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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=


<ref name="Audubonguide">{{cite book|last=Lincoff|first=Gary H.|title=National Audubon Society Field Guide to Mushrooms|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|date=2000|pages=571|isbn=978-0-394-51992-0}}</ref>
<ref name="Audubonguide">{{cite book |author=Lincoff GH. |title=National Audubon Society Field Guide to Mushrooms |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |year=2000 |page=571 |isbn=978-0-394-51992-0}}</ref>


<ref name="Baroni 1991">{{cite journal|last=Baroni TJ, Both EE|date=1991|title=''Chalciporus piperatoides'' in North America|journal=Mycologia|volume=83|issue=5|pages=559-64|jstor=3760211}}</ref>
<ref name="Baroni 1991">{{cite journal |author=Baroni TJ, Both EE. |title=''Chalciporus piperatoides'' in North America |journal=Mycologia |year=1991 |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=559–64 |jstor=3760211 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0083/005/0559.htm}}</ref>


<ref name="Bataille 1908">{{cite journal |author=Bataille F. |title=Quelques champignons intéressants des environs de Besançon |journal=Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle du Doubs |year=1908 |volume=15 |pages=23–61 (see p.&nbsp;39) |language=French}}</ref>
<ref name="Bataille 1908">{{cite journal |author=Bataille F. |title=Quelques champignons intéressants des environs de Besançon |journal=Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle du Doubs |year=1908 |volume=15 |pages=23–61 (see p.&nbsp;39) |language=French}}</ref>


<ref name="Bessette 2000">{{cite book |title=North American Boletes |author=Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR. |year=2000 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, New York |page=173 |isbn=978-0-8156-0588-1}}</ref>
<ref name="Bessette 2000">{{cite book |author=Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR. |title=North American Boletes |year=2000 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, New York |page=173 |isbn=978-0-8156-0588-1}}</ref>


<ref name="Bulliard 1790">{{cite book |author=Bulliard F. |title=Herbier de la France |year=1790 |volume=10 |location=Paris |publisher=Chez l'auteur, Didot, Debure, Belin |page=451:2 |url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4303740 |language=French}}</ref>
<ref name="Bulliard 1790">{{cite book |author=Bulliard F. |title=Herbier de la France |year=1790 |volume=10 |location=Paris |publisher=Chez l'auteur, Didot, Debure, Belin |page=451:2 |url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4303740 |language=French}}</ref>


<ref name="Carluccio 2003">{{cite book |author=[[Antonio Carluccio|Carluccio A]] |year=2003 |title=The Complete Mushroom Book |publisher=Quadrille |isbn= 978-1-84400-040-1}}</ref>
<ref name="Carluccio 2003">{{cite book |author=[[Antonio Carluccio|Carluccio A.]] |title=The Complete Mushroom Book |year=2003 |publisher=Quadrille |isbn= 978-1-84400-040-1}}</ref>


<ref name="Dunk 2012">{{cite journal |author=Dunk CW, Lebel T, Keane PJ. |year=2012 |title=Characteristics of ectomycorrhizal formation by the exotic fungus ''Amanita muscaria'' with ''Nothofagus cunninghamii'' in Victoria, Australia |journal=Mycorrhiza |volume=22 |issue= |pages=135–47 |doi= |pmid= }}</ref>
<ref name="Dunk 2012">{{cite journal |author=Dunk CW, Lebel T, Keane PJ. |year=2012 |title=Characterisation of ectomycorrhizal formation by the exotic fungus ''Amanita muscaria'' with ''Nothofagus cunninghamii'' in Victoria, Australia |journal=Mycorrhiza |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=135–47 |doi=10.1007/s00572-011-0388-9 |pmid=21573836}}</ref>


<ref name="Fuhrer 1992">{{cite book |author=Fuhrer B, Robinson R. |year=1992 |title=Rainforest Fungi of Tasmania and Southeast Australia |publisher=CSIRO Press |isbn=978-0-643-05311-3}}</ref>
<ref name="Fuhrer 1992">{{cite book |author=Fuhrer B, Robinson R. |year=1992 |title=Rainforest Fungi of Tasmania and Southeast Australia |publisher=CSIRO Press |location= |isbn=978-0-643-05311-3}}</ref>


