Cuban amazon: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Addbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
2,838,809 edits
m Bot: Migrating 14 interwiki links, now provided by Wikidata on d:q588594 (Report Errors)
tidied refs
Line 28: Line 28:


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
Traditionally, most authorities have recognize four subspecies of the Cuban Amazon,<ref>Clements, J. F. (2007). ''[[The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World]].'' 6th edition. Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1</ref><ref>Dickinson, E. C. Eds. (2003). ''[[The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World]].'' 3rd edition. Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-6536-X</ref> thereby following the 1928 review by [[James Lee Peters]].<ref name = JLPeters>{{cite journal |url = http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n03/p0342-p0344.pdf| format = pdf| journal = Auk |title = Races of the Amazon leucocephala | volume = XLV |year = 1928 | month = July | pages = 342–344 |first = James. L|last = Peters }}</ref>
Traditionally, most authorities have recognize four subspecies of the Cuban Amazon,<ref>Clements, J. F. (2007). ''[[The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World]].'' 6th edition. Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1</ref><ref>Howard, Richard; Dickinson, E. C. and Moore, Alick (2003). ''[[The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World]].'' 3rd edition, A & C Black, ISBN 0-7136-6536-X</ref> thereby following the 1928 review by [[James Lee Peters]].<ref name = JLPeters>{{cite journal |url = http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v045n03/p0342-p0344.pdf| format = pdf| journal = Auk |title = Races of the Amazon leucocephala | volume = XLV |year = 1928 | month = July | pages = 342–344 |first = James. L|last = Peters |doi = 10.2307/4076025 |issue = 3 }}</ref>


* ''A. l. leucocephala'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>. Present throughout [[Cuba]], including [[Isla de la Juventud]] (formerly known as Isla de Pinos).
* ''A. l. leucocephala'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>. Present throughout [[Cuba]], including [[Isla de la Juventud]] (formerly known as Isla de Pinos).
Line 35: Line 35:
* ''A. l. hesterna'' <small>[[Outram Bangs|Bangs]], 1916</small>. Now restricted to the island of [[Cayman Brac]], but formerly also on [[Little Cayman]].
* ''A. l. hesterna'' <small>[[Outram Bangs|Bangs]], 1916</small>. Now restricted to the island of [[Cayman Brac]], but formerly also on [[Little Cayman]].


