Handedness and sexual orientation: Difference between revisions
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=== Mustanski et al., 2002 study === |
=== Mustanski et al., 2002 study === |
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Mustanski et al. examined sexual orientation and hand preference in a sample of 382 men (205 heterosexual; 177 homosexual) and 354 women (149 heterosexual; 205 homosexual). Although a significantly higher proportion of [[Lesbian|homosexual women]] was found to be left-handed compared to heterosexual women (18% vs 10%), no significant differences were found between heterosexual and homosexual men with respect to hand preference.<ref>Mustanski, B. S., Bailey, J. M., & Kaspar, S. (2002). [[Dermatoglyphics]], handedness, sex, and sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 113–122. {{pmid|11910784}}</ref> |
Mustanski et al. examined sexual orientation and hand preference in a sample of 382 men (205 heterosexual; 177 homosexual) and 354 women (149 heterosexual; 205 homosexual). Although a significantly higher proportion of [[Lesbian|homosexual women]] was found to be left-handed compared to heterosexual women (18% vs 10%), no significant differences were found between heterosexual and homosexual men with respect to hand preference.<ref>Mustanski, B. S., Bailey, J. M., & Kaspar, S. (2002). [[Dermatoglyphics]], handedness, sex, and sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 113–122. {{cite pmid|11910784}}</ref> |
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=== Lippa, 2003 study === |
=== Lippa, 2003 study === |
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Lippa examined sexual orientation and handedness in a sample of 812 men (351 heterosexual; 461 homosexual) and 1189 women (707 heterosexual; 472 homosexual). Homosexual men were 82% more likely to be left-handed than heterosexual men, but no significant differences were found between heterosexual and homosexual women in terms of handedness. When combining men and women into one large sample, homosexual individuals were 50% more likely to be left-handed than heterosexual individuals.<ref>Lippa, R. A. (2003). Handedness, sexual orientation, and gender-related personality traits in men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32 103–114. {{pmid|12710825}}</ref> |
Lippa examined sexual orientation and handedness in a sample of 812 men (351 heterosexual; 461 homosexual) and 1189 women (707 heterosexual; 472 homosexual). Homosexual men were 82% more likely to be left-handed than heterosexual men, but no significant differences were found between heterosexual and homosexual women in terms of handedness. When combining men and women into one large sample, homosexual individuals were 50% more likely to be left-handed than heterosexual individuals.<ref>Lippa, R. A. (2003). Handedness, sexual orientation, and gender-related personality traits in men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32 103–114. {{cite pmid|12710825}}</ref> |
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=== Blanchard et al., 2006 study === |
=== Blanchard et al., 2006 study === |
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Blanchard et al. argued that the [[Fraternal birth order and sexual orientation|fraternal birth order effect]] (the probability that a boy will be homosexual increases with the number of older brothers who have the same biological mother) appears to be limited to right-handed men. Moreover, the same study indicates that left-handed men without older brothers are more likely to be homosexual than non-right-handed men who have older brothers. As Blanchard et al. said in their report, "the odds of homosexuality is higher for men who have a non-right hand preference or who have older brothers, relative to men with neither of these features, but the odds for men with both features are similar to the odds for men with neither".<ref>Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., Bogaert, A. F., Breedlove, S. M., & Ellis, L. (2006). Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality. ''Hormones and Behavior, 49,'' 405–414. {{pmid|16246335}}</ref> |
Blanchard et al. argued that the [[Fraternal birth order and sexual orientation|fraternal birth order effect]] (the probability that a boy will be homosexual increases with the number of older brothers who have the same biological mother) appears to be limited to right-handed men. Moreover, the same study indicates that left-handed men without older brothers are more likely to be homosexual than non-right-handed men who have older brothers. As Blanchard et al. said in their report, "the odds of homosexuality is higher for men who have a non-right hand preference or who have older brothers, relative to men with neither of these features, but the odds for men with both features are similar to the odds for men with neither".<ref>Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., Bogaert, A. F., Breedlove, S. M., & Ellis, L. (2006). Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality. ''Hormones and Behavior, 49,'' 405–414. {{cite pmid|16246335}}</ref> |
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=== Blanchard, 2008 ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'' study === |
=== Blanchard, 2008 ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'' study === |
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A subsequent study by Blanchard found that both right-handed homosexual men and left-handed heterosexual men had a statistically significant number of older male siblings, but that there was no significant observable effect for right-handed heterosexual men ''or'' for left-handed homosexual men.<ref>Blanchard, R. 2008. Sex Ratio of Older Siblings in Heterosexual and Homosexual, Right-Handed and Non-Right-Handed Men, Archives of Sexual Behavior. {{pmid|17186124}}</ref> |
A subsequent study by Blanchard found that both right-handed homosexual men and left-handed heterosexual men had a statistically significant number of older male siblings, but that there was no significant observable effect for right-handed heterosexual men ''or'' for left-handed homosexual men.<ref>Blanchard, R. 2008. Sex Ratio of Older Siblings in Heterosexual and Homosexual, Right-Handed and Non-Right-Handed Men, Archives of Sexual Behavior. {{cite pmid|17186124}}</ref> |
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=== Blanchard, 2008 ''Laterality'' study === |
=== Blanchard, 2008 ''Laterality'' study === |
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Blanchard discussed ways in which the [[fraternal birth order effect]] and handedness could be explained in terms of the maternal immune hypothesis. In this, the mother is assumed to grow more immune to male [[antigens]] with each pregnancy, and thus produce a greater number of "anti-male" [[antibodies]]. He suggests two possibilities; that non-right-handed fetuses are less sensitive to the antibodies, or that the mothers of left-handed fetuses do not, for some reason, produce them.<ref>Blanchard, R. 2008. Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in men, Laterality. 13(1), 51-70 {{pmid|18050001}}</ref> |
Blanchard discussed ways in which the [[fraternal birth order effect]] and handedness could be explained in terms of the maternal immune hypothesis. In this, the mother is assumed to grow more immune to male [[antigens]] with each pregnancy, and thus produce a greater number of "anti-male" [[antibodies]]. He suggests two possibilities; that non-right-handed fetuses are less sensitive to the antibodies, or that the mothers of left-handed fetuses do not, for some reason, produce them.<ref>Blanchard, R. 2008. Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in men, Laterality. 13(1), 51-70 {{cite pmid|18050001}}</ref> |
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==Paraphilia== |
==Paraphilia== |
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Revision as of 22:24, 12 July 2014
A relationship between handedness and sexual orientation has been suggested but not verified by a number of researchers, who report that heterosexual individuals are somewhat more likely to be right-handed than homosexual individuals. The relationship between handedness and sexual orientation has been reported within both sexes and may reflect the biological etiology of homosexuality; recent work by Ray Blanchard has linked the relationship to the fraternal birth order effect, which suggests that a man with several older biological brothers is more likely to be homosexual.
