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''Corchorus olitorius'', commonly known as Nalta jute, Tossa jute, Jew's mallow<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Duke|first=James A.|date=1979-01-01|title=Ecosystematic Data on Economic Plants|url=https://doi.org/10.3109/13880207909065158|journal=Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research|volume=17|issue=3-4|pages=91–109|doi=10.3109/13880207909065158|issn=0033-5525}}</ref>, West African sorrel and Bush okra, is a species of shrub in the family ''[[Malvaceae]]''. Many accessions have a specific name in the local language usually referring to the most important traits.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nyadanu|first=D.|last2=Amoah|first2=R. Adu|last3=Kwarteng|first3=A. O.|last4=Akromah|first4=R.|last5=Aboagye|first5=L. M.|last6=Adu-Dapaah|first6=H.|last7=Dansi|first7=A.|last8=Lotsu|first8=F.|last9=Tsama|first9=A.|date=2017-08-01|title=Domestication of jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius L.): ethnobotany, production constraints and phenomics of local cultivars in Ghana|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-016-0438-4|journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution|language=en|volume=64|issue=6|pages=1313–1329|doi=10.1007/s10722-016-0438-4|issn=0925-9864}}</ref> Together with ''C. capsularis'' it is the primary source of jute fibre. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corchorus+olitorius|title=Plants for future|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|author=Plumptre, Edward Hayes |title=The Bible educator |editor=E.H. Plumptre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j74CAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA327 |year=1874 |page=327}}</ref> The leaves and young fruits are used as a vegetable, the dried leaves are used for tea and as a soup thickener, and the seeds are edible. <ref name=":6" />
{{speciesbox

|image = Corchorus olitorius (2).JPG
{{speciesbox|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|image=Corchorus olitorius (2).JPG|image_caption=|genus=Corchorus|species=olitorius|synonyms={{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
|image_caption =
⚫
|genus = Corchorus
|species = olitorius
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Corchorus catharticus'' <small>Blanco</small>
*''Corchorus catharticus'' <small>Blanco</small>
*''Corchorus decemangularis'' <small>Roxb. ex G.Don</small>
*''Corchorus decemangularis'' <small>Roxb. ex G.Don</small>
Line 12: Line 7:
*''Corchorus malchairii'' <small>De Wild.</small>
*''Corchorus malchairii'' <small>De Wild.</small>
*''Corchorus quinquelocularis'' <small>Moench</small>
*''Corchorus quinquelocularis'' <small>Moench</small>
⚫
}}|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web
}}
⚫
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2736427
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2736427
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref>
|accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref>}}
}}


= Origin and growing area =
'''''Corchorus olitorius''''', commonly known as '''Nalta jute''', '''tossa jute''', '''Jew's mallow''',<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11458 |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy |accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref> '''West African sorrel''' and '''bush okra''', is a species of shrub in the family [[Malvaceae]]. It is the primary source of [[jute]] fibre.<ref name=PFAF>{{citation |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corchorus+olitorius |title=Plants for a Future |accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref> The leaves and young fruits are used as a vegetable, the dried leaves are used for tea and as a soup thickener, and the seeds are edible.<ref name=PFAF/>
⚫
It is unclear whether ''Corchorus olitorius'' originated in Africa or in Asia. Some authorities consider that it comes from the Indo-Burmese area or from India, along with several other related species. Others point out that there is a greater genetic variation in Africa and a larger number of wild species in the genus ''Corchorus''. Wherever it originated, it has been under cultivation for a very long time in both continents and probably grows, wild or as a crop, in every country in tropical Africa. <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PA218|title=Vegetables|last=Grubben|first=G. J. H.|date=2004|publisher=PROTA|isbn=9789057821479|language=en}}</ref>