''A. l. palmarum'' <small>([[Walter Edmond Clyde Todd|Todd]], 1916)</small> was thought to be a separate subspecies living in western Cuba (east to [[Villa Clara Province]]) and Isla de la Juventud based on differences in the [[plumage]], but in 1928 a re-evaluation indicated that the colour differences were due to age-related variations and that they showed no substantial differences to the specimens obtained from the rest of Cuba (i.e., ''A. l. leucocephala [[sensu stricto]]'').<ref name = JLPeters/> The two populations are very similar [[Genetics|genetically]],<ref name= Ottens-Wainright>Ottens-Wainright, P., K. M. Halanych, J. R. Eberhard, R. I. Burke, J. W. Wiley, R. S. Gnam, & X. G. Aquilera (2004). ''[http://www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/jeberhard/CaribAmazona.pdf Independent geographic origins of the genus Amazona in the West Indies.]'' Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 17: 23-49.</ref> but some authorities have maintained that ''A. l. palmarum'' is a valid subspecies.<ref>Hayes, W. (2006). ''[http://www.llu.edu/pages/faculty/whayes/documents/2006_hayes_bah-nat-j-sci_urgent_need_conservation_taxonomy_bahamas.pdf The urgent need for Conservation Taxonomy.]'' The Bahamas Naturalist and Journal of Science. Vol. 1(1): 12-24</ref><ref>Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, & J. Raffaele (1998). ''A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies.'' Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08736-9</ref><ref>Arndt, T. ''[http://www.arndt-verlag.com/projekt/birds_3.cgi?Desc=E315.htm&Pic=315_1.JPG Amazona leucocephala].'' Lexicon of Parrots, online version. Arndt-Verlag. Accessed 03-04-2010.</ref> A recent review based on [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] and plumage supported the distinction of ''A. l. palmarum'' (at least if restricted to the population on Isla de la Juventud), it having a longer [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] and [[tarsometatarsus|metatarsus]], and a larger rosy pink throat patch than ''A. l. leucocephala'' of the Cuban mainland.<ref name=ReynoldsHayes>Reynolds, M. B. J., & W. K. Hayes (''in press''). ''[http://www.llu.edu/pages/faculty/whayes/documents/reynolds__and__hayes_-_cuban_parrot_morphology__and__plumage_in_press.pdf Conservation taxonomy of the Cuban Parrot (Amazona leucocephala): I. Variation in morphology and plumage.]'' Journal of Caribbean Ornithology.</ref> This review also revealed differences among the populations on the various islands in the Bahamas (some of which had already been pointed out earlier<ref name= Ottens-Wainright/><ref>Snyder, N. F. R., W. B. King, & C. B. Kepler (1982). ''Biology and conservation of the Bahama
''A. l. palmarum'' <small>([[Walter Edmond Clyde Todd|Todd]], 1916)</small> was thought to be a separate subspecies living in western Cuba (east to [[Villa Clara Province]]) and Isla de la Juventud based on differences in the [[plumage]], but in 1928 a re-evaluation indicated that the colour differences were due to age-related variations and that they showed no substantial differences to the specimens obtained from the rest of Cuba (i.e., ''A. l. leucocephala [[sensu stricto]]'').<ref name = JLPeters/> The two populations are very similar [[Genetics|genetically]],<ref name= Ottens-Wainright>{{cite journal |author=Ottens-Wainright, P. ''et al.'' |year=2004|url=http://www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/jeberhard/CaribAmazona.pdf|title= Independent geographic origins of the genus Amazona in the West Indies|journal= Journal of Caribbean Ornithology |volume=17|pages= 23–49}}</ref> but some authorities have maintained that ''A. l. palmarum'' is a valid subspecies.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hayes, W. |year=2006|url=http://www.llu.edu/pages/faculty/whayes/documents/2006_hayes_bah-nat-j-sci_urgent_need_conservation_taxonomy_bahamas.pdf |title=The urgent need for Conservation Taxonomy|journal= The Bahamas Naturalist and Journal of Science|volume= 1|issue=1|pages= 12–24}}</ref><ref>Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, & J. Raffaele (1998). ''A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies.'' Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08736-9</ref><ref>Arndt, T. ''[http://www.arndt-verlag.com/projekt/birds_3.cgi?Desc=E315.htm&Pic=315_1.JPG Amazona leucocephala].'' Lexicon of Parrots, online version. Arndt-Verlag. Accessed 03-04-2010.</ref> A recent review based on [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] and plumage supported the distinction of ''A. l. palmarum'' (at least if restricted to the population on Isla de la Juventud), it having a longer [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] and [[tarsometatarsus|metatarsus]], and a larger rosy pink throat patch than ''A. l. leucocephala'' of the Cuban mainland.<ref name=ReynoldsHayes>{{cite journal |author=Reynolds, M. B. J., & Hayes, W. K. |url=http://extinct-website.com/pdf/001_reynolds__and__hayes_-_cuban_parrot_morphology__and_121.pdf|title=Conservation taxonomy of the Cuban Parrot (Amazona leucocephala): I. Variation in morphology and plumage|journal= Journal of Caribbean Ornithology|volume= 22|pages=1–18|year= 2009}}</ref> This review also revealed differences among the populations on the various islands in the Bahamas (some of which had already been pointed out earlier<ref name= Ottens-Wainright/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Snyder, N. F. R., King, W. B. and Kepler, C. B. |year=1982|title=Biology and conservation of the Bahama Parrot|journal= Living Bird |volume=19|pages= 91–114}}</ref>), leading to the suggestion of restricting ''A. l. bahamensis'' to the now extirpated population of the Acklins and Crooked Islands, while it was proposed that the two extant populations from the Abaco Islands and the Inagua Islands each represent a new subspecies.<ref name=ReynoldsHayes/> The recognition of three subspecies from the Bahamas is also supported by genetics.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2010|title=Cryptic diversity and conservation units in the Bahama parrot|journal= Conservation Genetics|url=http://www.bnt.bs/UserFiles/HTMLEditor/bahamaparrotgenetics.pdf|doi=10.1007/s10592-010-0074-z|last1=Russello|first1=M. A.|last2=Stahala|first2=C.|last3=Lalonde|first3=D.|last4=Schmidt|first4=K. L.|last5=Amato|first5=G.|volume=11|issue=5|pages=1809}}</ref>
Parrot.'' Living Bird 19: 91–114.</ref>), leading to the suggestion of restricting ''A. l. bahamensis'' to the now extirpated population of the Acklins and Crooked Islands, while it was proposed that the two extant populations from the Abaco Islands and the Inagua Islands each represent a new subspecies.<ref name=ReynoldsHayes/> The recognition of three subspecies from the Bahamas is also supported by genetics.<ref>Russello, M. A., C. Stahala, D. Lalonde, K. L. Schmidt, & G. Amato (2010). ''Cryptic diversity and conservation units in the Bahama parrot.'' Conservation Genetics (online)</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
Line 42: Line 41:
The Cuban Amazon lives in different habitats on different islands.<ref name = BLI/> It was once found throughout Cuba, but it is now mainly confined to the forested areas of the main island and Isla de la Juventud. There are about 10,000 individuals in Cuba including an estimated 1,100–1,320 on Isla de la Juventud.<ref name=IUCN2012/><ref name = SCSCB/>
The Cuban Amazon lives in different habitats on different islands.<ref name = BLI/> It was once found throughout Cuba, but it is now mainly confined to the forested areas of the main island and Isla de la Juventud. There are about 10,000 individuals in Cuba including an estimated 1,100–1,320 on Isla de la Juventud.<ref name=IUCN2012/><ref name = SCSCB/>


