Nitrobacter: Difference between revisions
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''Nitrobacter'' may reproduce by budding or [[Fission (biology)|binary fission]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Carboxysomes which aid carbon fixation are found in lithoautotrophically and mixotrophically grown cells. Additional energy conserving inclusions are PHB granules and polyphosphates. When both nitrite and organic substances are present, cells can exhibit biphasic growth, first the nitrite is used and after a lag phase, organic matter is oxidized. Chemoorganotrophic growth is slow and unbalanced thus more poly-β- hydroxybutyrate granules are seen that distort the shape and size of the cells. |
''Nitrobacter'' may reproduce by budding or [[Fission (biology)|binary fission]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Carboxysomes which aid carbon fixation are found in lithoautotrophically and mixotrophically grown cells. Additional energy conserving inclusions are PHB granules and polyphosphates. When both nitrite and organic substances are present, cells can exhibit biphasic growth, first the nitrite is used and after a lag phase, organic matter is oxidized. Chemoorganotrophic growth is slow and unbalanced thus more poly-β- hydroxybutyrate granules are seen that distort the shape and size of the cells. |
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== Ecology == |
== Ecology and Distribution == |
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''Nitrobacter'' play an essential role in [[aquaponics]]. Nitrobacter has a wide distribution as it occupies both aquatic and land environments across the different species in the genus<ref name=":1" />. Nitrifying bacteria have an optimum growth between 25-30°C, and cannot survive past the upper limit of 49°C or the lower limit of 0°C, therefore limiting its distribution even though it encompasses a variety of habitats <ref name="Nitrifying Bacteria Facts" />. Its primary ecological role is to oxidize nitrite to nitrate which is readily absorbed by plants, after ''[[Nitrosomonas]]'' bacteria first convert ammonia into nitrites and since all Nitrobacter are obligate aerobes, oxygen along with phosphorous tend to be the limiting factors preventing them from being able to efficiently fix nitrogen<ref name="Nitrifying Bacteria Facts" />. The greater impact of Nitrification and Nitrobacter in both oceanic and terrestrial ecosystems would be its effect on the process of Eutrophication <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-0293-3_3|title=Space Partition within Aquatic Ecosystems|last=Navarro|first=E.|last2=Degrange|first2=V.|last3=Bardin|first3=R.|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=9789401041294|editor-last=Balvay|editor-first=Gérard|series=Developments in Hydrobiology|pages=43–48|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-0293-3_3}}</ref>. The distribution and differences in N-fixing rate across the Nitrobacter genus may be attributed to differences in the plasmids amongst the species , as data presented in Schutt (1990) imply habitat specific plasmid DNA induced by adaptation for some of the lakes that were investigated<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-3382-4_7|title=Aquatic Microbial Ecology|last=Schütt|first=Christian|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Springer New York|isbn=9781461279914|editor-last=Overbeck|editor-first=Jürgen|series=Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience|pages=160–183|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-3382-4_7|editor-last2=Chróst|editor-first2=Ryszard J.}}</ref>. A follow up study performed by Navarro et al. (1995) showing a 60MDa plasmid and a 37 MDa plasmid in freshwater and sediment Nitrobacter populations <ref name=":2" />. In conjunction with Schutts’ (1990) study Navarro et al. (1995) illustrate genomic features that may play crucial roles in determining the distribution and ecological impact of Nitrobacter. Nitrifying bacteria in general tend to be less abundant than their heterotrophic counterparts, as the oxidizing reactions they perform have a low energy yield and most of their energy production goes toward carbon-fixation rather than growth and reproduction <ref name="Nitrifying Bacteria Facts" />. |
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''Nitrobacter'' play an essential role in [[aquaponics]]. ''[[Nitrosomonas]]'' bacteria first convert ammonia into nitrites. ''Nitrobacter'' convert the nitrites into nitrates, which are readily absorbed by the plants. |
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== Main Species == |
== Main Species == |
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Revision as of 07:56, 8 March 2017
| Nitrobacter | |
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| Genus: | Nitrobacter Winogradsky 1892
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| Type species | |
| Nitrobacter winogradskyi | |
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Nitrobacter is a genus of mostly rod-shaped, gram-negative, and chemoautotrophic bacteria.[1] They are non-motile and reproduce via budding.[2][3] Cells may also undergo binary fission.[3] Nitrobacter cells may[3] or may not[2] be motile.They are obligate aerobes and have a doubling time of about 13 hours.[1]
Nitrobacter plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle by oxidizing nitrite into nitrate in soil. Unlike plants, where electron transfer in photosynthesis provides the energy for carbon fixation, Nitrobacter uses energy from the oxidation of nitrite ions, NO2−, into nitrate ions, NO3−, to fulfill their energy needs. Nitrobacter fixes carbon dioxide via the Calvin cycle for their carbon requirements.[1] Nitrobacter cells have been show to recover following extreme CO2 exposure[4]
Nitrobacter have an optimum pH between 7.3 and 7.5, and will die in temperatures exceeding 120 °F (49 °C) or below 32 °F (0 °C).[1]
According to Grundmann, Nitrobacter seem to grow optimally at 38 °C and at a pH of 7.9, but Holt states that Nitrobacter grow optimally at 28 °C and grows within a pH range of 5.8 -8.5 and has an pH optima between 7.6 and 7.8.[5][6] Nitrobacter belongs to the α-subclass of the Proteobacteria.[6][7]
Morphology
Nitrobacter may either be rod shaped, pear-shaped or pleomorphic.[1][3] They are typically 0.5-0.9 x 1.0-2.0μm in size.[2][3]
Metabolism and Growth
Nitrobacter may reproduce by budding or binary fission.[2][3] Carboxysomes which aid carbon fixation are found in lithoautotrophically and mixotrophically grown cells. Additional energy conserving inclusions are PHB granules and polyphosphates. When both nitrite and organic substances are present, cells can exhibit biphasic growth, first the nitrite is used and after a lag phase, organic matter is oxidized. Chemoorganotrophic growth is slow and unbalanced thus more poly-β- hydroxybutyrate granules are seen that distort the shape and size of the cells.