= Botany =
==Distribution==
''C. olitorius'' is an erect herbaceous plant, fairly branched and grows about 1.5m high. However, if grown for fiber production, it can reach heights up to 4m. The taproot leads to a terete, sturdy and hairless stem, which is green with a faint red-brownish hue and sometimes turns a little woody on ground level. The serrate acute leaves alternate, are six to ten cm long a and two to four cm wide. The plant carries the flowers solitary or in two-flowered cymes opposite of the leaf. The flowers sit on the end of a short stem, counts five sepals, five petals and ten free and yellow stamina. The fruit is a spindle-shaped dehiscent five valves and divided into transversal sections through five valves. The fruit measures from two to eight cm in length and colors vary from greyish-blue to green or brownish-black. Every seed chamber contains 25 to 40 seeds seeds, which sums up to 125 to 200 seeds per fruit. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://idao.cirad.fr/content/oscar/especes/c/crgol/crgol.html|title=Corchorus olitorius - TILIACEAE|website=idao.cirad.fr|access-date=2017-12-03}}</ref>
⚫
It is unclear whether ''Corchorus olitorius'' originated in Africa or in Asia. Some authorities consider that it comes from the Indo-Burmese area or from India, along with several other related species. Others point out that there is a greater genetic variation in Africa and a larger number of wild species in the genus ''[[Corchorus]]''. Wherever it originated, it has been under cultivation for a very long time in both continents and probably grows, wild or as a crop, in every country in tropical Africa.<ref name=Grubben>{{cite book|author=Grubben, G.J.H. |title=Vegetables|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PA218 |year=2004 |publisher=PROTA |isbn=978-90-5782-147-9 |pages=217–221}}</ref>


= Cultivation =
⚫
==Uses==
In India, Bangladesh and other Asian countries, ''C. olitorius'' is used for the fibres obtainable from its stem. The crop is cut and then [[Retting|retted]] in running water to remove the softer tissues, the fibres are then separated from unwanted woody material, cured and dried. The jute fibre prepared in this way is of lesser quality than the white jute obtainable from the closely related ''[[Corchorus capsularis]]''.<ref name=Grubben/>


== General information ==
⚫
In Africa and the Middle East, a different type is grown with the leaves and shoots being used for food while the fibre is considered of little importance.<ref name=Grubben/> This may be the plant mentioned in the [[Bible]] (Job XXX, 4) as mallow, but that was probably a member of the [[Chenopodiaceae]], that grows naturally in the salt plains and wilderness that Job was describing, and which is used for food in time of famine. ''C. olitorius'' is cultivated even now in Syria and Egypt as a [[potherb]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Plumptre, Edward Hayes |title=The Bible educator |editor=E.H. Plumptre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j74CAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA327 |year=1874 |page=327}}</ref> and its culinary use goes back at least as far as the Ancient Egyptians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.herbs-info.com/jews-mallow.html |title=Jew's mallow |work=Herbs Info |accessdate=26 May 2016}}</ref> It is an important leafy vegetable in Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Zimbabwe. It is also cultivated and eaten in the Caribbean and Brazil, in the Middle East and in India, Bangladesh, Japan and China. In Nigeria the leaves are boiled to make a sticky, mucilaginous sauce which is served with balls of [[cassava]] which are otherwise rather dry.<ref name=Grubben/>
''Corchorus olitorius'' is an annual crop. The plant grows well in the lowland tropics, ranging from warm temperate zones through tropical desert to wet forest life zones. It can tolerate an annual precipitation between 400 and 4290 mm (optimum 1000 mm per year<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://fm13.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/#Food_Plants_World|title=Food Plants international|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>). Some cultivars are sensible to waterlogging, especially when they are young.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Corchorus_olitorius.html|title=Corchorus olitorius|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Temperatures between 16.8 and 27.5°C are optimal for the plant growth.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Duke|first=J. A.|date=1978|title=The quest for tolerant germplasm [Agricultural crops, resistance, ecosystematics].|url=|journal=ASA Special Publication American Society of Agronomy|volume=32|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For the soil a pH of 4.5 to 8.2 is needed. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The plant prefers a fertile, humus-rich, well-drained alluvial soil but also grows well in not optimal soil conditions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A weaver's garden|last=Buchanan|first=Rita|publisher=Interweave Press|year=1987|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Before sowing, the soil is prepared carefully by plowing and the seeds are broadcasted or dribbled behind the plow in the wet season. The seeds must be pre-soaked 24 hours before seeding for ten seconds in hot water (around 93°C<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oladiran|first=Johnson A.|title=Effect of stage of harvesting and seed treatment on germination, seedling emergence and growth in Corchorus olitorius ‘Oniyaya’|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(86)90004-X|journal=Scientia Horticulturae|volume=28|issue=3|pages=227–233|doi=10.1016/0304-4238(86)90004-x}}</ref>) to overcome dormancy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Akoroda|first=M. O.|date=1988|title=Cultivation of jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) for edible leaf in Nigeria|url=|journal=Tropical agriculture|volume=65|pages=297-299|via=}}</ref> If the small seeds are mixed with sand, it makes it easier to sow them.<ref name=":1" /> And if the soil is wet, germination takes place two to three days after sowing. In some systems, the seedlings are transplanted at a height of ten cm.<ref name=":1" /> The plants are grown in rows with a spacing of 20-50 cm. When the plant achieved a height of 8-25 cm, the seedlings are harrowed with a rake three to four times and weeded two to three times.<ref name=":4" /> Cow dung, wood ashes or rotted water hyacinth (''[[Eichhornia crassipes]]'') or its ashes are used as manure.<ref name=":4" /> The yield of the crop responds more to water ability and soil organic matter than to high mineral nutrient status. <ref name=":3" />