On the Cayman Islands the parrot lives in dry forest and on agricultural land. The population living on Grand Cayman numbers about 3,400 individuals (2006 survey), and the population on Cayman Brac consists of 400–500 individuals.<ref name = SCSCB/> The population on Little Cayman was extirpated in the 1940s.<ref name=Wiley>Wiley, J. W. (1991). ''Status and conservation of parrots and parakeets in the Greater Antilles, Bahama Islands, and Cayman Islands.'' Bird Conservation International 1: 187-214.</ref>
On the Cayman Islands the parrot lives in dry forest and on agricultural land. The population living on Grand Cayman numbers about 3,400 individuals (2006 survey), and the population on Cayman Brac consists of 400–500 individuals.<ref name = SCSCB/> The population on Little Cayman was extirpated in the 1940s.<ref name=Wiley>{{cite journal|author=Wiley, J. W. |year=1991|title=Status and conservation of parrots and parakeets in the Greater Antilles, Bahama Islands, and Cayman Islands|doi=10.1017/S0959270900000599 |journal= Bird Conservation International |volume=1|pages= 187–214|issue=3}}</ref>


The populations were estimated at about 3,550 individuals on Abaco and 6,350 on Inagua in 2006.<ref name = SCSCB/> The population on the Acklins and Crooked Islands was extirpated in the 1940s,<ref name=Wiley/> while it, based on [[fossil]] remains and [[archeological]] findings, historically also has been present on several other islands in the Bahamas (e.g., [[New Providence]] and [[San Salvador Island|San Salvador]]) and on [[Grand Turk Island]].<ref name= Ottens-Wainright/>
The populations were estimated at about 3,550 individuals on Abaco and 6,350 on Inagua in 2006.<ref name = SCSCB/> The population on the Acklins and Crooked Islands was extirpated in the 1940s,<ref name=Wiley/> while it, based on [[fossil]] remains and [[archeological]] findings, historically also has been present on several other islands in the Bahamas (e.g., [[New Providence]] and [[San Salvador Island|San Salvador]]) and on [[Grand Turk Island]].<ref name= Ottens-Wainright/>
Line 64: Line 63:


