Lower respiratory tract infection: Difference between revisions
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There are a number of infections that can affect the [[lower respiratory tract]]. The two most common are bronchitis and pneumonia.<ref name="TGAntibiotic13">Antibiotic Expert Group. Therapeutic guidelines: Antibiotic. 13th ed. North Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines; 2006.</ref> [[Influenza]] affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. |
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Lower respiratory tract infections place a considerable strain on the health budget and are generally more serious than upper respiratory infections. Since 1993 there has been a slight reduction in the total number of deaths from lower respiratory tract infection. However in 2002 they were still the leading cause of deaths among all [[Infectious disease#Mortality from infectious diseases|infectious diseases]], and they accounted for 3.9 million deaths worldwide and 6.9% of all deaths that year.<ref name="WHO-2004">{{cite book | authorlink=<!-- http://www.who.int/en/ --> | title=The World Health Report 2004 - Changing History | publisher=[[World Health Organization]] | year=2004 | pages=120–4 | format=[[PDF]] | url=http://www.who.int/entity/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf | isbn= 92-4-156265-X | author=Robert Beaglehole...| author2=and others | displayauthors=1 }}</ref> |
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Antibiotics are the first line treatment for pneumonia; however, are not indicated in viral infections. Acute bronchitis typically resolves on its own with time. |
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There are a number of acute and chronic infections that can affect the lower respiratory tract. The two most common infections are [[bronchitis]] and pneumonia.<ref name="TGAntibiotic13">Antibiotic Expert Group. Therapeutic guidelines: Antibiotic. 13th ed. North Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines; 2006.</ref> [[Influenza]] affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Antibiotics are often thought to be the first line treatment in lower respiratory tract infections; however, these are not indicated in viral infections. It is important to use appropriate antibiotic selection based on the infecting organism and to ensure this therapy changes with the evolving nature of these infections and the emerging resistance to conventional therapies.<ref name="pmid11742937">{{cite journal |author=Guthrie R |title=Community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections: etiology and treatment |journal=[[Chest (journal)|Chest]] |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=2021–34 |year=2001 |pmid=11742937 |doi= 10.1378/chest.120.6.2021|url=http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11742937}}</ref> ''H. influenzae'' and ''M. catarrhalis'' are of increasing importance in both community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB) while the importance of ''S. pneumoniae'' is declining. It has also become apparent the importance of atypical pathogens such as ''C. pneumoniae'', ''M. pneumoniae'' and ''L. pneumophila'', in CAP.<ref name="pmid11742937"/> |
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In 2013 LRTIs resulted in 2.7 million deaths down from 3.4 million deaths in 1990.<ref name=GDB2013/> This was 4.8% of all deaths in 2013.<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> |
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==Classification== |
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==Causes== |
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=== Bronchitis === |
=== Bronchitis === |
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{{main|Bronchitis}} |
{{main|Bronchitis}} |
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As of 2010 lower respiratory infections caused about 2.8 million deaths down from 3.4 million in 1990.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|first2=M|last3=Foreman|first3=K|last4=Lim|first4=S|last5=Shibuya|first5=K|last6=Aboyans|first6=V|last7=Abraham|first7=J|last8=Adair|first8=T|last9=Aggarwal|first9=R|last10=Ahn|first10=SY|last11=Alvarado|first11=M|last12=Anderson|first12=HR|last13=Anderson|first13=LM|last14=Andrews|first14=KG|last15=Atkinson|first15=C|last16=Baddour|first16=LM|last17=Barker-Collo|first17=S|last18=Bartels|first18=DH|last19=Bell|first19=ML|last20=Benjamin|first20=EJ|last21=Bennett|first21=D|last22=Bhalla|first22=K|last23=Bikbov|first23=B|last24=Bin Abdulhak|first24=A|last25=Birbeck|first25=G|last26=Blyth|first26=F|last27=Bolliger|first27=I|last28=Boufous|first28=S|last29=Bucello|first29=C|last30=Burch|first30=M|last2=Naghavi|display-authors=29}}</ref> |
As of 2010 lower respiratory infections caused about 2.8 million deaths down from 3.4 million in 1990.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|first2=M|last3=Foreman|first3=K|last4=Lim|first4=S|last5=Shibuya|first5=K|last6=Aboyans|first6=V|last7=Abraham|first7=J|last8=Adair|first8=T|last9=Aggarwal|first9=R|last10=Ahn|first10=SY|last11=Alvarado|first11=M|last12=Anderson|first12=HR|last13=Anderson|first13=LM|last14=Andrews|first14=KG|last15=Atkinson|first15=C|last16=Baddour|first16=LM|last17=Barker-Collo|first17=S|last18=Bartels|first18=DH|last19=Bell|first19=ML|last20=Benjamin|first20=EJ|last21=Bennett|first21=D|last22=Bhalla|first22=K|last23=Bikbov|first23=B|last24=Bin Abdulhak|first24=A|last25=Birbeck|first25=G|last26=Blyth|first26=F|last27=Bolliger|first27=I|last28=Boufous|first28=S|last29=Bucello|first29=C|last30=Burch|first30=M|last2=Naghavi|display-authors=29}}</ref> |
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==Society and culture== |
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Lower respiratory tract infections place a considerable strain on the health budget and are generally more serious than upper respiratory infections. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lower Respiratory Tract Infection}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lower Respiratory Tract Infection}} |
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Revision as of 10:22, 1 April 2015
| Lower respiratory tract infection | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Pulmonology  |
Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), while often used as a synonym for pneumonia, can also be applied to other types of infection including lung abscess and acute bronchitis. Symptoms include shortness of breath, weakness, fever, coughing and fatigue.
