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| binomial_authority = Hickman et al. 1982
| binomial_authority = Hickman et al. 1982
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'''''Proteus penneri''''' is a [[Gram-negative]], facultatively [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]], rod shaped [[bacterium]]. ''Proteus penneri'', formerly known as ''Proteus vulgaris'' biogroup 1, or as indole-negative ''P. vulgaris'', was distinguished as a new species within the Proteus genus in 1982. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Hickman|first=FW|coauthors=Steigerwalt, AG, Farmer JJ, 3rd, Brenner, DJ|title=Identification of Proteus penneri sp. nov., formerly known as Proteus vulgaris indole negative or as Proteus vulgaris biogroup 1.|journal=Journal of clinical microbiology|date=1982 Jun|volume=15|issue=6|pages=1097–102|pmid=7050147}}</ref> Extended biochemical tests have characterized P.penneri as being uniformly salicin negative. The inability to produce ornithine decarboxylase differentiates P.penneri from another indole-negative Proteus species P.mirabilis.<ref name="pmid22561620">{{cite journal| author=Kishore J| title=Isolation, identification & characterization of Proteus penneri--a missed rare pathogen. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 2012 | volume= 135 | issue= | pages= 341-5 | pmid=22561620 | doi= | pmc=PMC3361870 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22561620 }} </ref> P. penneri isolates are non-fermenters of salicin and non-utilizers of citrate but acidify sucrose and maltose. <ref name="pmid12678409">{{cite journal| author=Stock I| title=Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Proteus spp., with special reference to P. mirabilis and P. penneri strains. | journal=J Chemother | year= 2003 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 12-26 | pmid=12678409 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12678409 }} </ref>
'''''Proteus penneri''''' is a [[Gram-negative]], facultatively [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]], rod shaped [[bacterium]]. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Hickman|first=FW|coauthors=Steigerwalt, AG, Farmer JJ, 3rd, Brenner, DJ|title=Identification of Proteus penneri sp. nov., formerly known as Proteus vulgaris indole negative or as Proteus vulgaris biogroup 1.|journal=Journal of clinical microbiology|date=1982 Jun|volume=15|issue=6|pages=1097–102|pmid=7050147}}</ref>''P. penneri'' is an invasive pathogen<ref name="pmid22561620">{{cite journal| author=Kishore J| title=Isolation, identification & characterization of Proteus penneri--a missed rare pathogen. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 2012 | volume= 135 | issue= | pages= 341-5 | pmid=22561620 | doi= | pmc=PMC3361870 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22561620 }} </ref> and a cause of [[nosocomial]] infections of the urinary tract or in open wounds.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kaistha|first=N|coauthors=Bansal, N, Chander, J|title=Proteus penneri lurking in the intensive care unit: An important often ignored nosocomial pathogen.|journal=Indian journal of anaesthesia|date=2011 Jul|volume=55|issue=4|pages=411–3|pmid=22013265}}</ref> Pathogens have been isolated mainly from the urine of patients with abnormalities in the urinary tract, and from stool.<ref>{{cite journal|last=O’Hara|first=C|coauthors=Brenner F. W. and Miller J. M.|title=Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella|journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 13|pages=534–546.|date=2000|pmid=11023955}}</ref> P. penneri strains are naturally resistant to penicillin G, amoxicillin, cephalosporins , oxacillin, and most macrolides, but are naturally sensitive to aminoglycosides, carbapenems, aztreonam, quinolones, sulphamethoxazole and co-trimoxazole. Isolates of P.penneri have been found to be multi-drug resistant (MDR) with resistance to 6-8 drugs. β-lactamase production has also been identified in some isolates.<ref name="pmid12678409">{{cite journal| author=Stock I| title=Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Proteus spp., with special reference to P. mirabilis and P. penneri strains. | journal=J Chemother | year= 2003 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 12-26 | pmid=12678409 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12678409 }} </ref>

