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{{Italictitle}}
{{Italictitle}}{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
|name = ''Nurhachius''
|name = ''Nurhachius''
|fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|120}}
|fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|120}}
| image = Nurhachius NT.jpg
| image = Nurhachius NT.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Artist's impression
| image_caption = Life restoration
⚫
|genus = Nurhachius
|regnum = [[Animal]]ia
⚫
|parent_authority = Wang ''et al.'', 2005
|phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| species = ignaciobritoi
|classis = [[Reptile|Reptilia]]
| authority = Wang ''et al.'', 2005
|ordo = [[Pterosaur]]ia
|subordo = [[Pterodactyloidea]]
|familia = [[Istiodactylidae]]
⚫
|genus = '''''Nurhachius'''''
⚫
|genus_authority = Wang ''et al.'', 2005
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
|subdivision =
* ''N. ignaciobritoi'' <small>Wang ''et al.'', 2005 ([[Type species|type]])</small>
}}
}}


'''''Nurhachius''''' was a [[genus]] of [[Istiodactylidae|istiodactylid]] [[pterodactyloid]] [[pterosaur]] from the [[Barremian]]-[[Aptian]]-age [[Lower Cretaceous]] [[Jiufotang Formation]] of [[Chaoyang, Liaoning|Chaoyang]], [[Liaoning]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].
'''''Nurhachius''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Istiodactylidae|istiodactylid]] [[pterodactyloid]] [[pterosaur]] from the [[Barremian]]-[[Aptian]]-age [[Lower Cretaceous]] [[Jiufotang Formation]] of [[Chaoyang, Liaoning|Chaoyang]], [[Liaoning]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].

[[File:Istiodactylid skulls.tif|thumb|left|Istiodactylid skulls, C is ''Nurhachius'']]
[[File:Istiodactylid skulls.tif|thumb|left|Istiodactylid skulls, C is ''Nurhachius'']]
The genus was named in 2005 by [[Wang Xiaolin]], [[Alexander Kellner]], [[Zhou Zhonge]] and [[Diogenes de Almeida Campos]]. The [[type species]] is ''Nurhachius ignaciobritoi''. The genus name refers to [[Nurhaci]], the first [[Khan (title)|khan]] of the [[Qing Dynasty]], whose original power base encompassed the region where the [[fossil]] was found. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] honours the late Brazilian [[paleontologist]] [[Ignácio Aureliano Machado Brito]], who pioneered the study of pterosaurs in his country.
The genus was named in 2005 by [[Wang Xiaolin]], [[Alexander Kellner]], [[Zhou Zhonge]] and [[Diogenes de Almeida Campos]]. The [[type species]] is ''Nurhachius ignaciobritoi''. The genus name refers to [[Nurhaci]], the first [[Khan (title)|khan]] of the [[Qing Dynasty]], whose original power base encompassed the region where the [[fossil]] was found. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] honours the late Brazilian [[paleontologist]] [[Ignácio Aureliano Machado Brito]], who pioneered the study of pterosaurs in his country.
Line 25: Line 18:
The genus is based on [[holotype]] [[Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology|IVPP V-13288]], a partial skull and skeleton. The skull is elongated with a preserved length of 315 millimetres and an estimated total length of about 330 millimetres. The nasoantorbital fenestra, the large skull opening, is relatively long at 58% of the skull length. The lower jaws have a length of 291 millimetres. The skull is similar to that of ''[[Istiodactylus]]'', which lived at about the same time in what is now [[England]], especially in the [[teeth]] that are compressed side to side and the long fenestra. However, it differs from ''Istiodactylus'' in several details, including a significantly lower skull, different [[jugal]] and a slight curve to the upper margin of the lower jaw. The teeth are curved to the back, have three roots and are robust. They are limited to the anterior ends of the jaws; there are 28 teeth in the upper jaws and 26 in the lower jaws for a total of 54. Most elements of the postcranial skeleton are known, with the exception of some cervical vertebrae, the ribs, the tail and the two most extreme phalanges of the wing finger. Its [[wingspan]] was estimated at 2.4-2.5 m (7.87-8.20&nbsp;ft).<ref name=WKZC05>Xiaolin Wang, Kellner, A.W.A., Zhou Zhonghe, and de Almeida Campos, D. (2005). Pterosaur diversity and faunal turnover in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems in China. ''Nature'' '''437''':875-879.</ref>
The genus is based on [[holotype]] [[Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology|IVPP V-13288]], a partial skull and skeleton. The skull is elongated with a preserved length of 315 millimetres and an estimated total length of about 330 millimetres. The nasoantorbital fenestra, the large skull opening, is relatively long at 58% of the skull length. The lower jaws have a length of 291 millimetres. The skull is similar to that of ''[[Istiodactylus]]'', which lived at about the same time in what is now [[England]], especially in the [[teeth]] that are compressed side to side and the long fenestra. However, it differs from ''Istiodactylus'' in several details, including a significantly lower skull, different [[jugal]] and a slight curve to the upper margin of the lower jaw. The teeth are curved to the back, have three roots and are robust. They are limited to the anterior ends of the jaws; there are 28 teeth in the upper jaws and 26 in the lower jaws for a total of 54. Most elements of the postcranial skeleton are known, with the exception of some cervical vertebrae, the ribs, the tail and the two most extreme phalanges of the wing finger. Its [[wingspan]] was estimated at 2.4-2.5 m (7.87-8.20&nbsp;ft).<ref name=WKZC05>Xiaolin Wang, Kellner, A.W.A., Zhou Zhonghe, and de Almeida Campos, D. (2005). Pterosaur diversity and faunal turnover in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems in China. ''Nature'' '''437''':875-879.</ref>


