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* {{cite journal |last1=Webster |first1=Jeffrey Dean |last2=Deng |first2=Xiaolei Charlie |date=May 2015 |title=Paths from trauma to intrapersonal strength: worldview, posttraumatic growth, and wisdom |journal=Journal of Loss and Trauma |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=253–266 |doi=10.1080/15325024.2014.932207 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Webster |first1=Jeffrey Dean |last2=Deng |first2=Xiaolei Charlie |date=May 2015 |title=Paths from trauma to intrapersonal strength: worldview, posttraumatic growth, and wisdom |journal=Journal of Loss and Trauma |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=253–266 |doi=10.1080/15325024.2014.932207 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Wickman |first=Per-Olof |date=2006 |title=Aesthetic experience in science education: learning and meaning-making as situated talk and action |series=Teaching and learning in science series |location=Mahwah, NJ |publisher=[[Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]] |isbn=0805855033 |oclc=58563560 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Wickman |first=Per-Olof |date=2006 |title=Aesthetic experience in science education: learning and meaning-making as situated talk and action |series=Teaching and learning in science series |location=Mahwah, NJ |publisher=[[Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]] |isbn=0805855033 |oclc=58563560 |ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Barlow |first=Connie C. |date=1997 |chapter=Meaning-making |title=Green space, green time: the way of science |location=New York |publisher=Copernicus |pages=223–296 |isbn=0387947949 |oclc=36917078 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-0673-6_6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bendiner-Viani |first=Gabrielle |date=2013 |title=The big world in the small: layered dynamics of meaning-making in the everyday |journal=[[Environment and Planning D: Society and Space]] |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=708–726 |doi=10.1068/d17810 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=DeGrandpre |first=Richard J. |date=July 2000 |title=A science of meaning: can behaviorism bring meaning to psychological science? |journal=[[American Psychologist]] |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=721–739 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.55.7.721 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Johnson (philosopher) |date=2007 |chapter=Art as an exemplar of meaning-making |title=The meaning of the body: aesthetics of human understanding |location=Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=9780226401928 |oclc=76967201 |pages=209–234 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lidar |first1=Malena |last2=Almqvist |first2=Jonas |last3=Östman |first3=Leif |date=July 2009 |title=A pragmatist approach to meaning making in children's discussions about gravity and the shape of the earth |journal=Science Education |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=689–709 |doi=10.1002/sce.20384 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=McCann |first=Eugene J. |date=August 2002 |title=The cultural politics of local economic development: meaning-making, place-making, and the urban policy process |journal=[[Geoforum]] |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=385–398 |doi=10.1016/S0016-7185(02)00007-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pfenninger |first1=David T. |last2=Klion |first2=Reid E. |date=July 1994 |title=Fitting the world to constructs: the role of activity in meaning making |journal=Journal of Constructivist Psychology |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=151–161 |doi=10.1080/10720539408405078 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Waters |first1=Theodore E. A. |last2=Shallcross |first2=John F. |last3=Fivush |first3=Robyn |date=2013 |title=The many facets of meaning making: comparing multiple measures of meaning making and their relations to psychological distress |journal=Memory |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=111–124 |doi=10.1080/09658211.2012.705300 |ref=harv}}


==External Links==
==External Links==

Revision as of 16:45, 13 December 2015

Young Girl Weeping for her Dead Bird by Jean-Baptiste Greuze

In psychology, meaning-making is the process of how persons construe, understand, or make sense of life events, relationships, and the self.[1] The term is widely used in constructivist approaches to counseling psychology and psychotherapy,[2] especially during bereavement in which persons attribute some sort of meaning to an experienced death or loss.[3] The term is also used in educational psychology.[4] Through meaning-making, persons are "retaining, reaffirming, revising, or replacing elements of their orienting system to develop more nuanced, complex and useful systems".[5]

History

Viktor Frankl, author of Man's Search for Meaning

Psychiatrist and holocaust survivor Viktor Frankl, founder of logotherapy in the 1940s, posited in his 1946 book Man's Search for Meaning that that the primary motivation of a person is to discover meaning in life.[6] Frankl insisted that meaning can be discovered under all circumstances, even in the most miserable experiences of loss and tragedy. He said that people could discover meaning through doing a deed, experiencing a value, and experiencing suffering. Although Frankl did not use the term "meaning-making", his emphasis on the making of meaning influenced later psychologists.[7]

Neil Postman and Charles Weingartner, both of whom were educational critics and promoters of inquiry education, published a chapter called "Meaning Making" in their 1969 book Teaching as a Subversive Activity.[8] The chapter proposed a constructivist philosophy of education (but without using the term "constructivist"), and described why the authors preferred the term "meaning making" to any other metaphor for teaching and learning.