<ref name="Godbout 1985">{{cite journal |author=Godbout C, Fortin JA. |year=1985 |title=Synthesized ectomycorrhizae of aspen: fungal genus level of structural characterization |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=63 |issue= |pages=252–62 |doi= |pmid= }}</ref>
<ref name="Godbout 1985">{{cite journal |author=Godbout C, Fortin JA. |year=1985 |title=Synthesized ectomycorrhizae of aspen: fungal genus level of structural characterization |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=252–62 |doi=10.1139/b85-029}}</ref>


<ref name="Haas 1969">{{cite book |author=Haas H. |title=The Young Specialist looks at Fungi |year=1969 |page=224 |publisher=Burke |location=London, UK |isbn=0-222-79409-7}}</ref>
<ref name="Haas 1969">{{cite book |author=Haas H. |title=The Young Specialist looks at Fungi |year=1969 |page=224 |publisher=Burke |location=London, UK |isbn=0-222-79409-7}}</ref>


<ref name="Hobbie 1999">{{cite journal |author=Hobbie EA, Macko SA, Shugart HH. |year=1999 |title=Insights into Nitrogen and Carbon dynamics of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi from isotopic evidence |journal=Oecologia |volume=118 |issue= |pages=353–60 |doi= |pmid= }}</ref>
<ref name="Hobbie 1999">{{cite journal |author=Hobbie EA, Macko SA, Shugart HH. |year=1999 |title=Insights into nitrogen and carbon dynamics of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi from isotopic evidence |journal=Oecologia |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=353–60 |doi=10.1007/s004420050736}}</ref>


<ref name="Hobbie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Hobbie EA, Weber NS, Trappe JM. |year=2001 |title=Mycorrhizal vs saprotrophic status of fungi: the isotopic evidence |journal=New Phytologist |volume=150 |issue=3 |pages=601–10 |doi= |pmid= }}</ref>
<ref name="Hobbie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Hobbie EA, Weber NS, Trappe JM. |year=2001 |title=Mycorrhizal vs saprotrophic status of fungi: the isotopic evidence |journal=New Phytologist |volume=150 |issue=3 |pages=601–10 |jstor=1353665}}</ref>


<ref name="Hogberg 1999">{{cite journal |author=Högberg P, Plamboeck AH, Taylor AF, Fransson P. |year=1999 |title=Natural <sup>13</sup>C abundance reveals trophic status of fungi and host-origin of carbon in mycorrhizal fungi in mixed forests |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=96 |issue= |pages=8534–39 |doi= |pmid= }}</ref>
<ref name="Hogberg 1999">{{cite journal |author=Högberg P, Plamboeck AH, Taylor AF, Fransson P. |year=1999 |title=Natural <sup>13</sup>C abundance reveals trophic status of fungi and host-origin of carbon in mycorrhizal fungi in mixed forests |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=96 |issue=15 |pages=8534–39 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/96/15/8534.long}} {{open access}}</ref>


<ref name="Kasuya 1996">{{cite journal |author=Kasuya MC, Igarashi T. |title=In vitro ectomycorrhizal formation in ''Piceae glehnii'' seedlings |journal=Mycorrhiza |volume=6 |issue= |pages=451–54 |doi= |pmid= }}</ref>
<ref name="Kasuya 1996">{{cite journal |author=Kasuya MC, Igarashi T. |title=In vitro ectomycorrhizal formation in ''Piceae glehnii'' seedlings |journal=Mycorrhiza |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=451–54 |doi=10.1007/s005720050146}}</ref>


<ref name="Modess 1941">{{cite Book |author=Moddess O |year=1941 |title=Zur kenntnis der mykorrhizabildner von kiefer und fichte |language=German}}</ref>
<ref name="Modess 1941">{{cite Book |author=Moddess O. |year=1941 |title=Zur kenntnis der mykorrhizabildner von kiefer und fichte |language=German}}</ref>