==History==
Analysis of literature for reports on indole-negative P. vulgaris before 1978 showed that P Penneri existed in human specimens but did not receive much attention other that its negative reaction in the test for indole production.<ref name="pmid3571463">{{cite journal| author=Krajden S, Fuksa M, Petrea C, Crisp LJ, Penner JL| title=Expanded clinical spectrum of infections caused by Proteus penneri. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1987 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 578-9 | pmid=3571463 | doi= | pmc=PMC266001 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3571463 }} </ref>In 1978, Brenner et al. showed through DNA hybridization studies that P.vulgaris was a heterogenous species.<ref name="pmid3597752">{{cite journal| author=Rozalski A, Kotełko K| title=Hemolytic activity and invasiveness in strains of Proteus penneri. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1987 | volume= 25 | issue= 6 | pages= 1094-6 | pmid=3597752 | doi= | pmc=PMC269143 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3597752 }} </ref>
In 1981, Hickman et al conducted experiments on 20 indole-negative strains previously grouped with P.vulgaris and demonstrated the existence of three P. vulgaris biogroups. Proteus vulgaris biogroup 1, or indole-negative P. vulgaris, was distinguished as a new species within the Proteus genus in 1982. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Hickman|first=FW|coauthors=Steigerwalt, AG, Farmer JJ, 3rd, Brenner, DJ|title=Identification of Proteus penneri sp. nov., formerly known as Proteus vulgaris indole negative or as Proteus vulgaris biogroup 1.|journal=Journal of clinical microbiology|date=1982 Jun|volume=15|issue=6|pages=1097–102|pmid=7050147}}</ref>The new species was named Proteus Penneri in honor of John Penner, a Canadian microbiologist who contributed greatly to the study of the three genera of Proteeae.<ref name="pmid11023955 [">{{cite journal| author=O'Hara CM, Brenner FW, Miller JM| title=Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2000 | volume= 13 | issue= 4 | pages= 534-46 | pmid=11023955 [ | doi= | pmc=PMC88947 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11023955 }} </ref>


==Lab Identification==

Extended biochemical tests have characterized P.penneri as being uniformly salicin negative. The inability to produce ornithine decarboxylase differentiates P.penneri from another indole-negative Proteus species P.mirabilis.<ref name="pmid22561620">{{cite journal| author=Kishore J| title=Isolation, identification & characterization of Proteus penneri--a missed rare pathogen. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 2012 | volume= 135 | issue= | pages= 341-5 | pmid=22561620 | doi= | pmc=PMC3361870 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22561620 }} </ref> P. penneri isolates are non-fermenters of salicin and non-utilizers of citrate but acidify sucrose and maltose. <ref name="pmid12678409">{{cite journal| author=Stock I| title=Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Proteus spp., with special reference to P. mirabilis and P. penneri strains. | journal=J Chemother | year= 2003 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 12-26 | pmid=12678409 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12678409 }} </ref>Other chief characteristics of this species that enable its differentiation from other Proteus species include failure to acidify esculin, failure to produce hydrogen sulfide on triple sugar iron agar, and resistance to chloramphenicol.<ref name="pmid2380386">{{cite journal| author=Engler HD, Troy K, Bottone EJ| title=Bacteremia and subcutaneous abscess caused by Proteus penneri in a neutropenic host. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1990 | volume= 28 | issue= 7 | pages= 1645-6 | pmid=2380386 | doi= | pmc=PMC268005 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2380386 }} </ref>Similar to other Proteus species, P.penneri has a cell-bound hemolytic factor, which has been shown to facilitate penetration of the organism into cultured Vero cells without any cytotoxic effects. It also has a filterable cytotoxic alpha-hemolysin rarely found in other proteus species.<ref name="pmid3597752">{{cite journal| author=Rozalski A, Kotełko K| title=Hemolytic activity and invasiveness in strains of Proteus penneri. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1987 | volume= 25 | issue= 6 | pages= 1094-6 | pmid=3597752 | doi= | pmc=PMC269143 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3597752 }} </ref>A highly active urease produced by P.penneri may also have a role in the establishment of an infectious process.<ref name="pmid2380386"/>
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core region of Proteus penneri strains contains higher structural variability than that observed in other representatives of Enterobacteriaceae.<ref name="pmid21060898">{{cite journal| author=Palusiak A, Sidorczyk Z| title=Characterization of epitope specificity of Proteus penneri 7 lipopolysaccharide core region. | journal=Acta Biochim Pol | year= 2010 | volume= 57 | issue= 4 | pages= 529-32 | pmid=21060898 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21060898 }} </ref>Presently, 15 O-serogroups have been proposed for P. penneri based on the chemical structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain (O-antigen) of the lipopolysaccharide.<ref name="pmid7556207">{{cite journal| author=Cedzyński M, Knirel YA, Rózalski A, Shashkov AS, Vinogradov EV, Kaca W| title=The structure and serological specificity of Proteus mirabilis O43 O antigen. | journal=Eur J Biochem | year= 1995 | volume= 232 | issue= 2 | pages= 558-62 | pmid=7556207 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7556207 }} </ref><ref>Sidorczyk Z., Zych K., Kołodziejska K., Drzewiecka D. and Zabłotni A. (2002): Progress in serological classification of further strains from genus Proteusand determination of epitopes and new serogroups. Second German-Polish-Russian Meeting on Bacterial Carbohydrates, Moscow, September 10–12, 2002.</ref><ref name="pmid11109127">{{cite journal| author=Zych K, Kowalczyk M, Knirel YA, Sidorczyk Z| title=New serogroups of the genus Proteus consisting of Proteus penneri strains only. Determination of some LPS epitopes responsible for specificity. | journal=Adv Exp Med Biol | year= 2000 | volume= 485 | issue= | pages= 339-44 | pmid=11109127 | doi=10.1007/0-306-46840-9_47 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11109127 }} </ref>