==References==<!-- BulletinOfTheBritishOrnithologistsClub101:339. -->
==References==<!-- BulletinOfTheBritishOrnithologistsClub101:339. -->
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|35em}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 78: Line 77:
[[Category:Birds of Cuba|Amazon, Cuban]]
[[Category:Birds of Cuba|Amazon, Cuban]]
[[Category:Birds kept as pets|Amazon, Cuban]]
[[Category:Birds kept as pets|Amazon, Cuban]]

[[ca:Lloro de front blanc]]

Revision as of 07:36, 2 March 2013

Cuban Amazon
A. l. leucocephala in Cuba
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Psittaciformes
Superfamily:
Psittacoidea
Family:
Psittacidae
Subfamily:
Arinae
Tribe:
Androglossini
Genus:
Amazona
Species:
A. leucocephala
Binomial name
Amazona leucocephala
(Linnaeus, 1758)

The Cuban Amazon (Amazona leucocephala) also known as Cuban Parrot or the Rose-throated Parrot, is a medium-sized mainly green parrot found in woodlands and dry forests of Cuba, the Bahamas and Cayman Islands in the Caribbean.[1][2]

Description

A. l. caymanensis on Grand Cayman Island

The Cuban Amazon is a medium-sized parrot 28–33 centimetres (11–13 in) long.[3] It is mainly green with some blue feathers in its wings.[4] The green feathers are edged with a terminal black rim.[5] Its lower face, chin and throat are rosy pink, and its forehead and eye-rings are white.[4] The extent of the various colours of the head, the extent of the rosy pink on the upper chest, and the extent of the dull red on the abdomen vary between the subspecies.[2][5] Its irises are pale olive-green, its beak is horn-coloured, and the feathers over the ears are blackish.[5] The legs are pink.[5] The juvenile has little or no red on the abdomen, less black edging on the green feathers, and some of the feathers on the top of its head may be pale yellow rather than white.[5]

Taxonomy

Traditionally, most authorities have recognize four subspecies of the Cuban Amazon,[6][7] thereby following the 1928 review by James Lee Peters.[4]

A. l. palmarum (Todd, 1916) was thought to be a separate subspecies living in western Cuba (east to Villa Clara Province) and Isla de la Juventud based on differences in the plumage, but in 1928 a re-evaluation indicated that the colour differences were due to age-related variations and that they showed no substantial differences to the specimens obtained from the rest of Cuba (i.e., A. l. leucocephala sensu stricto).[4] The two populations are very similar genetically,[8] but some authorities have maintained that A. l. palmarum is a valid subspecies.[9][10][11] A recent review based on morphology and plumage supported the distinction of A. l. palmarum (at least if restricted to the population on Isla de la Juventud), it having a longer wing chord and metatarsus, and a larger rosy pink throat patch than A. l. leucocephala of the Cuban mainland.[12] This review also revealed differences among the populations on the various islands in the Bahamas (some of which had already been pointed out earlier[8][13]), leading to the suggestion of restricting A. l. bahamensis to the now extirpated population of the Acklins and Crooked Islands, while it was proposed that the two extant populations from the Abaco Islands and the Inagua Islands each represent a new subspecies.[12] The recognition of three subspecies from the Bahamas is also supported by genetics.[14]

Distribution and habitat

At Palmitos Park, Gran Canaria, Spain

The Cuban Amazon lives in different habitats on different islands.[3] It was once found throughout Cuba, but it is now mainly confined to the forested areas of the main island and Isla de la Juventud. There are about 10,000 individuals in Cuba including an estimated 1,100–1,320 on Isla de la Juventud.[1][2]

On the Cayman Islands the parrot lives in dry forest and on agricultural land. The population living on Grand Cayman numbers about 3,400 individuals (2006 survey), and the population on Cayman Brac consists of 400–500 individuals.[2] The population on Little Cayman was extirpated in the 1940s.[15]

The populations were estimated at about 3,550 individuals on Abaco and 6,350 on Inagua in 2006.[2] The population on the Acklins and Crooked Islands was extirpated in the 1940s,[15] while it, based on fossil remains and archeological findings, historically also has been present on several other islands in the Bahamas (e.g., New Providence and San Salvador) and on Grand Turk Island.[8]

