Engleromyces sinensis: Difference between revisions
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The [[ascocarp|fruit bodies]] of ''Engleromyces sinensis'' form two roughly spherical lobes that measure {{convert|4.3|–|4.9|cm|in|abbr=on}} by {{convert|4|–|5.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1.6|–|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} in height. When young, the surface is [[buff (color)|buff]]-colored with a pinkish hue and slightly dimpled surface; the color changes to grayish-brown and the surface becomes smoother as the fungus matures. The internal [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is buff colored, with a firm texture that later becomes woody. The [[ostiole]]s (minute openings through which spores are released), which are scattered about the surface of the fruit bodies, are somewhat nipple-like when young but later become sharper (punctate). Situated under a crust with a thickness of about 1 mm, the [[perithecia]] are arranged in rows. They are spherical to flask shaped, with eight-spored asci. The asci have an apical apparatus that [[staining|stains]] blue in [[Melzer's Reagent]]; it is funnel or T-shaped, somewhat like a golf-tee, and measures about 4 by 4 µm. The smooth, black [[ascospore]]s are lined up in a single row, and feature drop-like appendages that are visible when still in the ascus. Measuring 15–19 by 11.5–12.5 µm, they are broadly inequilateral with one or both ends truncate, and lack a [[germ pore]].<ref name="Whalley 2010"/> |
The [[ascocarp|fruit bodies]] of ''Engleromyces sinensis'' form two roughly spherical lobes that measure {{convert|4.3|–|4.9|cm|in|abbr=on}} by {{convert|4|–|5.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1.6|–|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} in height. When young, the surface is [[buff (color)|buff]]-colored with a pinkish hue and slightly dimpled surface; the color changes to grayish-brown and the surface becomes smoother as the fungus matures. The internal [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is buff colored, with a firm texture that later becomes woody. The [[ostiole]]s (minute openings through which spores are released), which are scattered about the surface of the fruit bodies, are somewhat nipple-like when young but later become sharper (punctate). Situated under a crust with a thickness of about 1 mm, the [[perithecia]] are arranged in rows. They are spherical to flask shaped, with eight-spored asci. The asci have an apical apparatus that [[staining|stains]] blue in [[Melzer's Reagent]]; it is funnel or T-shaped, somewhat like a golf-tee, and measures about 4 by 4 µm. The smooth, black [[ascospore]]s are lined up in a single row, and feature drop-like appendages that are visible when still in the ascus. Measuring 15–19 by 11.5–12.5 µm, they are broadly inequilateral with one or both ends truncate, and lack a [[germ pore]].<ref name="Whalley 2010"/> |
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In contrast to ''E. goetzii'' (the [[type species]] of ''Engleromyces''), ''E. sinensis'' has smaller spores, and an apical apparatus that is T-shaped rather than cuboid.<ref name="Whalley 2010"/> |
In contrast to ''E. goetzii'' (the [[type species]] of ''Engleromyces''), ''E. sinensis'' has smaller spores, and an apical apparatus that is T-shaped rather than cuboid.<ref name="Whalley 2010"/> The "Siamese jelly ball" fungus, ''[[Gelatinomyces siamensis]]'', produces fruit bodies that are superficially similar to those of ''E. sinensis''. However, they are smaller, have a gelatinous texture, and are only found in Thailand, where they grow on bamboo culms and branches at elevations ranging from {{convert|390|–|840|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Sanoamuang 2013"/> |
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==Habitat and distribution== |
==Habitat and distribution== |
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<ref name="Liu 2002">{{cite journal |author=Liu J, Tan J, Dong Z, Ding Z, Wang X, Liu P. |title=Neoengleromycin, a novel compound from ''Engleromyces goetzii'' |journal=Helvetica Chimica Acta |year=2002 |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=1439–42 |url=http://www.mycochem.cn/Article/UploadFiles/200704/20070425143224791.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> |
<ref name="Liu 2002">{{cite journal |author=Liu J, Tan J, Dong Z, Ding Z, Wang X, Liu P. |title=Neoengleromycin, a novel compound from ''Engleromyces goetzii'' |journal=Helvetica Chimica Acta |year=2002 |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=1439–42 |url=http://www.mycochem.cn/Article/UploadFiles/200704/20070425143224791.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Sanoamuang 2013">{{cite journal |author=Sanoamuang N, Jitjak W, Whalley AJS. |title=''Gelatinomyces siamensis'' gen. sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes, incertae sedis) on bamboo in Thailand |journal=IMA Fungus |year=2013 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=71–87 |pmc=3719209}} {{open access}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Shen 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chen X-Y, Cheng Y-L, Cai C-J, Fan L, Gao J, Hou C-L. |title=Diversity and antimicrobial activity of culturable endophytic fungi isolated from Moso bamboo seeds |journal=PLoS ONE |year=2014 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e95838 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095838}} {{open access}}</ref> |
<ref name="Shen 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chen X-Y, Cheng Y-L, Cai C-J, Fan L, Gao J, Hou C-L. |title=Diversity and antimicrobial activity of culturable endophytic fungi isolated from Moso bamboo seeds |journal=PLoS ONE |year=2014 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e95838 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095838}} {{open access}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 00:32, 13 June 2014
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| Species: | E. sinensis
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| Engleromyces sinensis M.A.Whalley, A.Khalil, T.Z.Wei, Y.J.Yao & Whalley (2010)
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| Location of Yulong within Yunnan, China, the type location of Engleromyces sinensis | |
Engleromyces sinensis is a species of fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It was described as new to science in 2010, based on specimens collected in 1958 and incorrectly identified as Engleromyces goetzii. The fungus is known only from China, where it grows on bamboo culms. It has been used as a folk remedy against cancer and infection in Tibet, Yunnan, and Sichuan Provinces.
