier|first=DE|coauthors=Dewar, K; Cook, A; Chang, JL; Hill-Force, A; Amemiya, C|title=The chordate ParaHox cluster.|journal=Current biology : CB|date=2005 Oct 25|volume=15|issue=20|pages=R820-2|pmid=16243016}}</ref> . Mouse has a homologous ParaHox gene cluster on chromosome 5. The other three human ParaHox genes are remnants from duplicated ParaHox gene clusters that were generated in the [[[[2R hypothesis|2R]]]] [[genome duplications]] at the base of vertebrate evolution. Some vertebrates, notably [[chondrichthyan]] fish and [[coelacanths]], have retained an additional ParaHox gene (PDX2)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mulley|first=J. F.|coauthors=Holland, P. W. H.|title=Parallel Retention of Pdx2 Genes in Cartilaginous Fish and Coelacanths|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|date=11 May 2010|volume=27|issue=10|pages=2386–2391|doi=10.1093/molbev/msq121}}</ref> .
The '''ParaHox''' gene cluster is an array of [[homeobox]] genes from the [[Gsx (gene family)|Gsx]], [[Xlox]] ([[Pdx (gene family)|Pdx]]) and [[Cdx]] gene families. These genes were first shown to be arranged into a physically-linked chromosomal cluster in [[amphioxus]], an [[invertebrate]] with a single member of each of the three gene families<ref name=Brooke>{{cite journal|last=Brooke, N.M.|coauthors=Garcia-Fernandez, J. & Holland, P.W.H.|title=The ParaHox gene cluster is an evolutionary sister of the Hox gene cluster.|journal=Nature|year=1998|volume=392|pages=920-922|pmid=9582071}}</ref>. All the ParaHox genes in the amphioxus genome are therefore in the ParaHox gene cluster. In contrast, the human genome has six ParaHox genes ([[GSX1]], [[GSX2]], [[PDX1]], [[CDX1]], [[CDX2]], [[CDX4]]), of which three genes ([[GSX1]], [[PDX1]] (=IPF1), [[CDX2]]) are physically linked to form a human ParaHox gene cluster on [[chromosome 13]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ferrier|first=DE|coauthors=Dewar, K; Cook, A; Chang, JL; Hill-Force, A; Amemiya, C|title=The chordate ParaHox cluster.|journal=Current biology : CB|date=2005 Oct 25|volume=15|issue=20|pages=R820-2|pmid=16243016}}</ref> . Mouse has a homologous ParaHox gene cluster on chromosome 5. The other three human ParaHox genes are remnants from duplicated ParaHox gene clusters that were generated in the [[2R hypothesis|2R]] [[genome duplications]] at the base of vertebrate evolution. Some vertebrates, notably [[chondrichthyan]] fish and [[coelacanths]], have retained an additional ParaHox gene (PDX2)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mulley|first=J. F.|coauthors=Holland, P. W. H.|title=Parallel Retention of Pdx2 Genes in Cartilaginous Fish and Coelacanths|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|date=11 May 2010|volume=27|issue=10|pages=2386–2391|doi=10.1093/molbev/msq121}}</ref> .


The ParaHox gene cluster has been proposed to be a paralogue, or evolutionary sister, of the [[Hox gene]] cluster <ref name = Brooke/>; the two gene clusters being descendent from a segmental duplication early in animal evolution, preceding the divergence of cnidarians and bilaterian animals <ref>{{cite journal|last=Hui|first=J|coauthors=et al.|title=Do cnidarians have a ParaHox cluster? Analysis of synteny around a Nematostella homeobox gene cluster|journal=Evolution & Development|year=2008|volume=10|pages=725-730|pmid=19021743}}</ref> . It has been suggested that an ancient role of the ParaHox gene cluster in bilaterians was the specify or pattern the through-gut, with Gsx patterning the mouth, Xlox (=Pdx) patterning the midgut and Cdx marking the anus<ref>{{cite journal|last=Holland|first=P. W. H.|title=Beyond the Hox: how widespread is homeobox gene clustering?|journal=Journal of Anatomy|date=31 July 2001|volume=199|issue=1|pages=13–23|doi=10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910013.x}}</ref> <ref name = WIRES>{{cite journal|last=Holland|first=P. W. H.|title=Evolution of homeobox genes|journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology|date=1 January 2012|pages=n/a–n/a|doi=10.1002/wdev.78}}</ref> . Gene expression and functional data lends support to this hypothesis <ref name = WIRES/>, although in many animals the roles of the genes have changed in evolution, notably the Gsx gene family which plays a role in brain (not foregut) development in vertebrates.
The ParaHox gene cluster has been proposed to be a paralogue, or evolutionary sister, of the [[Hox gene]] cluster <ref name = Brooke/>; the two gene clusters being descendent from a segmental duplication early in animal evolution, preceding the divergence of cnidarians and bilaterian animals <ref>{{cite journal|last=Hui|first=J|coauthors=et al.|title=Do cnidarians have a ParaHox cluster? Analysis of synteny around a Nematostella homeobox gene cluster|journal=Evolution & Development|year=2008|volume=10|pages=725-730|pmid=19021743}}</ref> . It has been suggested that an ancient role of the ParaHox gene cluster in bilaterians was the specify or pattern the through-gut, with Gsx patterning the mouth, Xlox (=Pdx) patterning the midgut and Cdx marking the anus<ref>{{cite journal|last=Holland|first=P. W. H.|title=Beyond the Hox: how widespread is homeobox gene clustering?|journal=Journal of Anatomy|date=31 July 2001|volume=199|issue=1|pages=13–23|doi=10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910013.x}}</ref> <ref name = WIRES>{{cite journal|last=Holland|first=P. W. H.|title=Evolution of homeobox genes|journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology|date=1 January 2012|pages=n/a–n/a|doi=10.1002/wdev.78}}</ref> . Gene expression and functional data lends tentative support to this hypothesis <ref>{{cite journal|last=Samadi|first=Leyli|coauthors=Steiner, Gerhard|title=Conservation of ParaHox genes' function in patterning of the digestive tract of the marine gastropod Gibbula varia|journal=BMC Developmental Biology|date=1 January 2010|volume=10|issue=1|pages=74|doi=10.1186/1471-213X-10-74}}</ref> <ref name = WIRES/>, although in many animals the roles of the genes have changed in evolution, notably the Gsx gene family which plays a role in brain (not foregut) development in vertebrates<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pei|first=Z|coauthors=Wang, B; Chen, G; Nagao, M; Nakafuku, M; Campbell, K|title=Homeobox genes Gsx1 and Gsx2 differentially regulate telencephalic progenitor maturation.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=2011 Jan 25|volume=108|issue=4|pages=1675-80|pmid=21205889}}</ref> .