==Clinical Significance==
Documented human clinical infections caused by Proteus penneri have been limited to the urinary tract and to wounds of the abdomen, groin, neck, and ankle. <ref name="pmid2380386"/>Proteus penneri is isolated from individuals in long-term care facilities, hospitals and from patients who are immunocompromised or suffering from underlying disease. In a study by Müller, P. penneri was isolated significantly more often from stools of patients with diarrheal disease than from healthy patients, leading the author to speculate that P. penneri may play a role in some diarrheal disease.<ref name="pmid3517057">{{cite journal| author=Müller HE| title=Occurrence and pathogenic role of Morganella-Proteus-Providencia group bacteria in human feces. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1986 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 404-5 | pmid=3517057 | doi= | pmc=PMC268658 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3517057 }} </ref>The invasive potential of this microorganism has also been demonstrated in a case of P. penneri bacteremia and concomitant subcutaneous thigh abscess in a neutropenic patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia <ref name="pmid2380386">{{cite journal| author=Engler HD, Troy K, Bottone EJ| title=Bacteremia and subcutaneous abscess caused by Proteus penneri in a neutropenic host. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1990 | volume= 28 | issue= 7 | pages= 1645-6 | pmid=2380386 | doi= | pmc=PMC268005 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2380386 }} </ref>and in nosocomial urosepsis in a diabetic patient from whom the organism was also subsequently isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and a pulmonary catheter tip.<ref name="pmid9548071">{{cite journal| author=Latuszynski DK, Schoch P, Qadir MT, Cunha BA| title=Proteus penneri urosepsis in a patient with diabetes mellitus. | journal=Heart Lung | year= 1998 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 146-8 | pmid=9548071 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9548071 }} </ref>Furthermore, the urease enzyme of P. penneri is thought to be a significant cause of kidney stone formation. <ref name="pmid815197">{{cite journal| author=Griffith DP, Musher DM, Itin C| title=Urease. The primary cause of infection-induced urinary stones. | journal=Invest Urol | year= 1976 | volume= 13 | issue= 5 | pages= 346-50 | pmid=815197 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=815197 }} </ref>Consistent with this belief, the organism has been isolated from the center of a stone removed from a patient with persistent P. penneri bacteriuria.The occurrence of P.penneri organisms in the normal intestine accounts for their higher frequency in in urinary tract infections and for their role as opportunistic invaders after surgery.<ref name="pmid6715521">{{cite journal| author=Krajden S, Fuksa M, Lizewski W, Barton L, Lee A| title=Proteus penneri and urinary calculi formation. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1984 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 541-2 | pmid=6715521 | doi= | pmc=PMC271113 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6715521 }} </ref>

==Susceptibility==

Presently, all tested strains of Proteus penneri have been found highly susceptible to:
*ceftizoxime
*ceftazidime
*moxalactam
*cefoxitin
*gentamicin
*tobramycin
*netilmicin

Most strains with a few exceptions are also susceptible to:
*amikacin
*piperacillin
*cefoperazone
⚫
<ref name="pmid6508270">{{cite journal| author=Fuksa M, Krajden S, Lee A| title=Susceptibilities of 45 clinical isolates of Proteus penneri. | journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother | year= 1984 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 419-20 | pmid=6508270 | doi= | pmc=PMC176184 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6508270 }} </ref>