<ref name="Nilper 1977">{{cite book |author=Nilson S, Persson O. |year=1977 |title=Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi) |publisher=Penguin |location=Harmondsworth, UK |isbn=0-14-063005-8 |pages=106–07}}</ref>
<ref name="Nilper 1977">{{cite book |author=Nilson S, Persson O. |year=1977 |title=Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi) |publisher=Penguin |location=Harmondsworth, UK |isbn=0-14-063005-8 |pages=106–07}}</ref>
Line 95: Line 95:
<ref name="Nuhn 2013">{{cite journal |author=Nuhn ME, Binder M, Taylor AFS, Halling RE, Hibbett DS. |year=2013 |title=Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae |journal=Fungal Biology |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008 |pmid= }}</ref>
<ref name="Nuhn 2013">{{cite journal |author=Nuhn ME, Binder M, Taylor AFS, Halling RE, Hibbett DS. |year=2013 |title=Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae |journal=Fungal Biology |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008 |pmid= }}</ref>


<ref name="Tedersoo 2010">{{cite journal |author=Tedersoo L, May TW, Smieth ME. |year=2010 |title=Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages |journal=Mycorrhiza |volume=20 |issue= |pages=217–63 |doi= |pmid= }}</ref>
<ref name="Tedersoo 2010">{{cite journal |author=Tedersoo L, May TW, Smieth ME. |year=2010 |title=Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages |journal=Mycorrhiza |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=217–63 |doi=10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x |pmid=20191371}}</ref>


<ref name="urlMycoBank: Chalciporus piperatus">{{cite web |title=''Chalciporus piperatus'' (Bull.) Bataille, Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle du Doubs, 15: 39, 1908 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=26658&Fields=All |publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |accessdate=2013-05-14}}</ref>
<ref name="urlMycoBank: Chalciporus piperatus">{{cite web |title=''Chalciporus piperatus'' (Bull.) Bataille, Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle du Doubs, 15: 39, 1908 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=26658&Fields=All |publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |accessdate=2013-05-14}}</ref>
Line 101: Line 101:
<ref name="Winner 2004">{{cite journal |author=Winner M, Giménez A, Schmidt H, Sontag B, Steffan B, Steglich W. |title=Unusual pulvinic acid dimers from the common fungi ''Scleroderma citrinum'' (common earthball) and ''Chalciporus piperatus'' (peppery bolete) |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |year=2004 |volume=43 |issue=14 |pages=1883–86 |doi=10.1002/anie.200352529}}</ref>
<ref name="Winner 2004">{{cite journal |author=Winner M, Giménez A, Schmidt H, Sontag B, Steffan B, Steglich W. |title=Unusual pulvinic acid dimers from the common fungi ''Scleroderma citrinum'' (common earthball) and ''Chalciporus piperatus'' (peppery bolete) |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |year=2004 |volume=43 |issue=14 |pages=1883–86 |doi=10.1002/anie.200352529}}</ref>


<ref name="Yamada 1995">{{cite journal |author=Yamada A, Katsua K. |year=1995 |title=Mycorrhizal associations of isolates from sporocaprs and ectomycorrhizas with ''Pinus densiflora'' seedlings |journal=Mycoscience |volume=36 |issue= |pages=315–23 |doi= |pmid= }}</ref>
<ref name="Yamada 1995">{{cite journal |author=Yamada A, Katsua K. |year=1995 |title=Mycorrhizal associations of isolates from sporocaprs and ectomycorrhizas with ''Pinus densiflora'' seedlings |journal=Mycoscience |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=315–23 |doi=10.1007/BF02268607}}</ref>


<ref name="Zeller 2007">{{cite journal |author=Zeller B, Brechet C, Maurice JP, Le Tacon F. |year=2007 |title=<sup>13</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>N isotopic fractionation in trees, soils, and fungi in a natural forest stand and a Norway spruce plantation |journal=Annals of Forest Science |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=419–29 |doi=10.1051/forest:2007019 |pmid= }}</ref>
<ref name="Zeller 2007">{{cite journal |author=Zeller B, Brechet C, Maurice JP, Le Tacon F. |year=2007 |title=<sup>13</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>N isotopic fractionation in trees, soils, and fungi in a natural forest stand and a Norway spruce plantation |journal=Annals of Forest Science |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=419–29 |doi=10.1051/forest:2007019}}</ref>


