Karenia brevis: Difference between revisions
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==Further Reading== |
==Further Reading== |
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{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Darcie|last2=Pepper|first2=Alan|last3=Campbell|first3=Lisa|title=De novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis|journal=BMC Genomics|date=11 October 2014|volume=15|issue=1|page=888|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-15-888|pmid=25306556|accessdate=12 February 2015}} |
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{{cite journal|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=Barbara|last2=Kohler|first2=Kate|last3=Byrne|first3=Margaret|title=Human responses to Florida red tides: Policy awareness and adherence to local fertilizer ordinances|journal=Science of the Total Environment|date=September 15, 2014|volume=493|page=898-909|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.083|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714009565|accessdate=7 February 2015}} |
{{cite journal|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=Barbara|last2=Kohler|first2=Kate|last3=Byrne|first3=Margaret|title=Human responses to Florida red tides: Policy awareness and adherence to local fertilizer ordinances|journal=Science of the Total Environment|date=September 15, 2014|volume=493|page=898-909|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.083|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714009565|accessdate=7 February 2015}} |
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Revision as of 05:35, 12 February 2015
| Karenia brevis | |
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| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | K. brevis
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| Binomial name | |
| Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen et Moestrup
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Karenia brevis (formerly known as Gymnodinium breve and Ptychodiscus brevis) is a marine dinoflagellate common in Gulf of Mexico waters, and is the organism responsible for Florida red tide, as well as red tide in Texas.[1]
Description
K. brevis is a microscopic, single-celled, photosynthetic organism that can "bloom" (see algal bloom) frequently along Florida coastal waters. Each cell has two flagella that allow it to move through the water in a spinning motion. K. brevis naturally produces a suite of potent neurotoxins collectively called brevetoxins, which cause gastrointestinal and neurological problems in other organisms and are responsible for large die-offs of marine organisms and seabirds.[2] K. brevis is unarmored, and does not contain peridinin. Cells are between 20 and 40 μm in diameter.
Ecology and distribution
In its normal environment, K. brevis will move in the direction of greater light[3] and against the direction of gravity,[4] which will tend to keep the organism at the surface of whatever body of water it is suspended within. Cells are thought to require photosynthesis to obtain nutrition.[5] Its swimming speed is about one metre per hour.[6] K. brevis is the causative agent of Red Tide, when K. brevis has grown to very high concentrations and the water can take on a reddish or pinkish coloration. The region around southwest Florida is one of the major hotspots for red tide blooms. Red Tide outbreaks have been known to occur since the Spanish explorers of the 15th century, although not nearly as common, or for as lengthy a duration as now.[7] Some sources say Florida red tide blooms are about 10- to 15-fold more abundant than they were 50 years ago.[8] Algal species that have harmful effects on either the environment or human health are commonly known as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). HABs are harmful to organisms that share the same habitat as them, though only when in high concentrations.[2]
Detection
Traditional methods for the detection of K. brevis are based on microscopy or pigment analysis. They are time-consuming and typically require a skilled microscopist for identification.[9] Cultivation based identification is extremely difficult and can take several months. A molecular, real-time PCR-based approach for sensitive and accurate detection of K. brevis cells in marine environments has therefore been developed.[10] Another upcoming technique for the detection of K. brevis is multiwavelength spectroscopy, which uses a model-based examination of UV-vis spectra.[11] This particular protist is known to be harmful to humans, large fish, and other marine mammals. It has been found that the survival of scleractinian coral is negatively affected by brevetoxin. Scleractinian coral exhibits decreased rates of respiration when there is a high concentration of K. brevis.[2]
References
- ^ "Red Tide FAQ". www.tpwd.state.tx.us. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^ a b c 12
- ^ Geesey, M. E., and P. A. Tester. 1993. Gymnodinium breveGymnodinium breve: ubiquitous in Gulf of Mexico waters, p. 251-256. InIn T. J. S. Smayda and Shimizu (ed.), Toxic phytoplankton blooms in the sea: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. Elsevier Science Publishing, Inc., New York, N.Y.
- ^ Kamykowski, D., E. J. Milligan, and R. E. Reed. 1998. Relationships between geotaxis/phototaxis and diel vertical migration in autotrophic dinoflagellates. J. Plankton Res. 20:1781-1796.
- ^ Aldrich, D. V. 1962. Photoautotrophy in Gymnodinium breve.Gymnodinium breve. Science 137:988-990.
- ^ Steidinger, K. A., and E. A. Joyce, Jr. 1973. Florida red tides. State Fla. Dep. Nat. Resour. Educat. Ser. 17:1-26.
- ^ http://redtideflorida.org/pages/index.php/yes-florida-red-tide-is-getting-worse.htm
- ^ http://redtideflorida.org/pages/index.php/evidence-red-tide-is-on-the-rise.htm
- ^ Millie, D. F., O. M. Schofield, G. J. Kirkpatrick, G. Hohnsen, P. A. Tester, and B. T. Vinyard. 1997. Detection of harmful algal blooms using photopigments and absorption signatures: a case study of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve. Gymnodinium breve. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42:1240-1251.
- ^ Gray, M., B. Wawrik, E. Caspar and J.H. Paul (2003). "Molecular Detection and Quantification of the Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis in the Marine Environment". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (9): 5726–5730. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.9.5726-5730.2003. PMC 194946. PMID 12957971.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Spear, H. Adam, K. Daly, D. Huffman, and L. Garcia-Rubio. 2009. Progress in developing a new detection method for the harmful algal bloom species, Karenia brevis, through multiwavelength spectroscopy. HARMFUL ALGAE. 8:189-195.
^12. Ross, Cliff, Raphael Ritson-Williams, Richard Pierce, J. Bradley Bullington, Michael Henry, and Valerie J. Paul. "Effects of the Florida Red Tide Dinoflagellate, Karenia Brevis, on Oxidative Stress and Metamorphosis of Larvae of the Coral Porites Astreoides." Science Direct. 6 September 2009. Web. 3 March 2010.
Further Reading
Ryan, Darcie; Pepper, Alan; Campbell, Lisa (11 October 2014). "De novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 888. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-888. PMID 25306556. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Kirkpatrick, Barbara; Kohler, Kate; Byrne, Margaret (15 September 2014). "Human responses to Florida red tides: Policy awareness and adherence to local fertilizer ordinances". Science of the Total Environment. 493: 898-909. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.083. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
O¨ zhan, Koray; Bargu, Sibel (10 June 2014). "Responses of sympatric Karenia brevis, Prorocentrum minimum, and Heterosigma akashiwo to the exposure of crude oil". Ecotoxicology (2014). 23 (8): 1387-1398. doi:10.1007/s10646-014-1281-z. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Naar, Jerome; Bourdelais, Andrea; Tomas, Carmelo (February 2002). "A Competitive ELISA to Detect Brevetoxins from Karenia brevis (Formerly Gymnodinium breve) in Seawater, Shellfish, and Mammalian Body Fluid". Environmental Health Perspectives. 110 (2): 179-185. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
External links
Ross, Cliff, Raphael Ritson-Williams, Richard Pierce, J. Bradley Bullington, Michael Henry, and Valerie J. Paul. "Effects of the Florida Red Tide Dinoflagellate, Karenia Brevis, on Oxidative Stress and Metamorphosis of Larvae of the Coral Porites Astreoides." Science Direct. 6 September 2009. Web. 3 March 2010.