== Plant protection ==
The most serious pests are nematodes from the genus [[Meloidogyne|''Meloidogyne'']], leaf-eating beetles and caterpillars. If it is dry, eight to ten weeks after planting, yield losses can occur due to leaf bugs and spider mites attacks resulting in terminal shoot wilt. Damage by nematodes can be minimized by [[crop rotation]]. Application of insecticides is also possible, but agent and application time should be chosen carefully since the leaves are harvested for consumption.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Growing native vegetables in Nigeria|last=van Epenhuijsen|first=C.W.|publisher=FAO-UN|year=1974|isbn=|location=Rome|pages=55-57}}</ref> Attacks were also observed by weevils species ''([[Myllocerus]] spp''.), semilooper (''[[Anomis sabulifera]])'', and yellow mites ([[Polyphagotarsonemus latus|''Polyphagotarsonemus latus'']]).<ref name=":4" /> [[Disease|Diseases]] (bacterial and viruses infections) are not as serious as pests (insect and nematode attacks). Seedling damp-off occurs but can be reduced by good drainage and cultivation in humus-rich soils with adequate water holding capacity. Attacks by [[Athelia rolfsii|''Sclerotium rolfsii'']] in dry weather of the late season can lead to wilts at the stem collar.<ref name=":5" /> Anthracnose spots caused by ''[[Colletotrichum gloeosporioides]]'' may infect the crop but can be easily controlled by spraying [[copper oxychloride]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The jute - Annual report -1970|last=ICAR|first=|publisher=The Jute Agricultural Research Institute|year=1973|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>

== Harvest and yield performance ==
Harvest can begin after about six weeks<ref name=":1" />: The whole plant can be directly harvested (for jute production) or leaves are harvested by pruning several times during the vegetation period (for food production). The shoot regeneration highly depends on variety, soil fertility, adequate water supply and control of weeds and pests. Amount of pruned shoots and quality reduces with each harvest. Under farming conditions the yield usually reaches around 2.5 t per hectare of edible leaves. Under experimental conditions and with very high fertility application, yields of about 28 t per hectare have been reported.<ref name=":3" />