Discovery
Engleromyces sinensis was described as a new species in 2010. The authors were studying members of the family Xylariaceae that were housed in the Mycological Herbarium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, and discovered that five specimens collected from Yunnan Province in 1958, labeled as E. goetzii, did not match descriptions of the species published by Paul Christoph Hennings (1900), Curtis Gates Lloyd (1917), R.W.G. Dennis (1961) and Jack Rogers (1981). These species descriptions, which were based on collections made in Africa, convinced the authors that the Chinese collections were sufficiently different from E. goetzii to warrant describing a new species.[1] The specific epithet sinensis means "Chinese".[2]
Description
The fruit bodies of Engleromyces sinensis form two roughly spherical lobes that measure 4.3–4.9 cm (1.7–1.9 in) by 4–5.5 cm (1.6–2.2 in) and 1.6–4 cm (0.63–1.57 in) in height. When young, the surface is buff-colored with a pinkish hue and slightly dimpled surface; the color changes to grayish-brown and the surface becomes smoother as the fungus matures. The internal flesh is buff colored, with a firm texture that later becomes woody. The ostioles (minute openings through which spores are released), which are scattered about the surface of the fruit bodies, are somewhat nipple-like when young but later become sharper (punctate). Situated under a crust with a thickness of about 1 mm, the perithecia are arranged in rows. They are spherical to flask shaped, with eight-spored asci. The asci have an apical apparatus that stains blue in Melzer's Reagent; it is funnel or T-shaped, somewhat like a golf-tee, and measures about 4 by 4 µm. The smooth, black ascospores are lined up in a single row, and feature drop-like appendages that are visible when still in the ascus. Measuring 15–19 by 11.5–12.5 µm, they are broadly inequilateral with one or both ends truncate, and lack a germ pore.[1]
In contrast to E. goetzii (the type species of Engleromyces), E. sinensis has smaller spores, and an apical apparatus that is T-shaped rather than cuboid.[1] The "Siamese jelly ball" fungus, Gelatinomyces siamensis, produces fruit bodies that are superficially similar to those of E. sinensis. However, they are smaller, have a gelatinous texture, and are only found in Thailand, where they grow on bamboo culms and branches at elevations ranging from 390–840 m (1,280–2,760 ft).[3]
Habitat and distribution
Engleromyces sinensis is known only from China, including its type location in Yunnan, China, in Yulong County. It has also been collected from Xiang, Tibet, where it was found growing in a coniferous forest. Fruit bodies grow on and partially envelop bamboo culms. This species of bamboo is known as either Fargesia melanostachys or F. yulongshanensis, depending on the authority.[1] Collections made in Nepal, identified as E. goetzii, are likely to be E. sinensis.[4]
Research
Engleromyces sinensis is used in China in traditional medicine for its antibiotic and antiinflammatory properties,[1] and is sold in market stalls in Yunnan.[4] Several bioactive metabolites have been isolated and identified from the fungus. It produces the cytochalasin engleromycin.[5] This compound, which is also made by E. goetzii, has antibiotic and cytotoxic activity.[6] Additional compounds include neoengleromycin, and the previously known cytochalasin D and 19,20-epoxycytochalasin D.[7] Neoengleromycin has an unusual chemical structure featuring a rare N-substituted hydroxamic acid skeleton.[8]
References
- ^ a b c d e Whalley MA, Khalil AMA, Wei T-Z, Yao Y-J, Whalley AJS. (2010). "A new species of Engleromyces from China, a second species in the genus". Mycotaxon. 112: 317–23. doi:10.5248/112.317-.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Eggli U, Newton LE. (2004). Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names. Springer. p. 222. ISBN 978-3-540-00489-9.
- ^ Sanoamuang N, Jitjak W, Whalley AJS. (2013). "Gelatinomyces siamensis gen. sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes, incertae sedis) on bamboo in Thailand". IMA Fungus. 4 (1): 71–87. PMC 3719209.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ a b Suwannasai N, Phosri C, Sangvichien E, Sihanonth P, Ruchikachorn N, Whalley MA, Yao Y-J, Whalley AJS. (2012). "Biogeography of selected Xylariaceae" (PDF). Mycosystema. 32 (3): 469–84.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Alhaidari RA. (2012). Secondary metabolites from Xylariaceous fungi: The isolation and structure elucidation of secondary metabolites from Xylariaceous fungi by chemical and spectroscopic methods (Ph.D.). University of Bradford.
- ^ Southon IW, Buckingham J. (1989). Dictionary of Alkaloids, Second Edition with CD-ROM. CRC Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-412-24910-5.
- ^ Chen X-Y, Cheng Y-L, Cai C-J, Fan L, Gao J, Hou C-L. (2014). "Diversity and antimicrobial activity of culturable endophytic fungi isolated from Moso bamboo seeds". PLoS ONE. 9 (4): e95838. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095838.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
- ^ Liu J, Tan J, Dong Z, Ding Z, Wang X, Liu P. (2002). "Neoengleromycin, a novel compound from Engleromyces goetzii" (PDF). Helvetica Chimica Acta. 85 (5): 1439–42.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