==Classification==
The describers pointed out several similarities with the [[Pteranodontoidea]] (here used in the sense of the [[clade]] ''[[Pteranodon]]'' + ''Istiodactylus'' + [[Anhangueridae]]) and one, the warped deltopectoral crest of the [[humerus]], unique to just the clade ''Istiodactylus'' + [[Anhangueridae]]. A [[cladistic]] analysis by Wang showed ''Nurhachius'' to be a member of the [[Istiodactylidae]] within the much larger [[Dsungaripteroidea]] ''sensu'' Kellner.
The describers pointed out several similarities with the [[Pteranodontoidea]] and one, the warped deltopectoral crest of the [[humerus]], unique to just the clade ''Istiodactylus'' + [[Anhangueridae]]. A [[cladistic]] analysis performed by Wang and colleagues showed that ''Nurhachius'' was a member of the [[Istiodactylidae]]. Its position as being closely related to ''Istiodactylus'' was supported by a 2008 analysis by [[Lü Jun-chang]].<ref name=LJ06>J. Lü, and Q. Ji. (2006). [http://cactus.dixie.edu/jharris/Lu&Ji_ptero_phylogeny.pdf Preliminary results of a phylogenetic analysis of the pterosaurs from western Liaoning and surrounding area.] ''Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea'' '''22'''(1):239-261.</ref>


Its position as being closely related to ''Istiodactylus'' was supported by the analysis in a publication by [[Lü Junchang]].<ref name=LJ06>J. Lü, and Q. Ji. (2006). [http://cactus.dixie.edu/jharris/Lu&Ji_ptero_phylogeny.pdf Preliminary results of a phylogenetic analysis of the pterosaurs from western Liaoning and surrounding area.] ''Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea'' '''22'''(1):239-261.</ref> In 2008 Lü suggested ''Nurhachius'' was a subjective [[junior synonym]] of ''[[Liaoxipterus]].<ref>Lü, J., Xu, L. and Ji, Q. (2008), "Restudy of ''Liaoxipterus'' (Istiodactylidae: Pterosauria), with comments on the Chinese istiodactylid pterosaurs", In: Hone, D. W. E. and Buffetaut, E. (eds), ''Flugsaurier: pterosaur papers in honour of Peter Wellnhofer'', Zitteliana B28: 229–241</ref>
In 2008 Lü also suggested that ''Nurhachius'' was a [[junior synonym]] of another istiodactlid from the same ecosystem, ''[[Liaoxipterus]].<ref>Lü, J., Xu, L. and Ji, Q. (2008), "Restudy of ''Liaoxipterus'' (Istiodactylidae: Pterosauria), with comments on the Chinese istiodactylid pterosaurs", In: Hone, D. W. E. and Buffetaut, E. (eds), ''Flugsaurier: pterosaur papers in honour of Peter Wellnhofer'', Zitteliana B28: 229–241</ref> However, a 2012 analysis by Mark Witton found that these two istiodactylids were not identical and, more importantly, did not group together in a phylogenetic tree. Witton also noted that they did not actually group together in Lü's study either.<ref name=witton2012>{{cite doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0033170}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of pterosaurs]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://archosauria.org/pterosauria/taxonomy/genera/nurhachius.html ''Nurhachius''] in The Pterosauria
*<!--[http://www.paleograveyard.com/nurhachius.html The skull of ''Nurhachius''] at The Grave Yard-->