== Post harvest and propagation ==
For fresh consumption the leaves should be stored above 8°C and below 15°C. Low temperatures from 1-8°C lead to browning of the leaves and too high storage temperatures are manifested in leaf yellowing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tulio|first=Artemio Z|last2=Ose|first2=Kimiko|last3=Chachin|first3=Kazuo|last4=Ueda|first4=Yoshinori|title=Effects of storage temperatures on the postharvest quality of jute leaves (Corchorus olitorius L.)|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00065-0|journal=Postharvest Biology and Technology|volume=26|issue=3|pages=329–338|doi=10.1016/s0925-5214(02)00065-0}}</ref> To produce seeds, the fruits can be harvested six weeks after flowering. The dried capsules are threshed and can be stored for eight to twelve months in well sealed jars.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> For storage, the moisture should be around nine percent.<ref name=":3" />

== Future prospects ==
''Corchorus olitorius'' could be grown in a floating system with nutrient solution and could produce baby leaves, which would be interesting for the fresh cut leafy vegetable industry in Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giro|first=Andrea|last2=Ferrante|first2=Antonio|date=2016-11-01|title=Yield and quality of Corchorus olitorius baby leaf grown in a floating system|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2016.1200955|journal=The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology|volume=91|issue=6|pages=603–610|doi=10.1080/14620316.2016.1200955|issn=1462-0316}}</ref>

⚫
=Uses=

== Fibre ==
Most of all the countries India, Bangladesh and other Asian countries make [[Jute]] from fibres of the bark tissue of [[Corchorus capsularis]] and [[Corchorus Olitorius|Corchorus Olitorius,]] while the fibre of ''C. Olitorius'' is of lesser quality. The fibres are extracted from the plant’s bark. They appear golden and silky with a length of up to 3 metres and with a diameter of 2.4 µm.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carus|first=Michael|date=2008|title=Studie zur Markt- und Konkurrenz -
situation bei Naturfasern und NaturfaserWerkstoffen|url=|journal=Gülzower Fachgespräche|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> The plant stalk is cut and then processed by pulling up, [[rippling]], partial [[retting]], breaking, spinning and combing to obtain fine fibres that are well seperated from unwanted woody material. Afterwards the fibres are cured and dried.

Manifold textiles are made of jute, e.g. yarn and twine, sacking, carpet backing cloth and other blended textiles. It can as well be a raw material for cords and strings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/economic/futurefibres/fibres/jute/en/|title=Future Fibres: Jute|website=www.fao.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-03}}</ref>

In Africa and the Middle East, a different type is grown with the leaves and shoots being used for food while the fibre is considered of little importance.<ref name=":7" />

== Food ==
⚫
''C. olitorius'' is cultivated in Syria and Egypt as a potherb <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j74CAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA327|title=The Bible educator, ed. by E.H. Plumptre|last=Plumptre|first=Edward Hayes|date=1874|language=en}}</ref> and its culinary use goes back at least as far as the Ancient Egyptians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.herbs-info.com/jews-mallow.html|title=Jew's Mallow|website=www.herbs-info.com|access-date=2017-12-03}}</ref> It is an important leafy vegetable in Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Zimbabwe. It is also cultivated and eaten in the Caribbean and Brazil, in the Middle East and in India, Bangladesh, Japan and China. In Nigeria the leaves are boiled to make a sticky, mucilaginous sauce which is served with balls of cassava which are otherwise rather dry. <ref name=":7" />

=== Nutritional aspects ===
The edible part of [[jute]] is its leaves. This vegetable is predominantly eaten in Africa and Asia. A traditional egyptian dish made of ''C.olitorius'' leaves is [[Mulukhiyah]]. The wikipedia entry "[[Mulukhiyah]]" also provides information about other national dishes, which are made of ''C.olitorius'' and it shows a nutrient analysis of raw ''C. olitorius'' leaves. Richness in Potassium, Vitamin B6, Iron, Vitamin A and Vitamin C make this crop particularly important, where people cover a high share of their energy requirement by micronutrient-poor staple crops.