}}
}}

Revision as of 23:18, 14 May 2013

Chalciporus piperatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Boletales
Family:
Boletaceae
Genus:
Chalciporus
Species:
C. piperatus
Binomial name
Chalciporus piperatus
(Bull.) Bataille (1908)
Synonyms[1]
  • Boletus piperatus Bull. (1790)
  • Leccinum piperatum (Bull.) Gray (1821)
  • Viscipellis piperata (Bull.) Quél. (1886)
  • Ixocomus piperatus (Bull.) Quél. (1888)
  • Suillus piperatus (Bull.) Kuntze (1898)
  • Ceriomyces piperatus (Bull.) Murrill (1909)
Chalciporus piperatus
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Pores on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is adnate
Stipe is bare
Spore print is brown
Ecology is mycorrhizal
Edibility is inedible

Chalciporus (formerly Boletus) piperatus, commonly known as the peppery bolete, is a small pored mushroom of the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in Europe and North America. It has become naturalised in Tasmania and spread under native Nothofagus cunninghamii trees.

Taxonomy and naming

French mycologist Pierre Bulliard described the peppery bolete as Boletus piperatus in 1790.[2] In its taxonomical history, it has been transferred to the genera Leccinum (Samuel Frederick Gray, 1821), Viscipellis (Lucien Quélet, 1886), Ixocomus (Quélet, 1888), Suillus (Otto Kuntze, 1898), and Ceriomyces (William Alphonso Murrill, 1909).[1] It was reclassified and given its current binomial name in 1908 by Frédéric Bataille.[3]

The species name piperatus is derived from the Latin word piperatus, meaning "peppery".[4]


Description

One of the smaller boletes, the cap is 1.6–9 cm (0.6–3.5 in) across and orange-fawn coloured. It is initially convex before flattening out in age. The color of the pore surface ranges from cinnamon to dark reddish brown in maturity; when bruised, the pore surface stains brown. Individual pores are angular, measuring about 0.5–2 mm wide, while the tubes are 3–10 mm deep. The stipe measures 4–9.5 cm (1.6–3.7 in) long by 0.6–1.2 cm (0.2–0.5 in) thick, is either roughly the same width throughout its length, or slightly thicker near the base. The color of the stem is similar to the cap, or lighter, and there is yellow mycelium at the base. The flesh is yellow, sometimes with reddish tones, maturing to purplish brown. It has no odor. The spore print is brown to cinnamon. The spores are smooth, narrowly fusiform (fuse-shaped), and measure 9–12 by 4–5 µm.[5]

The fruit bodies of the North American species Chalciporus piperatoides are similar but can be distinguished by its flesh and pores staining blue after cutting or bruising. It has a less peppery taste.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Chalciporus piperatus is found naturally in coniferous and beech and oak woodland in Europe, its fruit bodies appearing in autumn from August to November.[7] It is widespread across North America, fruiting from July to October in the eastern states and September to January on the West Coast.[8] It has also been able to spread into native forest in northeastern Tasmania, having been found growing with the native Myrtle beech (Nothofagus cunninghamii).[9] Initially thought to be ectomycorrhizal, C. piperatus has not been confirmed as ectomycorrhizal in multiple synthesis studies or in isotope fractionation studies.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] There is some speculation that C. piperatus is a mycoparasite of Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria is an introduced species in New Zealand, thought to have been introduced with Pinus radiata, and has made a host jump to the native Nothofagus trees—C. piperatus has since been observed fruiting near Nothofagus trees with Amanita muscaria associations.[19][16] Additionally, Buchwaldoboletus lignicola is in the same clade as Chalciporus piperatus and is thought to be a parasite as well; this strengthens the observations leading some to believe Chalciporus piperatus is a mycoparasite.[20]

Edibility

Edible but very peppery, Antonio Carluccio recommends only using it to add a peppery flavour to other mushrooms. It has been used as a peppery condiment in many countries.[21] It needs to be well-cooked before consumption, otherwise there is a risk of gastric symptoms.[8]

Chemistry

Sclerocitrin is the major pigment contributing to the yellow color of the mycelium. Other compounds that have been isolated from this species include chalciporone, variegatic acid, variegatorubin, and an additional yellow pigment, chalcitrin. Chalciporone is responsible for the bitter taste of the fruit bodies.[22]