In the light of all this, perhaps you will understand why we prefer the metaphor "meaning making" to most of the metaphors of the mind that are operative in the schools. It is, to begin with, much less static than the others. It stresses a process view of minding, including the fact that "minding" is undergoing constant change. "Meaning making" also forces us to focus on the individuality and the uniqueness of the meaning maker (the minder). In most of the other metaphors there is an assumption of "sameness" in all learners. The "garden" to be cultivated, the darkness to be lighted, the foundation to be built upon, the clay to be molded—there is always the implication that all learning will occur in the same way. The flowers will be the same color, the light will reveal the same room, the clay will take the same shape, and so on. Moreover, such metaphors imply boundaries, a limit to learning. How many flowers can a garden hold? How much water can a bucket take? What happens to the learner after his mind has been molded? How large can a building be, even if constructed on a solid foundation? The "meaning maker" has no such limitation. There is no end to his educative process. He continues to create new meanings...

— Neil Postman and Charles Weingartner, "Meaning Making"[9]

By the end of the 1970s, the term "meaning-making" was used with increasing frequency.[10] Developmental psychologist Robert Kegan used the term "meaning-making" as a key concept in several widely-cited texts on counseling and human development published in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[11] Kegan wrote: "Human being is meaning making. For the human, what evolving amounts to is the evolving of systems of meaning; the business of organisms is to organize, as Perry (1970) says."[12] The term "meaning-making" has also been used by psychologists influenced by George Kelly's personal construct theory.[13]

In a review of the meaning-making literature published in 2010, psychologist Crystal L. Park noted that there was a rich body of theory on meaning-making, but empirical research had not kept pace with theory development.[14]

Bereavement

With the experience of a death, persons often have to create new meaning of their loss. Interventions that promote meaning-making may be beneficial to grievers, as some interventions have been found to improve both mental health and physical health.[15] However, according to some researchers, "for certain individuals from challenging backgrounds, efforts after meaning might not be psychologically healthy" when those efforts are "more similar to rumination than to resolution" of problems.[16]

Some researchers report that meaning-making can help people feel less distressed, and allows people to become more resilient in the face of loss.[17] On the converse, failing to attribute meaning to death leads to more long-term distress for some people.[18]

There are various strategies people can utilize for meaning-making; many of them are summarized in the book Techniques of Grief Therapy.[19] One study developed a "Meaning of Loss Codebook" which clusters common meaning-making strategies into 30 categories.[20] Amongst these meaning-making strategies, the most frequently used categories include: personal growth, family bonds, spirituality, valuing life, negative affect, impermanence, lifestyle changes, compassion, and release from suffering.[21]

Family bonds

Individuals using existing family bonds for meaning-making have a "change in outlook and/or behavior towards family members".[22] With this meaning-making strategy, individuals create meaning of loss through their interactions with family members, and make more efforts to spend more time with them.[20] When individuals use family to give meaning to loss, more meaning-making strategies emerge within the family system. A couple of strategies that family members use to help each other cope are discussing the legacy of the deceased, and talking to non-family members about the loss.[23]

When family members are able to openly express their attitudes and beliefs, it can lead to a better well-being and less disagreement in the family.[24] Meaning-making with one's family also increases marital satisfaction by reducing family tension, especially if the deceased was another family member.[15]

Spirituality and religiosity

Meaning-making through spirituality and religiosity is significant because it helps individuals cope with their loss, as well as develop their own spiritual or religious beliefs.[25] Spirituality and religiosity helps grievers think about a transcendental reality, share their worldview, and feel a sense of belonging to communities with shared beliefs.

When individuals with a divinity worldview make meaning through spirituality and religiosity, those "individuals perceive the divine to be involved in a major stressful life event" and use the divine to develop a meaning for the loss.[26] There are three main ways in which a theistic individual may create meaning through religion: benevolent religious reappraisals, punishing God reappraisals, and reappraisals of God's power.[26] Benevolent religious reappraisals cast God in a positive light and grievers may see the death as a part of God's plan. Punishing God reappraisals cast God in a dark light and grievers may blame God for the loss or feel punished by God. Reappraisals of God's power questions God's ability to intervene on the situation.[26] All of these appraisals contribute to how the griever may create meaning of their loss.

