Rhizobium: Difference between revisions
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''[[Rhizobium phaseoli|R. phaseoli]]'' <small>Dangeard 1926 emend. Ramírez-Bahena ''et al''. 2008</small><br> |
''[[Rhizobium phaseoli|R. phaseoli]]'' <small>Dangeard 1926 emend. Ramírez-Bahena ''et al''. 2008</small><br> |
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''[[Rhizobium pisi|R. pisi]]'' <small>Ramírez-Bahena ''et al''. 2008</small><br> |
''[[Rhizobium pisi|R. pisi]]'' <small>Ramírez-Bahena ''et al''. 2008</small><br> |
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''[[Rhizobium qilianshanense|R. qilianshanense]]'' <small>Xu ''et al''. 2013</small><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = Lin | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Yong | last3 = Deng | first3 = Zheng Shan | last4 = Zhao | first4 = Liang | last5 = Wei | first5 = Xiu Li | last6 = Wei | first6 = Ge Hong | date = 2013 | title = ''Rhizobium qilianshanense'' sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodule of ''Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge'' in China | journal = Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | volume = 103 | issue = 3 | pages = 559-565 | doi = 10.1007/s10482-012-9840-x}}</ref><br> |
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''[[Agrobacterium tumefaciens|R. radiobacter]]'' <small>(Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Young ''et al''. 2001</small><ref name="Young">NOTE: These strains were formerly placed in the genus ''Agrobacterium''.</ref><br> |
''[[Agrobacterium tumefaciens|R. radiobacter]]'' <small>(Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Young ''et al''. 2001</small><ref name="Young">NOTE: These strains were formerly placed in the genus ''Agrobacterium''.</ref><br> |
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''[[Agrobacterium rhizogenes|R. rhizogenes]]'' <small>(Riker ''et al''. 1930) Young ''et al''. 2001</small><ref name="Young" /><br> |
''[[Agrobacterium rhizogenes|R. rhizogenes]]'' <small>(Riker ''et al''. 1930) Young ''et al''. 2001</small><ref name="Young" /><br> |
Revision as of 23:03, 14 February 2013
Rhizobium | |
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Rhizobium tropici on an agar plate. | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | |
Phylum: | |
Class: | |
Order: | |
Family: | |
Genus: | Rhizobium Frank 1889
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Type species | |
Rhizobium leguminosarum | |
Species[7] | |
R. alamii Berge et al. 2009
R. fabae Tian et al. 2008
R. giardinii Amarger et al. 1997
R. loessense Wei et al. 2003 |
- See Also Rhizobia
Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium forms an endosymbiotic nitrogen fixing association with roots of legumes and Parasponia.
The bacteria colonize plant cells within root nodules; here the bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia and then provide organic nitrogenous compounds such as glutamine or ureides to the plant. The plant provides the bacteria with organic compounds made by photosynthesis.[8]
History
Beijerinck in the Netherlands was the first to isolate and cultivate a microorganism from the nodules of legumes in 1888. He named it Bacillus radicicola, which is now placed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology under the genus Rhizobium.
The Concept of Cross Inoculation Grouping (C.I.G)
The cross-inoculation grouping based on the classical studies of Fred, Baldwin and McCoy[citation needed] is being generally followed.
The principle of cross-inoculation grouping is based on the ability of an isolate of Rhizobium to form nodules in a limited number of species of legumes related to one another.
All rhizobia that could form nodules on roots of certain legume types have been collectively taken as a species. This system of classification has provided a workable basis for the agricultural practice of legume inoculation. Under this scheme, seven species are generally recognized.
The system of cross-inoculation grouping of rhizobia is not perfect since bacteria have been found to cross-infect or interchange between groups. However, until a better system of classification has been perfected, it appears as if we have to be content with the cross-inoculation grouping as a convenient and workable method of classifying root nodule bacteria into species.
The combined results of both somatic and flagellar reactions have served to distinguish strains within a cross-inoculation group. Serological methods can be used as a means of obtaining information on the distribution of strains that can be recognised within an area, on widely separated areas, on the plant or within a nodule. Serologically, it is known that a single nodule contains a homogeneous population of a single strain of Rhizobium, although it is not uncommon to find more than one strain on the same plant.
Research
Rhizobium forms a symbiotic relationship with certain plants such as legumes. The Rhizobium fixes nitrogen from the air into ammonia, which acts as a natural fertilizer for the plants. Current research is being conducted by Agricultural Research Service microbiologists to discover a way to utilize Rhizobium’s biological nitrogen fixation. This research involves the genetic mapping of various Rhizobium species with its respective symbiotic plant species, like alfalfa or soybean. The goal of this research is to increase the plants’ productivity without using fertilizers. [4]
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [7] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[9] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project [10]
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References
- ^ NOTE: This strain was formerly named Blastobacter aggregatus.
- ^ NOTE: This species was formerly known as R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli.
- ^ a b c NOTE: R. gallicum and R. mongolense are 99.2% identical in their rDNA and are likely the same species. It has been proposed by Silva et al. that R. mongolense and R. yanglingense be reclassified as R. gallicum bv. orientale.
- ^ a b c d e f g NOTE: These strains were formerly placed in the genus Agrobacterium. Cite error: The named reference "Young" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Xu, Lin; Zhang, Yong; Deng, Zheng Shan; Zhao, Liang; Wei, Xiu Li; Wei, Ge Hong (2013). "Rhizobium qilianshanense sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodule of Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge in China". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 103 (3): 559–565. doi:10.1007/s10482-012-9840-x.
- ^ Fang Wang, En Tao Wang, Li Juan Wu1, Xin Hua Sui1, Ying Li Jr., and Wen Xin Chen (2011). "Rhizobium vallis sp. nov., isolated from nodules of three leguminous species". Int. J. Gen. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61 (11): 2582–2588. doi:10.2323/jgam.49.155. PMID 12949698.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b J.P. Euzéby. "Rhizobium". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1]. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
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- ^ Sawada H, Kuykendall LD, Young JM (2003). "Changing concepts in the systematics of bacterial nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts". J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 49 (3): 155–79. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.026484-0. PMID 21131504.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sayers; et al. "Rhizobium/Agrobacterium group". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database [2]. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
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: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
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- ^ All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database [3]. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
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- ^ This is the type species for the genus.
- ^ Arthrobacter viscosus is currently classified in the Micrococcaceae. See Arthrobacter.