Studies
Mustanski et al., 2002 study
Mustanski et al. examined sexual orientation and hand preference in a sample of 382 men (205 heterosexual; 177 homosexual) and 354 women (149 heterosexual; 205 homosexual). Although a significantly higher proportion of homosexual women was found to be left-handed compared to heterosexual women (18% vs 10%), no significant differences were found between heterosexual and homosexual men with respect to hand preference.[1]
Lippa, 2003 study
Lippa examined sexual orientation and handedness in a sample of 812 men (351 heterosexual; 461 homosexual) and 1189 women (707 heterosexual; 472 homosexual). Homosexual men were 82% more likely to be left-handed than heterosexual men, but no significant differences were found between heterosexual and homosexual women in terms of handedness. When combining men and women into one large sample, homosexual individuals were 50% more likely to be left-handed than heterosexual individuals.[2]
Blanchard et al., 2006 study
Blanchard et al. argued that the fraternal birth order effect (the probability that a boy will be homosexual increases with the number of older brothers who have the same biological mother) appears to be limited to right-handed men. Moreover, the same study indicates that left-handed men without older brothers are more likely to be homosexual than non-right-handed men who have older brothers. As Blanchard et al. said in their report, "the odds of homosexuality is higher for men who have a non-right hand preference or who have older brothers, relative to men with neither of these features, but the odds for men with both features are similar to the odds for men with neither".[3]
Blanchard, 2008 Archives of Sexual Behavior study
A subsequent study by Blanchard found that both right-handed homosexual men and left-handed heterosexual men had a statistically significant number of older male siblings, but that there was no significant observable effect for right-handed heterosexual men or for left-handed homosexual men.[4]
Blanchard, 2008 Laterality study
Blanchard discussed ways in which the fraternal birth order effect and handedness could be explained in terms of the maternal immune hypothesis. In this, the mother is assumed to grow more immune to male antigens with each pregnancy, and thus produce a greater number of "anti-male" antibodies. He suggests two possibilities; that non-right-handed fetuses are less sensitive to the antibodies, or that the mothers of left-handed fetuses do not, for some reason, produce them.[5]
Paraphilia
Paraphilia is sexual arousal to objects, situations, animals, or children that are not part of normative stimulation and may cause distress or serious problems for the paraphiliac or associated persons. A 2008 study analyzing the sexual fantasies of 200 males found "elevated paraphilic interests were correlated with elevated non-right handedness."[6]
Gender identity
While not a sexual orientation, a 2001 study found, among the 410 boys assessed, those with non-traditional gender identities were more than twice as likely to be left-handed than the clinical control group (19.5% vs. 8.3%, respectively).[7]
See also
- Biology and sexual orientation
- Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation
- List of paraphilias
- Transgender
- Laterality
- Digit Ratio
References
- ^ Mustanski, B. S., Bailey, J. M., & Kaspar, S. (2002). Dermatoglyphics, handedness, sex, and sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 113–122. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 11910784, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid=11910784instead. - ^ Lippa, R. A. (2003). Handedness, sexual orientation, and gender-related personality traits in men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32 103–114. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 12710825, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid=12710825instead. - ^ Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., Bogaert, A. F., Breedlove, S. M., & Ellis, L. (2006). Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 405–414. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 16246335, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid=16246335instead. - ^ Blanchard, R. 2008. Sex Ratio of Older Siblings in Heterosexual and Homosexual, Right-Handed and Non-Right-Handed Men, Archives of Sexual Behavior. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 17186124, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid=17186124instead. - ^ Blanchard, R. 2008. Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in men, Laterality. 13(1), 51-70 Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 18050001, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid=18050001instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9255-3, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1007/s10508-007-9255-3instead. - ^ Zucker, KJ; Beaulieu, N; Bradley, SJ; Grimshaw, GM; Wilcox, A (2001). "Handedness in Boys with Gender Identity Disorder". J. Child Psychol. Psychiat. 42 (6): 767–76. PMID 11583249.