Ecology and Distribution
Nitrobacter play an essential role in aquaponics. Nitrobacter has a wide distribution as it occupies both aquatic and land environments across the different species in the genus[3]. Nitrifying bacteria have an optimum growth between 25-30°C, and cannot survive past the upper limit of 49°C or the lower limit of 0°C, therefore limiting its distribution even though it encompasses a variety of habitats [1]. Its primary ecological role is to oxidize nitrite to nitrate which is readily absorbed by plants, after Nitrosomonas bacteria first convert ammonia into nitrites and since all Nitrobacter are obligate aerobes, oxygen along with phosphorous tend to be the limiting factors preventing them from being able to efficiently fix nitrogen[1]. The greater impact of Nitrification and Nitrobacter in both oceanic and terrestrial ecosystems would be its effect on the process of Eutrophication [8]. The distribution and differences in N-fixing rate across the Nitrobacter genus may be attributed to differences in the plasmids amongst the species , as data presented in Schutt (1990) imply habitat specific plasmid DNA induced by adaptation for some of the lakes that were investigated[9]. A follow up study performed by Navarro et al. (1995) showing a 60MDa plasmid and a 37 MDa plasmid in freshwater and sediment Nitrobacter populations [8]. In conjunction with Schutts’ (1990) study Navarro et al. (1995) illustrate genomic features that may play crucial roles in determining the distribution and ecological impact of Nitrobacter. Nitrifying bacteria in general tend to be less abundant than their heterotrophic counterparts, as the oxidizing reactions they perform have a low energy yield and most of their energy production goes toward carbon-fixation rather than growth and reproduction [1].
Main Species
Some sources regard Nitrobacteraceae to be the family of the genus Nitrobacter.
Species in the genus Nitrobacter include
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h http://www.bioconlabs.com/nitribactfacts.html
- ^ a b c d Pillay, B.; Roth, G.; Oellermann, A. (1989). "Cultural characteristics and identification of marine nitrifying bacteria from a closed prawnculture system in Durban". South African Journal of Marine Science. 8 (1): 333–343.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Spleck, Eva; Bock, Eberhard (2004). Bergey’s Manual ® of Systematic Bacteriology Volume Two: The PRoteobacteria, Part A Introductory Essays. Springer. pp. 149–153. ISBN 978-0-387-241-43-2.
- ^ Vanzella, Alessandra; Guerrero, Maria A.; Jones, Ronald D. (1990). "Recovery of nitrification in marine bacteria following exposure to carbon monoxide or light" (PDF). MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES. 60: 91–95.
- ^ a b Holt, John G.; Hendricks Bergey, David (1993). R.S. Breed (ed.). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (9th ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-00603-7.
- ^ a b Grundmann, GL; Neyra, M; Normand, P (2000). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of NO2--oxidizing Nitrobacter species using the rrs-rrl IGS sequence and rrl genes". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (Pt 5): 1893–8. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-5-1893. PMID 11034501.
- ^ Grunditz, C; Dalhammar, G (2001). "Development of nitrification inhibition assays using pure cultures of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter". Water research. 35 (2): 433–40. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00312-2. PMID 11228996.
- ^ a b Navarro, E.; Degrange, V.; Bardin, R. (1995-01-01). Balvay, Gérard (ed.). Space Partition within Aquatic Ecosystems. Developments in Hydrobiology. Springer Netherlands. pp. 43–48. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0293-3_3. ISBN 9789401041294.
- ^ Schütt, Christian (1990-01-01). Overbeck, Jürgen; Chróst, Ryszard J. (eds.). Aquatic Microbial Ecology. Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience. Springer New York. pp. 160–183. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3382-4_7. ISBN 9781461279914.
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