[[Category:Ornithocheiroids]]
[[Category:Ornithocheiroids]]

Revision as of 19:40, 9 July 2015

Nurhachius
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, 120 Ma
↓
Life restoration
Scientific classification
Genus:
Nurhachius
Species:
ignaciobritoi

Nurhachius is a genus of istiodactylid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Barremian-Aptian-age Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Chaoyang, Liaoning, China.

Istiodactylid skulls, C is Nurhachius

The genus was named in 2005 by Wang Xiaolin, Alexander Kellner, Zhou Zhonge and Diogenes de Almeida Campos. The type species is Nurhachius ignaciobritoi. The genus name refers to Nurhaci, the first khan of the Qing Dynasty, whose original power base encompassed the region where the fossil was found. The specific name honours the late Brazilian paleontologist Ignácio Aureliano Machado Brito, who pioneered the study of pterosaurs in his country.

The genus is based on holotype IVPP V-13288, a partial skull and skeleton. The skull is elongated with a preserved length of 315 millimetres and an estimated total length of about 330 millimetres. The nasoantorbital fenestra, the large skull opening, is relatively long at 58% of the skull length. The lower jaws have a length of 291 millimetres. The skull is similar to that of Istiodactylus, which lived at about the same time in what is now England, especially in the teeth that are compressed side to side and the long fenestra. However, it differs from Istiodactylus in several details, including a significantly lower skull, different jugal and a slight curve to the upper margin of the lower jaw. The teeth are curved to the back, have three roots and are robust. They are limited to the anterior ends of the jaws; there are 28 teeth in the upper jaws and 26 in the lower jaws for a total of 54. Most elements of the postcranial skeleton are known, with the exception of some cervical vertebrae, the ribs, the tail and the two most extreme phalanges of the wing finger. Its wingspan was estimated at 2.4-2.5 m (7.87-8.20 ft).[1]

Classification

The describers pointed out several similarities with the Pteranodontoidea and one, the warped deltopectoral crest of the humerus, unique to just the clade Istiodactylus + Anhangueridae. A cladistic analysis performed by Wang and colleagues showed that Nurhachius was a member of the Istiodactylidae. Its position as being closely related to Istiodactylus was supported by a 2008 analysis by Lü Jun-chang.[2]

In 2008 Lü also suggested that Nurhachius was a junior synonym of another istiodactlid from the same ecosystem, Liaoxipterus.[3] However, a 2012 analysis by Mark Witton found that these two istiodactylids were not identical and, more importantly, did not group together in a phylogenetic tree. Witton also noted that they did not actually group together in Lü's study either.[4]

References

  1. ^ Xiaolin Wang, Kellner, A.W.A., Zhou Zhonghe, and de Almeida Campos, D. (2005). Pterosaur diversity and faunal turnover in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems in China. Nature 437:875-879.
  2. ^ J. Lü, and Q. Ji. (2006). Preliminary results of a phylogenetic analysis of the pterosaurs from western Liaoning and surrounding area. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 22(1):239-261.
  3. ^ Lü, J., Xu, L. and Ji, Q. (2008), "Restudy of Liaoxipterus (Istiodactylidae: Pterosauria), with comments on the Chinese istiodactylid pterosaurs", In: Hone, D. W. E. and Buffetaut, E. (eds), Flugsaurier: pterosaur papers in honour of Peter Wellnhofer, Zitteliana B28: 229–241
  4. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033170, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0033170 instead.
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