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:18, 8 December 2012

The ParaHox gene cluster is an array of homeobox genes from the Gsx, Xlox (Pdx) and Cdx gene families. These genes were first shown to be arranged into a physically-linked chromosomal cluster in amphioxus, an invertebrate with a single member of each of the three gene families[1]. All the ParaHox genes in the amphioxus genome are therefore in the ParaHox gene cluster. In contrast, the human genome has six ParaHox genes (GSX1, GSX2, PDX1, CDX1, CDX2, CDX4), of which three genes (GSX1, PDX1 (=IPF1), CDX2) are physically linked to form a human ParaHox gene cluster on chromosome 13[2] . Mouse has a homologous ParaHox gene cluster on chromosome 5. The other three human ParaHox genes are remnants from duplicated ParaHox gene clusters that were generated in the 2R genome duplications at the base of vertebrate evolution. Some vertebrates, notably chondrichthyan fish and coelacanths, have retained an additional ParaHox gene (PDX2)[3] .

The ParaHox gene cluster has been proposed to be a paralogue, or evolutionary sister, of the Hox gene cluster [1]; the two gene clusters being descendent from a segmental duplication early in animal evolution, preceding the divergence of cnidarians and bilaterian animals [4] . It has been suggested that an ancient role of the ParaHox gene cluster in bilaterians was the specify or pattern the through-gut, with Gsx patterning the mouth, Xlox (=Pdx) patterning the midgut and Cdx marking the anus[5] [6] . Gene expression and functional data lends tentative support to this hypothesis [7] [6], although in many animals the roles of the genes have changed in evolution, notably the Gsx gene family which plays a role in brain (not foregut) development in vertebrates[8] .

References

  1. ^ a b Brooke, N.M. (1998). "The ParaHox gene cluster is an evolutionary sister of the Hox gene cluster". Nature. 392: 920–922. PMID 9582071. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Ferrier, DE (2005 Oct 25). "The chordate ParaHox cluster". Current biology : CB. 15 (20): R820-2. PMID 16243016. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Mulley, J. F. (11 May 2010). "Parallel Retention of Pdx2 Genes in Cartilaginous Fish and Coelacanths". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (10): 2386–2391. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq121. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Hui, J (2008). "Do cnidarians have a ParaHox cluster? Analysis of synteny around a Nematostella homeobox gene cluster". Evolution & Development. 10: 725–730. PMID 19021743. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Holland, P. W. H. (31 July 2001). "Beyond the Hox: how widespread is homeobox gene clustering?". Journal of Anatomy. 199 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910013.x.
  6. ^ a b Holland, P. W. H. (1 January 2012). "Evolution of homeobox genes". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1002/wdev.78.
  7. ^ Samadi, Leyli (1 January 2010). "Conservation of ParaHox genes' function in patterning of the digestive tract of the marine gastropod Gibbula varia". BMC Developmental Biology. 10 (1): 74. doi:10.1186/1471-213X-10-74. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Pei, Z (2011 Jan 25). "Homeobox genes Gsx1 and Gsx2 differentially regulate telencephalic progenitor maturation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (4): 1675–80. PMID 21205889. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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