Another meaning-making strategy people use is to create meaning by valuing their own life. People who create meaning in this way may try to cherish the life they have, try to find their purpose, or change their lifestyles.[20]

Philanthropy

Grievers can make meaning of death through philanthropic services such as charities, foundations, and organizations. Meaning-making through philanthropy can create financial support, social support, emotional support, and helps create positive results from the negative experience of the death.[27] For example, one couple that lost a child described how they developed "Nora's Project" after their daughter with a disability died, in order to help provide wheelchairs for children with disabilities around the world.[27] The mother said: "With Nora's Project, I am also healing. I am able to turn something that was horrific, the way she died, into something that will do good in the world".[27] Like this mother, it is common for individuals to want to create or do something positive for others. Philanthropy helps people make meaning by continuously and altruistically honoring a life while simultaneously helping others going through a similar experience.[27]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ignelzi 2000, p. 5: "Meaning-making, the process of how individuals make sense of knowledge, experience, relationships, and the self, must be considered in designing college curricular environments supportive of learning and development."
  2. ^ For example: Kegan 1980; Kegan 1982; Carlsen 1988; Dorpat & Miller 1992; Drath & Palus 1994; Rosen & Kuehlwein 1996; Basseches 1997; Neimeyer & Raskin 2000; Mackay 2003; Neimeyer 2009
  3. ^ For example: Epting & Neimeyer 1984; Attig 1996; Doka & Davidson 1998; Neimeyer 2001; Kalayjian & Eugene 2010; Dyregrov et al. 2011; Steffen & Coyle 2011; Neimeyer 2012; Gillies, Neimeyer & Milman 2014
  4. ^ For example: Postman & Weingartner 1969; Novak 1993; Merriam & Heuer 1996; Rehm 1999; Ignelzi 2000; Kunnen & Bosma 2000; Mortimer & Scott 2003; Wickman 2006; Scott, Mortimer & Aguiar 2006; Nash & Murray 2010; Baxter Magolda & King 2012; Schoper & Wagner 2015
  5. ^ Gillies, Neimeyer & Milman 2014, p. 208
  6. ^ Frankl 1962
  7. ^ A Google Scholar search for citations of Frankl's work shows that Man's Search for Meaning is cited by some of the most influential psychologists and psychotherapists of the 20th century; it is cited in Aaron T. Beck's Cognitive Therapy of Depression; Albert Ellis's New Guide to Rational Living; Richard S. Lazarus and Susan Folkman's Stress, Appraisal, and Coping; Carl Rogers's Freedom to Learn; and thousands of other texts.
  8. ^ Postman & Weingartner 1969
  9. ^ Postman & Weingartner 1969, p. 91
  10. ^ As can be seen in a Google Ngram of the term "meaning-making" in Google Ngram Viewer, usage of the term "meaning-making" in the Google Books database jumps just before 1980 and increases thereafter.
  11. ^ For example: Kegan 1980; Kegan 1982
  12. ^ Kegan 1980, p. 374
  13. ^ For example: Epting & Neimeyer 1984
  14. ^ Park 2010, pp. 290–293
  15. ^ a b Mackay & Bluck 2010, p. 720: "In their study of bereaved parents, Murphy et al. (2003) showed that finding meaning was related to lower mental distress, higher marital satisfaction, and better physical health. Similar links to better adjustment have been found in other samples of bereaved parents (Keesee et al., 2008) and adults who lost loved ones through violent means (i.e., accidents, homicide, and suicide; Currier, Holland, & Neimeyer, 2006)."
  16. ^ Sales, Merrill & Fivush 2013, p. 97
  17. ^ For example: Calhoun & Tedeschi 2006; Davis, Harasymchuk & Wohl 2012; Webster & Deng 2015
  18. ^ Davis, Nolen-Hoeksema & Larson 1998
  19. ^ Neimeyer 2012
  20. ^ a b c Gillies, Neimeyer & Milman 2014
  21. ^ Gillies, Neimeyer & Milman 2014, pp. 212–213
  22. ^ Gillies, Neimeyer & Milman 2014, p. 212
  23. ^ Black, Santanello & Rubinstein 2014
  24. ^ Davis, Harasymchuk & Wohl 2012
  25. ^ Way 2013
  26. ^ a b c Stein et al. 2009
  27. ^ a b c d Rossetto 2014