References

  1. ^ a b "Chalciporus piperatus (Bull.) Bataille, Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle du Doubs, 15: 39, 1908". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
  2. ^ Bulliard F. (1790). Herbier de la France (in French). Vol. 10. Paris: Chez l'auteur, Didot, Debure, Belin. p. 451:2.
  3. ^ Bataille F. (1908). "Quelques champignons intéressants des environs de Besançon". Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle du Doubs (in French). 15: 23–61 (see p. 39).
  4. ^ Nilson S, Persson O. (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. pp. 106–07. ISBN 0-14-063005-8.
  5. ^ Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR. (2000). North American Boletes. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8156-0588-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Baroni TJ, Both EE. (1991). "Chalciporus piperatoides in North America". Mycologia. 83 (5): 559–64. JSTOR 3760211.
  7. ^ Haas H. (1969). The Young Specialist looks at Fungi. London, UK: Burke. p. 224. ISBN 0-222-79409-7.
  8. ^ a b Lincoff GH. (2000). National Audubon Society Field Guide to Mushrooms. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 571. ISBN 978-0-394-51992-0.
  9. ^ Fuhrer B, Robinson R. (1992). Rainforest Fungi of Tasmania and Southeast Australia. CSIRO Press. ISBN 978-0-643-05311-3.
  10. ^ Godbout C, Fortin JA. (1985). "Synthesized ectomycorrhizae of aspen: fungal genus level of structural characterization". Canadian Journal of Botany. 63 (2): 252–62. doi:10.1139/b85-029.
  11. ^ Hobbie EA, Macko SA, Shugart HH. (1999). "Insights into nitrogen and carbon dynamics of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi from isotopic evidence". Oecologia. 118 (3): 353–60. doi:10.1007/s004420050736.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Hobbie EA, Weber NS, Trappe JM. (2001). "Mycorrhizal vs saprotrophic status of fungi: the isotopic evidence". New Phytologist. 150 (3): 601–10. JSTOR 1353665.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Högberg P, Plamboeck AH, Taylor AF, Fransson P. (1999). "Natural 13C abundance reveals trophic status of fungi and host-origin of carbon in mycorrhizal fungi in mixed forests". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 96 (15): 8534–39.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Open access icon
  14. ^ Kasuya MC, Igarashi T. "In vitro ectomycorrhizal formation in Piceae glehnii seedlings". Mycorrhiza. 6 (5): 451–54. doi:10.1007/s005720050146.
  15. ^ Moddess O. (1941). Zur kenntnis der mykorrhizabildner von kiefer und fichte (in German).
  16. ^ a b Tedersoo L, May TW, Smieth ME. (2010). "Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages". Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–63. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Yamada A, Katsua K. (1995). "Mycorrhizal associations of isolates from sporocaprs and ectomycorrhizas with Pinus densiflora seedlings". Mycoscience. 36 (3): 315–23. doi:10.1007/BF02268607.
  18. ^ Zeller B, Brechet C, Maurice JP, Le Tacon F. (2007). "13C and 15N isotopic fractionation in trees, soils, and fungi in a natural forest stand and a Norway spruce plantation". Annals of Forest Science. 64 (4): 419–29. doi:10.1051/forest:2007019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Dunk CW, Lebel T, Keane PJ. (2012). "Characterisation of ectomycorrhizal formation by the exotic fungus Amanita muscaria with Nothofagus cunninghamii in Victoria, Australia". Mycorrhiza. 22 (2): 135–47. doi:10.1007/s00572-011-0388-9. PMID 21573836.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Nuhn ME, Binder M, Taylor AFS, Halling RE, Hibbett DS. (2013). "Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae". Fungal Biology. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Carluccio A. (2003). The Complete Mushroom Book. Quadrille. ISBN 978-1-84400-040-1.
  22. ^ Winner M, Giménez A, Schmidt H, Sontag B, Steffan B, Steglich W. (2004). "Unusual pulvinic acid dimers from the common fungi Scleroderma citrinum (common earthball) and Chalciporus piperatus (peppery bolete)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 43 (14): 1883–86. doi:10.1002/anie.200352529.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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