There are a number of infections that can affect the lower respiratory tract. The two most common are bronchitis and pneumonia.[1] Influenza affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
Antibiotics are the first line treatment for pneumonia; however, are not indicated in viral infections. Acute bronchitis typically resolves on its own with time.
In 2013 LRTIs resulted in 2.7 million deaths down from 3.4 million deaths in 1990.[2] This was 4.8% of all deaths in 2013.[2]
Causes
Bronchitis
Bronchitis can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute bronchitis can be defined as acute bacterial or viral infection of the larger airways in healthy patients with no history of recurrent disease.[1] It affects over 40 adults per 1000 each year and consists of transient inflammation of the major bronchi and trachea.[3] Most often it is caused by viral infection and hence antibiotic therapy is not indicated in immunocompetent individuals.[4][5] There are no effective therapies for viral bronchitis.[5][6] Treatment of acute bronchitis with antibiotics is common but controversial as their use has only moderate benefit weighted against potential side effects (nausea and vomiting), increased resistance, and cost of treatment in a self-limiting condition.[3][7] Beta2 agonists are sometimes used to relieve the cough associated with acute bronchitis. In a recent systematic review it was found there was no evidence to support their use.[5]
Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis (AECB) are frequently due to non-infective causes along with viral ones. 50% of patients are colonised with Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Moraxella catarrhalis.[1] Antibiotics have only been shown to be effective if all three of the following symptoms are present: increased dyspnoea, increased sputum volume and purulence. In these cases 500 mg of Amoxycillin orally, every 8 hours for 5 days or 100 mg doxycycline orally for 5 days should be used.[1]
Pneumonia
Pneumonia occurs in a variety of situations and treatment must vary according to the situation.[6] It is classified as either community or hospital acquired depending on where the patient contracted the infection. It is life-threatening in the elderly or those who are immunocompromised.[8][9] The most common treatment is antibiotics and these vary in their adverse effects and their effectiveness.[8] Pneumonia is also the leading cause of death in children less than five years of age.[10] The most common cause of pneumonia is pneumococcal bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae accounts for 2/3 of bacteremic pneumonias.[11] This is a dangerous type of lung infection with a mortality rate of around 25%.[9] For optimal management of a pneumonia patient, the following must be assessed: pneumonia severity (including treatment location, e.g., home, hospital or intensive care), identification of causative organism, analgesia of chest pain, the need for supplemental oxygen, physiotherapy, hydration, bronchodilators and possible complications of emphysema or lung abscess.[12]
Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause. See the appropriate page above.
Prevention
Vaccination help prevent LRTIs, mostly against influenza viruses, adenoviruses, measles, rubella, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, diphtheria, bacillus anthracis, and bordetella pertussis.
Epidemiology
As of 2010 lower respiratory infections caused about 2.8 million deaths down from 3.4 million in 1990.[14]
Society and culture
Lower respiratory tract infections place a considerable strain on the health budget and are generally more serious than upper respiratory infections.
References
- ^ a b c d Antibiotic Expert Group. Therapeutic guidelines: Antibiotic. 13th ed. North Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines; 2006.
- ^ a b GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMID 25530442.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b BJM Clinical evidence: London, United Kingdom: BMJ, 1999-2007 : Accessed 29/3/7 at : http://0-www.clinicalevidence.com.library.newcastle.edu.au/ceweb/index.jsp.
- ^ Therapeutic guidelines : respiratory. 2nd ed ed: North Melbourne : Therapeutic Guidelines Limited, 2000.
- ^ a b c Becker LA, Hom J, Villasis-Keever M, van der Wouden JC; Hom; Villasis-Keever; Van Der Wouden (2011). Becker, Lorne A (ed.). "Beta2-agonists for acute bronchitis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (7): CD001726. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001726.pub4. PMID 21735384.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Integrated pharmacology / Clive Page ... [et al.]. 2nd ed ed: Edinburgh : Mosby, 2002.
- ^ Fahey T SJ, Becker L, Glazier R. . Antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD000245. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000245.pub2.
- ^ a b Bjerre LM, Verheij TJ, Kochen MM; Verheij; Kochen (2009). Bjerre, Lise M (ed.). "Antibiotics for community acquired pneumonia in adult outpatients". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD002109. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002109.pub3. PMID 19821292.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Moberley S, Holden J, Tatham DP, Andrews RM; Holden; Tatham; Andrews (2013). Moberley, Sarah (ed.). "Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1: CD000422. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000422.pub3. PMID 23440780.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kabra SK, Lodha R, Pandey RM; Lodha; Pandey (2010). Kabra, Sushil K (ed.). "Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD004874. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004874.pub3. PMID 20238334.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy. 17th ed / Mark H. Beers and Robert Berkow ed: Whitehouse Station, N.J. : Merck Research Laboratories, 1999.
- ^ eTG complete [electronic resource] "?".
- ^ "Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" (xls). World Health Organization. 2002.
- ^ Lozano, R; Naghavi, M; Foreman, K; Lim, S; Shibuya, K; Aboyans, V; Abraham, J; Adair, T; Aggarwal, R; Ahn, SY; Alvarado, M; Anderson, HR; Anderson, LM; Andrews, KG; Atkinson, C; Baddour, LM; Barker-Collo, S; Bartels, DH; Bell, ML; Benjamin, EJ; Bennett, D; Bhalla, K; Bikbov, B; Bin Abdulhak, A; Birbeck, G; Blyth, F; Bolliger, I; Boufous, S; Bucello, C; et al. (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604.