''P. penneri'' is an invasive pathogen<ref name="pmid22561620">{{cite journal| author=Kishore J| title=Isolation, identification & characterization of Proteus penneri--a missed rare pathogen. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 2012 | volume= 135 | issue= | pages= 341-5 | pmid=22561620 | doi= | pmc=PMC3361870 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22561620 }} </ref> and a cause of [[nosocomial]] infections of the urinary tract or in open wounds.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kaistha|first=N|coauthors=Bansal, N, Chander, J|title=Proteus penneri lurking in the intensive care unit: An important often ignored nosocomial pathogen.|journal=Indian journal of anaesthesia|date=2011 Jul|volume=55|issue=4|pages=411–3|pmid=22013265}}</ref> Pathogens have been isolated mainly from the urine of patients with abnormalities in the urinary tract, and from stool.<ref>{{cite journal|last=O’Hara|first=C|coauthors=Brenner F. W. and Miller J. M.|title=Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella|journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 13|pages=534–546.|date=2000|pmid=11023955}}</ref> P. penneri strains are naturally resistant to penicillin G, amoxicillin, cephalosporins , oxacillin, and most macrolides, but are naturally sensitive to aminoglycosides, carbapenems, aztreonam, quinolones, sulphamethoxazole and co-trimoxazole. Isolates of P.penneri have been found to be multi-drug resistant (MDR) with resistance to 6-8 drugs. β-lactamase production has also been identified in some isolates.<ref name="pmid12678409">{{cite journal| author=Stock I| title=Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Proteus spp., with special reference to P. mirabilis and P. penneri strains. | journal=J Chemother | year= 2003 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 12-26 | pmid=12678409 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12678409 }} </ref>


⚫
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core region of Proteus penneri strains contains higher structural variability than that observed in other representatives of Enterobacteriaceae.<ref name="pmid21060898">{{cite journal| author=Palusiak A, Sidorczyk Z| title=Characterization of epitope specificity of Proteus penneri 7 lipopolysaccharide core region. | journal=Acta Biochim Pol | year= 2010 | volume= 57 | issue= 4 | pages= 529-32 | pmid=21060898 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21060898 }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 04:12, 20 April 2013

Proteus penneri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Proteobacteria
Class:
Gamma Proteobacteria
Order:
Enterobacteriales
Family:
Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:
Proteus
Species:
P. penneri
Binomial name
Proteus penneri
Hickman et al. 1982

Proteus penneri is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod shaped bacterium. [1]P. penneri is an invasive pathogen[2] and a cause of nosocomial infections of the urinary tract or in open wounds.[3] Pathogens have been isolated mainly from the urine of patients with abnormalities in the urinary tract, and from stool.[4] P. penneri strains are naturally resistant to penicillin G, amoxicillin, cephalosporins , oxacillin, and most macrolides, but are naturally sensitive to aminoglycosides, carbapenems, aztreonam, quinolones, sulphamethoxazole and co-trimoxazole. Isolates of P.penneri have been found to be multi-drug resistant (MDR) with resistance to 6-8 drugs. β-lactamase production has also been identified in some isolates.[5]

History

Analysis of literature for reports on indole-negative P. vulgaris before 1978 showed that P Penneri existed in human specimens but did not receive much attention other that its negative reaction in the test for indole production.[6]In 1978, Brenner et al. showed through DNA hybridization studies that P.vulgaris was a heterogenous species.[7] In 1981, Hickman et al conducted experiments on 20 indole-negative strains previously grouped with P.vulgaris and demonstrated the existence of three P. vulgaris biogroups. Proteus vulgaris biogroup 1, or indole-negative P. vulgaris, was distinguished as a new species within the Proteus genus in 1982. [8]The new species was named Proteus Penneri in honor of John Penner, a Canadian microbiologist who contributed greatly to the study of the three genera of Proteeae.[9]


Lab Identification

Extended biochemical tests have characterized P.penneri as being uniformly salicin negative. The inability to produce ornithine decarboxylase differentiates P.penneri from another indole-negative Proteus species P.mirabilis.[2] P. penneri isolates are non-fermenters of salicin and non-utilizers of citrate but acidify sucrose and maltose. [5]Other chief characteristics of this species that enable its differentiation from other Proteus species include failure to acidify esculin, failure to produce hydrogen sulfide on triple sugar iron agar, and resistance to chloramphenicol.[10]Similar to other Proteus species, P.penneri has a cell-bound hemolytic factor, which has been shown to facilitate penetration of the organism into cultured Vero cells without any cytotoxic effects. It also has a filterable cytotoxic alpha-hemolysin rarely found in other proteus species.[7]A highly active urease produced by P.penneri may also have a role in the establishment of an infectious process.[10] The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core region of Proteus penneri strains contains higher structural variability than that observed in other representatives of Enterobacteriaceae.[11]Presently, 15 O-serogroups have been proposed for P. penneri based on the chemical structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain (O-antigen) of the lipopolysaccharide.[12][13][14]