=== Medicinal aspects ===
Consumption of the leaves is reported to be demulcent, deobstruent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative, and tonic. It is also a folk remedy for aches and pains, dysentery, enteritis, fever, pectoral pains, and tumors.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medicinal plants of the world|last=Duke|first=James|publisher=|year=1981|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Hager’s Handbuch der pharmazeutischen Praxis|last=List|first=PH|publisher=|year=1979|isbn=|location=Berlin|pages=}}</ref> Ayurvedics use the leaves for ascites, pain, piles, and tumors. Elsewhere the leaves are used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and gonorrhea. The cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nyadanu|first=D.|last2=Lowor|first2=S. T.|date=2015-01-01|title=Promoting competitiveness of neglected and underutilized crop species: comparative analysis of nutritional composition of indigenous and exotic leafy and fruit vegetables in Ghana|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-014-0162-x|journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution|language=en|volume=62|issue=1|pages=131–140|doi=10.1007/s10722-014-0162-x|issn=0925-9864}}</ref> It can act anti-inflammatory,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handoussa|first=Heba|last2=Hanafi|first2=Rasha|last3=Eddiasty|first3=Islam|last4=El-Gendy|first4=Mohamed|last5=Khatib|first5=Ahmed El|last6=Linscheid|first6=Micheal|last7=Mahran|first7=Laila|last8=Ayoub|first8=Nahla|title=Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of dietary phenolics isolated from Corchorus olitorius and Vitis vinifera|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.003|journal=Journal of Functional Foods|volume=5|issue=3|pages=1204–1216|doi=10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.003}}</ref> it has gastroprotective properties and can be used as an antifertility agent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handoussa|first=Heba|last2=Hanafi|first2=Rasha|last3=Eddiasty|first3=Islam|last4=El-Gendy|first4=Mohamed|last5=Khatib|first5=Ahmed El|last6=Linscheid|first6=Micheal|last7=Mahran|first7=Laila|last8=Ayoub|first8=Nahla|title=Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of dietary phenolics isolated from Corchorus olitorius and Vitis vinifera|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.003|journal=Journal of Functional Foods|volume=5|issue=3|pages=1204–1216|doi=10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.003}}</ref>

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=See also=
⚫
[[Mulukhiyah]]

⚫
[[Corchorus]]

[[Corchorus capsularis]]

[[Jute]]

[[Jute cultivation]]

⚫
[[Kenaf]]

⚫
[[Abutilon theophrasti]]


<gallery>
<gallery>
Line 40: Line 80:
File:Saluyot and mushroom soup, Malolos.jpg|A soup containing mushroom and corchorus olitorius, served in [[Malolos]], the Philippines, where the latter vegetable is known as ''saluyot''.
File:Saluyot and mushroom soup, Malolos.jpg|A soup containing mushroom and corchorus olitorius, served in [[Malolos]], the Philippines, where the latter vegetable is known as ''saluyot''.
</gallery>
</gallery>
*

⚫
==See also==
⚫
*''[[Abutilon theophrasti]]''
⚫
*[[Kenaf]]
⚫
*[[Mulukhiyah]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 22:50, 3 December 2017

Corchorus olitorius, commonly known as Nalta jute, Tossa jute, Jew's mallow[1], West African sorrel and Bush okra, is a species of shrub in the family Malvaceae. Many accessions have a specific name in the local language usually referring to the most important traits.[2] Together with C. capsularis it is the primary source of jute fibre. [3] [4] The leaves and young fruits are used as a vegetable, the dried leaves are used for tea and as a soup thickener, and the seeds are edible. [3]

Corchorus olitorius
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Corchorus
Species:
C. olitorius
Binomial name
Corchorus olitorius
Synonyms[5]
  • Corchorus catharticus Blanco
  • Corchorus decemangularis Roxb. ex G.Don
  • Corchorus longicarpus G.Don
  • Corchorus malchairii De Wild.
  • Corchorus quinquelocularis Moench

Origin and growing area

It is unclear whether Corchorus olitorius originated in Africa or in Asia. Some authorities consider that it comes from the Indo-Burmese area or from India, along with several other related species. Others point out that there is a greater genetic variation in Africa and a larger number of wild species in the genus Corchorus. Wherever it originated, it has been under cultivation for a very long time in both continents and probably grows, wild or as a crop, in every country in tropical Africa. [6]