References

  • Attig, Thomas (1996). How we grieve: relearning the world. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195074556. OCLC 33048470. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Basseches, Michael (January 1997). "A developmental perspective on psychotherapy process, psychotherapists' expertise, and 'meaning-making conflict' within therapeutic relationships [two-part series]". Journal of Adult Development. 4 (1–2). doi:10.1007/BF02511846. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Baxter Magolda, Marcia B.; King, Patricia M. (2012). Assessing meaning making and self-authorship: theory, research, and application. ASHE higher education report. Vol. 38. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass/Wiley. ISBN 1118500547. OCLC 801926567. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Black, Helen K.; Santanello, Holly R.; Rubinstein, Robert L. (September 2014). "A pragmatic belief system in family meaning-making after death". Death Studies. 38 (8): 522–530. doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.879754. PMID 24738858. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Calhoun, Lawrence G.; Tedeschi, Richard G., eds. (2006). Handbook of posttraumatic growth: research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0805851968. OCLC 62078285. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Carlsen, Mary Baird (1988). Meaning-making: therapeutic processes in adult development. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0393700496. OCLC 17108819. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Davis, Christopher G.; Harasymchuk, Cheryl; Wohl, Michael J. A. (April 2012). "Finding meaning in a traumatic loss: a families approach". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 25 (2): 142–149. doi:10.1002/jts.21675. PMID 22522727. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Davis, Christopher G.; Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan; Larson, Judith (August 1998). "Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: two construals of meaning". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 75 (2): 561–574. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.561. PMID 9731325. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Doka, Kenneth J.; Davidson, Joyce, eds. (1998). Living with grief: who we are, how we grieve. Washington, DC: Hospice Foundation of America. ISBN 0876308981. OCLC 47667465. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Dorpat, Theodore L.; Miller, Michael L. (1992). Clinical interaction and the analysis of meaning: a new psychoanalytic theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press. ISBN 0881631469. OCLC 26095722. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Drath, Wilfred H.; Palus, Charles J. (1994). Making common sense: leadership as meaning-making in a community of practice. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership. ISBN 0912879971. OCLC 30518363. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Dyregrov, Kari Madeleine; Dieserud, Gudrun; Hjelmeland, Heidi Marie; Straiton, Melanie; Rasmussen, Mette Lyberg; Knizek, Birthe Loa; Leenaars, Antoon Adrian (September 2011). "Meaning-making through psychological autopsy interviews: the value of participating in qualitative research for those bereaved by suicide". Death Studies. 35 (8): 685–710. doi:10.1080/07481187.2011.553310. PMID 24501818. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |display-authors=7 (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Epting, Franz R.; Neimeyer, Robert A., eds. (1984). Personal meanings of death: applications of personal construct theory to clinical practice. Series in death education, aging, and health care. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Pub. Corp. ISBN 0891163638. OCLC 9557799. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Frankl, Viktor E. (1962) [1946]. Man's search for meaning: an introduction to logotherapy. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0807014273. OCLC 68940601. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Gillies, James; Neimeyer, Robert A.; Milman, Evgenia (April 2014). "The meaning of loss codebook: construction of a system for analyzing meanings made in bereavement". Death Studies. 38 (4): 207–216. doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.829367. PMID 24524583. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Ignelzi, Michael (Summer 2000). "Meaning-making in the learning and teaching process". New Directions for Teaching and Learning. 2000 (82): 5–14. doi:10.1002/tl.8201. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kalayjian, Ani; Eugene, Dominique, eds. (2010). Mass trauma and emotional healing around the world: rituals and practices for resilience and meaning-making. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. ISBN 9780313375408. OCLC 422757301. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kegan, Robert (January 1980). "Making meaning: the constructive-developmental approach to persons and practice". The Personnel and Guidance Journal. 58 (5): 373–380. doi:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1980.tb00416.x. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kegan, Robert (1982). The evolving self: problem and process in human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674272307. OCLC 7672087. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kunnen, E. Saskia; Bosma, Harke A. (April 2000). "Development of meaning making: a dynamic systems approach". New Ideas in Psychology. 18 (1): 57–82. doi:10.1016/S0732-118X(99)00037-9. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Mackay, Michael M.; Bluck, Susan (August 2010). "Meaning-making in memories: a comparison of memories of death-related and low point life experiences". Death Studies. 34 (8): 715–737. doi:10.1080/07481181003761708. PMID 24482847. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Mackay, Nigel (June 2003). "Psychotherapy and the idea of meaning". Theory & Psychology. 13 (3): 359–386. doi:10.1177/0959354303013003004. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Merriam, Sharan B.; Heuer, Barbara (July 1996). "Meaning‐making, adult learning and development: a model with implications for practice". International Journal of Lifelong Education. 15 (4): 243–255. doi:10.1080/0260137960150402. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Mortimer, Eduardo Fleury; Scott, Philip H. (2003). Meaning making in secondary science classrooms. Maidenhead; Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0335212085. OCLC 53193913. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Nash, Robert J.; Murray, Michele C. (2010). Helping college students find purpose: the campus guide to meaning-making. Jossey-Bass higher and adult education series. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 9780470408148. OCLC 428031779. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Neimeyer, Robert A., ed. (2001). Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 1557987424. OCLC 44712952. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Neimeyer, Robert A. (2009). Constructivist psychotherapy: distinctive features. The CBT distinctive features series. Hove, East Sussex; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415442336. OCLC 237402656. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Neimeyer, Robert A., ed. (2012). Techniques of grief therapy: creative practices for counseling the bereaved. Series in death, dying, and bereavement. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415807258. OCLC 752072377. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Neimeyer, Robert A.; Raskin, Jonathan D., eds. (2000). Constructions of disorder: meaning-making frameworks for psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 1557986290. OCLC 42009389. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Novak, Joseph D. (April 1993). "Human constructivism: a unification of psychological and epistemological phenomena in meaning making". International Journal of Personal Construct Psychology. 6 (2): 167–193. doi:10.1080/08936039308404338. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Park, Crystal L. (March 2010). "Making sense of the meaning literature: an integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events". Psychological Bulletin. 136 (2): 257–301. doi:10.1037/a0018301. PMID 20192563. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Postman, Neil; Weingartner, Charles (1969). "Meaning making". Teaching as a subversive activity. New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 82–97. OCLC 4259. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Rehm, Marsha L. (1999). "Vocation as meaning making narrative: implications for vocational education". Journal of Vocational Education Research. 24 (3): 145–59. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Rosen, Hugh; Kuehlwein, Kevin T., eds. (1996). Constructing realities: meaning-making perspectives for psychotherapists. Jossey-Bass social and behavioral science series. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0787901954. OCLC 32969007. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Rossetto, Kelly R. (September 2014). "Creating philanthropic foundations to deal with grief: case studies of bereaved parents". Death Studies. 38 (8): 531–537. doi:10.1080/07481187.2014.899652. PMID 24738725. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Sales, Jessica M.; Merrill, Natalie A.; Fivush, Robyn (2013). "Does making meaning make it better?: narrative meaning making and well-being in at-risk African-American adolescent females". Memory. 21 (1): 97–110. doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.706614. PMID 22897108. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Schoper, Sarah E.; Wagner, Craig E. (2015). "Developing meaning-making to promote critical thinking". In Wisdom, Sherrie; Leavitt, Lynda (eds.). Handbook of research on advancing critical thinking in higher education. Advances in higher education and professional development (AHEPD) book series. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. pp. 195–217. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8411-9.ch009. ISBN 9781466684119. OCLC 904400153. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Scott, Philip H.; Mortimer, Eduardo Fleury; Aguiar, Orlando G. (July 2006). "The tension between authoritative and dialogic discourse: a fundamental characteristic of meaning making interactions in high school science lessons". Science Education. 90 (4): 605–631. doi:10.1002/sce.20131. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Steffen, Edith; Coyle, Adrian (August 2011). "Sense of presence experiences and meaning-making in bereavement: a qualitative analysis". Death Studies. 35 (7): 579–609. doi:10.1080/07481187.2011.584758. PMID 24501839. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Stein, Catherine H.; Abraham, Kristen M.; Bonar, Erin E.; McAuliffe, Christine E.; Fogo, Wendy R.; Faigin, David A.; Raiya, Hisham Abu; Potokar, Danielle N. (March 2009). "Making meaning from personal loss: religious, benefit finding, and goal-oriented attributions". Journal of Loss and Trauma. 14 (2): 83–100. doi:10.1080/15325020802173819. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |display-authors=8 (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Way, Patsy (April 2013). "A practitioner's view of children making spiritual meanings in bereavement". Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care. 9 (2–3): 144–157. doi:10.1080/15524256.2013.794032. PMID 23777231. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Webster, Jeffrey Dean; Deng, Xiaolei Charlie (May 2015). "Paths from trauma to intrapersonal strength: worldview, posttraumatic growth, and wisdom". Journal of Loss and Trauma. 20 (3): 253–266. doi:10.1080/15325024.2014.932207. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Wickman, Per-Olof (2006). Aesthetic experience in science education: learning and meaning-making as situated talk and action. Teaching and learning in science series. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0805855033. OCLC 58563560. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Further reading

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