Clinical Significance

Documented human clinical infections caused by Proteus penneri have been limited to the urinary tract and to wounds of the abdomen, groin, neck, and ankle. [10]Proteus penneri is isolated from individuals in long-term care facilities, hospitals and from patients who are immunocompromised or suffering from underlying disease. In a study by Müller, P. penneri was isolated significantly more often from stools of patients with diarrheal disease than from healthy patients, leading the author to speculate that P. penneri may play a role in some diarrheal disease.[15]The invasive potential of this microorganism has also been demonstrated in a case of P. penneri bacteremia and concomitant subcutaneous thigh abscess in a neutropenic patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia [10]and in nosocomial urosepsis in a diabetic patient from whom the organism was also subsequently isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and a pulmonary catheter tip.[16]Furthermore, the urease enzyme of P. penneri is thought to be a significant cause of kidney stone formation. [17]Consistent with this belief, the organism has been isolated from the center of a stone removed from a patient with persistent P. penneri bacteriuria.The occurrence of P.penneri organisms in the normal intestine accounts for their higher frequency in in urinary tract infections and for their role as opportunistic invaders after surgery.[18]

Susceptibility

Presently, all tested strains of Proteus penneri have been found highly susceptible to:

  • ceftizoxime
  • ceftazidime
  • moxalactam
  • cefoxitin
  • gentamicin
  • tobramycin
  • netilmicin

Most strains with a few exceptions are also susceptible to:

  • amikacin
  • piperacillin
  • cefoperazone

[19]


References

  1. ^ Hickman, FW (1982 Jun). "Identification of Proteus penneri sp. nov., formerly known as Proteus vulgaris indole negative or as Proteus vulgaris biogroup 1". Journal of clinical microbiology. 15 (6): 1097–102. PMID 7050147. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b Kishore J (2012). "Isolation, identification & characterization of Proteus penneri--a missed rare pathogen". Indian J Med Res. 135: 341–5. PMC 3361870. PMID 22561620.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  3. ^ Kaistha, N (2011 Jul). "Proteus penneri lurking in the intensive care unit: An important often ignored nosocomial pathogen". Indian journal of anaesthesia. 55 (4): 411–3. PMID 22013265. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ O’Hara, C (2000). "Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella". Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 13: 534–546. PMID 11023955. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b Stock I (2003). "Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Proteus spp., with special reference to P. mirabilis and P. penneri strains". J Chemother. 15 (1): 12–26. PMID 12678409.
  6. ^ Krajden S, Fuksa M, Petrea C, Crisp LJ, Penner JL (1987). "Expanded clinical spectrum of infections caused by Proteus penneri". J Clin Microbiol. 25 (3): 578–9. PMC 266001. PMID 3571463.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b Rozalski A, Kotełko K (1987). "Hemolytic activity and invasiveness in strains of Proteus penneri". J Clin Microbiol. 25 (6): 1094–6. PMC 269143. PMID 3597752.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  8. ^ Hickman, FW (1982 Jun). "Identification of Proteus penneri sp. nov., formerly known as Proteus vulgaris indole negative or as Proteus vulgaris biogroup 1". Journal of clinical microbiology. 15 (6): 1097–102. PMID 7050147. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ O'Hara CM, Brenner FW, Miller JM (2000). "Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella". Clin Microbiol Rev. 13 (4): 534–46. PMC 88947. PMID [ 11023955 [. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b c d Engler HD, Troy K, Bottone EJ (1990). "Bacteremia and subcutaneous abscess caused by Proteus penneri in a neutropenic host". J Clin Microbiol. 28 (7): 1645–6. PMC 268005. PMID 2380386.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Palusiak A, Sidorczyk Z (2010). "Characterization of epitope specificity of Proteus penneri 7 lipopolysaccharide core region". Acta Biochim Pol. 57 (4): 529–32. PMID 21060898.
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