Botany

C. olitorius is an erect herbaceous plant, fairly branched and grows about 1.5m high. However, if grown for fiber production, it can reach heights up to 4m. The taproot leads to a terete, sturdy and hairless stem, which is green with a faint red-brownish hue and sometimes turns a little woody on ground level. The serrate acute leaves alternate, are six to ten cm long a and two to four cm wide. The plant carries the flowers solitary or in two-flowered cymes opposite of the leaf. The flowers sit on the end of a short stem, counts five sepals, five petals and ten free and yellow stamina. The fruit is a spindle-shaped dehiscent five valves and divided into transversal sections through five valves. The fruit measures from two to eight cm in length and colors vary from greyish-blue to green or brownish-black. Every seed chamber contains 25 to 40 seeds seeds, which sums up to 125 to 200 seeds per fruit. [7]

Cultivation

General information

Corchorus olitorius is an annual crop. The plant grows well in the lowland tropics, ranging from warm temperate zones through tropical desert to wet forest life zones. It can tolerate an annual precipitation between 400 and 4290 mm (optimum 1000 mm per year[8]). Some cultivars are sensible to waterlogging, especially when they are young.[9] Temperatures between 16.8 and 27.5°C are optimal for the plant growth.[10][1] For the soil a pH of 4.5 to 8.2 is needed. [1][10] The plant prefers a fertile, humus-rich, well-drained alluvial soil but also grows well in not optimal soil conditions.[11] Before sowing, the soil is prepared carefully by plowing and the seeds are broadcasted or dribbled behind the plow in the wet season. The seeds must be pre-soaked 24 hours before seeding for ten seconds in hot water (around 93°C[12]) to overcome dormancy.[13] If the small seeds are mixed with sand, it makes it easier to sow them.[8] And if the soil is wet, germination takes place two to three days after sowing. In some systems, the seedlings are transplanted at a height of ten cm.[8] The plants are grown in rows with a spacing of 20-50 cm. When the plant achieved a height of 8-25 cm, the seedlings are harrowed with a rake three to four times and weeded two to three times.[9] Cow dung, wood ashes or rotted water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) or its ashes are used as manure.[9] The yield of the crop responds more to water ability and soil organic matter than to high mineral nutrient status. [13]

Plant protection

The most serious pests are nematodes from the genus Meloidogyne, leaf-eating beetles and caterpillars. If it is dry, eight to ten weeks after planting, yield losses can occur due to leaf bugs and spider mites attacks resulting in terminal shoot wilt. Damage by nematodes can be minimized by crop rotation. Application of insecticides is also possible, but agent and application time should be chosen carefully since the leaves are harvested for consumption.[14] Attacks were also observed by weevils species (Myllocerus spp.), semilooper (Anomis sabulifera), and yellow mites (Polyphagotarsonemus latus).[9] Diseases (bacterial and viruses infections) are not as serious as pests (insect and nematode attacks). Seedling damp-off occurs but can be reduced by good drainage and cultivation in humus-rich soils with adequate water holding capacity. Attacks by Sclerotium rolfsii in dry weather of the late season can lead to wilts at the stem collar.[14] Anthracnose spots caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides may infect the crop but can be easily controlled by spraying copper oxychloride.[15]

Harvest and yield performance

Harvest can begin after about six weeks[8]: The whole plant can be directly harvested (for jute production) or leaves are harvested by pruning several times during the vegetation period (for food production). The shoot regeneration highly depends on variety, soil fertility, adequate water supply and control of weeds and pests. Amount of pruned shoots and quality reduces with each harvest. Under farming conditions the yield usually reaches around 2.5 t per hectare of edible leaves. Under experimental conditions and with very high fertility application, yields of about 28 t per hectare have been reported.[13]

Post harvest and propagation

For fresh consumption the leaves should be stored above 8°C and below 15°C. Low temperatures from 1-8°C lead to browning of the leaves and too high storage temperatures are manifested in leaf yellowing.[16] To produce seeds, the fruits can be harvested six weeks after flowering. The dried capsules are threshed and can be stored for eight to twelve months in well sealed jars.[8][13] For storage, the moisture should be around nine percent.[13]