Behaviour

Two in a fruiting tree in Cuba

In the winter Cuban Amazons gather in flocks, and disperse into pairs during the breeding season.[2]

Diet

The Cuban Amazon feeds on a number of fruits and seeds including the fruits of palm trees and West Indian mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) seeds.[2]

Breeding

The breeding season is from March to September.[2] Cuban Amazons nest in tree cavities throughout most of its range, the only exception being that the parrots living on the Abaco Islands nest underground in limestone solution holes, where they are protected from pineyard wildfires.[3] Two to four white eggs are laid, which are incubated by the female for 26–28 days.[2]

Status

Due to ongoing habitat loss, occasional natural disasters and trapping for the wild parrot trade, the Cuban Amazon is evaluated as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] It is protected with a listing on Appendix I of CITES,[16] which prohibits international trade of listed wild-caught species.[17]

Aviculture

Pet in a small round cage in Cuba

The Cuban Amazon was seldom-seen in aviculture outside of Cuba and Florida (where it was bred in captivity by Cuban immigrants) until the 1980s and is considered one of the more difficult to breed Amazon parrots, with aggressive behaviour from cock birds towards their mates and their own chicks a relatively common occurrence. Despite increased availability in recent times, the Cuban Amazon is still one of the highest-priced of all amazons. Several colour mutations have been observed in captive-bred stock.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Template:IUCN
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Rose-throated Parrot (Amazona leucocephala)". Society for the Conservation and Study of Caribbean Birds (SCSCB). 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ a b c "Species factsheet: Amazona leucocephala". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  4. ^ a b c d Peters, James. L (1928). "Races of the Amazon leucocephala" (pdf). Auk. XLV (3): 342–344. doi:10.2307/4076025. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. plate 107. ISBN 0-691-09251-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Clements, J. F. (2007). The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th edition. Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1
  7. ^ Howard, Richard; Dickinson, E. C. and Moore, Alick (2003). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 3rd edition, A & C Black, ISBN 0-7136-6536-X
  8. ^ a b c Ottens-Wainright, P.; et al. (2004). "Independent geographic origins of the genus Amazona in the West Indies" (PDF). Journal of Caribbean Ornithology. 17: 23–49. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  9. ^ Hayes, W. (2006). "The urgent need for Conservation Taxonomy" (PDF). The Bahamas Naturalist and Journal of Science. 1 (1): 12–24.
  10. ^ Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, & J. Raffaele (1998). A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08736-9
  11. ^ Arndt, T. Amazona leucocephala. Lexicon of Parrots, online version. Arndt-Verlag. Accessed 03-04-2010.
  12. ^ a b Reynolds, M. B. J., & Hayes, W. K. (2009). "Conservation taxonomy of the Cuban Parrot (Amazona leucocephala): I. Variation in morphology and plumage" (PDF). Journal of Caribbean Ornithology. 22: 1–18.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Snyder, N. F. R., King, W. B. and Kepler, C. B. (1982). "Biology and conservation of the Bahama Parrot". Living Bird. 19: 91–114.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Russello, M. A.; Stahala, C.; Lalonde, D.; Schmidt, K. L.; Amato, G. (2010). "Cryptic diversity and conservation units in the Bahama parrot" (PDF). Conservation Genetics. 11 (5): 1809. doi:10.1007/s10592-010-0074-z.
  15. ^ a b Wiley, J. W. (1991). "Status and conservation of parrots and parakeets in the Greater Antilles, Bahama Islands, and Cayman Islands". Bird Conservation International. 1 (3): 187–214. doi:10.1017/S0959270900000599.
  16. ^ UNEP-WCMC (2010). Amazona leucocephala. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species On the World Wide Web. Accessed 03-04-2010
  17. ^ "Text of the Convention". CITES. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  18. ^ Low, Rosemary. "The Cuban Amazon Parrot". The Parrot Society UK. Retrieved 2009-04-25.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amazona leucocephala.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuban_amazon&oldid=541673902"