Future prospects

Corchorus olitorius could be grown in a floating system with nutrient solution and could produce baby leaves, which would be interesting for the fresh cut leafy vegetable industry in Europe.[17]

Uses

Fibre

Most of all the countries India, Bangladesh and other Asian countries make Jute from fibres of the bark tissue of Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus Olitorius, while the fibre of C. Olitorius is of lesser quality. The fibres are extracted from the plant’s bark. They appear golden and silky with a length of up to 3 metres and with a diameter of 2.4 µm.[18] The plant stalk is cut and then processed by pulling up, rippling, partial retting, breaking, spinning and combing to obtain fine fibres that are well seperated from unwanted woody material. Afterwards the fibres are cured and dried.

Manifold textiles are made of jute, e.g. yarn and twine, sacking, carpet backing cloth and other blended textiles. It can as well be a raw material for cords and strings.[19]

In Africa and the Middle East, a different type is grown with the leaves and shoots being used for food while the fibre is considered of little importance.[6]

Food

C. olitorius is cultivated in Syria and Egypt as a potherb [20] and its culinary use goes back at least as far as the Ancient Egyptians.[21] It is an important leafy vegetable in Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Zimbabwe. It is also cultivated and eaten in the Caribbean and Brazil, in the Middle East and in India, Bangladesh, Japan and China. In Nigeria the leaves are boiled to make a sticky, mucilaginous sauce which is served with balls of cassava which are otherwise rather dry. [6]

Nutritional aspects

The edible part of jute is its leaves. This vegetable is predominantly eaten in Africa and Asia. A traditional egyptian dish made of C.olitorius leaves is Mulukhiyah. The wikipedia entry "Mulukhiyah" also provides information about other national dishes, which are made of C.olitorius and it shows a nutrient analysis of raw C. olitorius leaves. Richness in Potassium, Vitamin B6, Iron, Vitamin A and Vitamin C make this crop particularly important, where people cover a high share of their energy requirement by micronutrient-poor staple crops.

Medicinal aspects

Consumption of the leaves is reported to be demulcent, deobstruent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative, and tonic. It is also a folk remedy for aches and pains, dysentery, enteritis, fever, pectoral pains, and tumors.[22][23] Ayurvedics use the leaves for ascites, pain, piles, and tumors. Elsewhere the leaves are used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and gonorrhea. The cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength.[24] It can act anti-inflammatory,[25] it has gastroprotective properties and can be used as an antifertility agent.[26]

See also

Mulukhiyah

Corchorus

Corchorus capsularis

Jute

Jute cultivation

Kenaf

Abutilon theophrasti

  • Young leaves of jute prepared by cooking in Taiwan
    Young leaves of jute prepared by cooking in Taiwan
  • Jute field
    Jute field
  • Jute plantation
    Jute plantation
  • Cultivation and processing
    Cultivation and processing
  • Drying the cane
    Drying the cane
  • Retting
    Retting
  • Drying hanks
    Drying hanks
  • Transporting by bicycle cart in Bangladesh
    Transporting by bicycle cart in Bangladesh
  • A soup containing mushroom and corchorus olitorius, served in Malolos, the Philippines, where the latter vegetable is known as saluyot.
    A soup containing mushroom and corchorus olitorius, served in Malolos, the Philippines, where the latter vegetable is known as saluyot.

References

  1. ^ a b c Duke, James A. (1979-01-01). "Ecosystematic Data on Economic Plants". Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research. 17 (3–4): 91–109. doi:10.3109/13880207909065158. ISSN 0033-5525.
  2. ^ Nyadanu, D.; Amoah, R. Adu; Kwarteng, A. O.; Akromah, R.; Aboagye, L. M.; Adu-Dapaah, H.; Dansi, A.; Lotsu, F.; Tsama, A. (2017-08-01). "Domestication of jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius L.): ethnobotany, production constraints and phenomics of local cultivars in Ghana". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 64 (6): 1313–1329. doi:10.1007/s10722-016-0438-4. ISSN 0925-9864.
  3. ^ a b "Plants for future". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  4. ^ Plumptre, Edward Hayes (1874). E.H. Plumptre (ed.). The Bible educator. p. 327.
  5. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  6. ^ a b c Grubben, G. J. H. (2004). Vegetables. PROTA. ISBN 9789057821479.
  7. ^ "Corchorus olitorius - TILIACEAE". idao.cirad.fr. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Food Plants international". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  9. ^ a b c d "Corchorus olitorius". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  10. ^ a b Duke, J. A. (1978). "The quest for tolerant germplasm [Agricultural crops, resistance, ecosystematics]". ASA Special Publication American Society of Agronomy. 32.
  11. ^ Buchanan, Rita (1987). A weaver's garden. Interweave Press.
  12. ^ Oladiran, Johnson A. "Effect of stage of harvesting and seed treatment on germination, seedling emergence and growth in Corchorus olitorius 'Oniyaya'". Scientia Horticulturae. 28 (3): 227–233. doi:10.1016/0304-4238(86)90004-x.
  13. ^ a b c d e Akoroda, M. O. (1988). "Cultivation of jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) for edible leaf in Nigeria". Tropical agriculture. 65: 297–299.
  14. ^ a b van Epenhuijsen, C.W. (1974). Growing native vegetables in Nigeria. Rome: FAO-UN. pp. 55–57.
  15. ^ ICAR (1973). The jute - Annual report -1970. The Jute Agricultural Research Institute.
  16. ^ Tulio, Artemio Z; Ose, Kimiko; Chachin, Kazuo; Ueda, Yoshinori. "Effects of storage temperatures on the postharvest quality of jute leaves (Corchorus olitorius L.)". Postharvest Biology and Technology. 26 (3): 329–338. doi:10.1016/s0925-5214(02)00065-0.
  17. ^ Giro, Andrea; Ferrante, Antonio (2016-11-01). "Yield and quality of Corchorus olitorius baby leaf grown in a floating system". The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 91 (6): 603–610. doi:10.1080/14620316.2016.1200955. ISSN 1462-0316.
  18. ^ Carus, Michael (2008). "Studie zur Markt- und Konkurrenz - situation bei Naturfasern und NaturfaserWerkstoffen". Gülzower Fachgespräche. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 35 (help)
  19. ^ "Future Fibres: Jute". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  20. ^ Plumptre, Edward Hayes (1874). The Bible educator, ed. by E.H. Plumptre.
  21. ^ "Jew's Mallow". www.herbs-info.com. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  22. ^ Duke, James (1981). Medicinal plants of the world.
  23. ^ List, PH (1979). Hager’s Handbuch der pharmazeutischen Praxis. Berlin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ^ Nyadanu, D.; Lowor, S. T. (2015-01-01). "Promoting competitiveness of neglected and underutilized crop species: comparative analysis of nutritional composition of indigenous and exotic leafy and fruit vegetables in Ghana". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 62 (1): 131–140. doi:10.1007/s10722-014-0162-x. ISSN 0925-9864.
  25. ^ Handoussa, Heba; Hanafi, Rasha; Eddiasty, Islam; El-Gendy, Mohamed; Khatib, Ahmed El; Linscheid, Micheal; Mahran, Laila; Ayoub, Nahla. "Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of dietary phenolics isolated from Corchorus olitorius and Vitis vinifera". Journal of Functional Foods. 5 (3): 1204–1216. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.003.
  26. ^ Handoussa, Heba; Hanafi, Rasha; Eddiasty, Islam; El-Gendy, Mohamed; Khatib, Ahmed El; Linscheid, Micheal; Mahran, Laila; Ayoub, Nahla. "Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of dietary phenolics isolated from Corchorus olitorius and Vitis vinifera". Journal of Functional Foods. 5 (3): 1204–1216. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.003.

External links

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