Disposable product: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 22:06, 12 December 2017

A disposable (also called disposable product) is a product designed for a single use after which it is recycled or is disposed as solid waste. The term often implies cheapness and short-term convenience rather than medium to long-term durability. The term is also sometimes used for products that may last several months (e.g. disposable air filters) to distinguish from similar products that last indefinitely (e.g. washable air filters). The word "disposables" is not to be confused with the word "consumables" which is widely used in the mechanical world. In welding for example, welding rods, tips, nozzles, gas, etc. are considered to be "consumables" as they only last a certain amount of time before needing to be replaced.

Etymology

"Disposable" is an adjective meaning something not reuseable but is disposed of after use. Many people now use the term as a noun, i.e. "a disposable" but in reality this is still an adjective as the noun (product, nappy, etc.) is implied. Disposable income is the amount of money left over from one's salary or pay for spending, saving or whatever, after all living costs have been taken out.

Materials

Disposable products are most often made from paper, plastic, cotton, or polystyrene foam.

Examples of disposables

Kitchen & dining products

Aluminum foil and aluminum pans^[1]
Disposable dishware / drinkware (e.g. plates, bowls, cups)^[2]^[3]^[4]
Plastic cutlery (e.g. spoons, knives, forks, sporks)^[5]
Disposable table cloth^[6]
Cans, bottles, jars, cartons, wrappers and other food packaging are often recyclable, and some are even compostable
Inexpensive tupperware products are recyclable
Cupcake wrappers, coffee filters are compostable

Food service industry disposables

In 2002, Taiwan began taking action to reduce the use of disposable tableware at institutions and businesses, and to reduce the use of plastic bags. Yearly, the nation of 17.7 million people was producing 59,000 tons of disposable tableware waste and 105,000 tons of waste plastic bags, and increasing measures have been taken in the years since then to reduce the amount of waste.^[7] In 2013 Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) banned outright the use of disposable tableware in the nation's 968 schools, government agencies and hospitals. The ban is expected to eliminate 2,600 metric tons of waste yearly.^[8]

In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, laws banning use of disposable food and drink containers at large scale events have been enacted. Such a ban has been in place in Munich, Germany since 1991, applying to all city facilities and events. This includes events of all sizes, including very large ones (Christmas market, Auer-Dult Faire, Oktoberfest and Munich City Marathon). For small events of a few hundred people, the city has arranged for a corporation offer rental of crockery and dishwasher equipment. In part through this regulation, Munich reduced the waste generated by Oktoberfest, which attracts tens of thousands of people, from 11,000 metric tons in 1990 to 550 tons in 1999.^[9]

China produces about 57 billion pairs of single-use chopsticks yearly, of which half are exported. About 45 percent are made from trees – about 3.8 million of them – mainly cotton wood, birch, and spruce, the remainder being made from bamboo. Japan uses about 24 billion pairs of these disposables per year, and globally the use is about 80 billion pairs are thrown away by about 1.4 million people. Reusable chopsticks in restaurants have a lifespan of 130 meals. In Japan, with disposable ones costing about 2 cents and reusable ones costing typically $1.17, the reusables better the $2.60 breakeven cost. Campaigns in several countries to reduce this waste are beginning to have some effect.^[10]^[11]

Medical & Hygiene products

A disposable toothbrush

Medical and surgical device manufacturers worldwide produce a multitude of items that are intended for one use only.^[12] The primary reason is infection control; when an item is used only once it cannot transmit infectious agents to subsequent patients.^[13] Manufacturers of any type of medical device are obliged to abide by numerous standards and regulations. ISO 15223: Medical Devices and EN 980 cite that single use instruments or devices be labelled as such on their packaging with a universally recognized symbol to denote "do not re-use," "single use," or "use only once". This symbol is the numeral 2, within a circle with a 45° line through it.

Examples of single use items include:

Hypodermic needles ^[14]
Toilet paper
Disposable towels, paper towels^[15]^[16]
Condoms and other contraception products
Disposable enemas and similar products^[17]
Cotton swabs and pads^[18]
Medical and cleaning gloves
Baby and adult diapers, and training pants^[19]^[20]^[21]
Shaving razors, safety razors, waxing kits, combs, and other hair control products^[22]^[23]^[24]
Toothbrushes, dental floss, and other oral care products
Hospital aprons ^[25]
Disposable panties in postpartum
Contact lenses ^[26]

Electronics

Non-rechargeable batteries are considered hazardous waste and should only be disposed of as such.^[27]
Disposable ink cart
Disposable cameras ^[28]

Defense and law enforcement

PlastiCuffs

Other consumer products

Garbage bags ^[29]
shopping bags (can in principle be reused and are recyclable)
- Paper shopping bags
- Plastic shopping bags
Vacuum cleaner bags, water, air, coolant, and other filters
Paper currency (worn out banknotes are removed from circulation by the Federal Reserve)
Ballpoint pens, erasers, and other writing implements^[30]
Aseptic milk and soy milk containers
Movie sets and theater sets

Environmental impact

The use of disposable products had led to a marked increase in trash and is a major cause of overconsumption.^{[citation needed]} Some movements, such as landfill diversion, seek to combat disposable item overuse and the resulting trash.

References

^ Prairie Farmer. Prairie Farmer Publishing Company. 1982. p. 44. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers (2014). Disposable Products Manufacturing Handbook. Niir Project. p. 1. ISBN 978-93-81039-32-8. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
^ Hill, M.K. (2010). Understanding Environmental Pollution. Cambridge University Press. p. 519. ISBN 978-1-139-48640-8.
^ McEachern, D. (2008). Big Green Purse: Use Your Spending Power to Create a Cleaner, Greener World. Penguin Publishing Group. p. pt149. ISBN 978-1-4406-3009-5. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Vasile, C.; Zaikov, G.E. (2009). Environmentally Degradable Materials Based on Multicomponent Polymeric Systems. Taylor & Francis. p. 630. ISBN 978-90-04-16410-9.
^ "Disposable table cloth: Patent US5084321". Google Books. February 23, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
^ Env. Research Foundation (undated). Taiwan’s Plastics Ban.
^ China Post. June 5, 2013. EPA to ban disposable cups from June 1.
^ Pre-Waste EU. (undated). Ban on disposable food and drink containers at events in Munich, Germany (Pre-waste factsheet 99)
^ New York Times. Reus Oct. 24, 2011. Disposable Chopsticks Strip Asian Forests. By Rachel Nuwer.
^ Ecopedia. 2013. How Wooden Chopsticks Are Killing Nature. By Alastair Shaw.
^ Engineers, N.B.C. (2014). Handbook on Medical and Surgical Disposable Products. Niir Project. p. 3. ISBN 978-93-81039-28-1. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Proctor, D.B.; Adams, A.P. (2013). Kinn's The Medical Assistant - E-Book: An Applied Learning Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 516. ISBN 978-0-323-18781-7. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Rice, J. (2002). Medications and Mathematics for the Nurse. Delmar Thomson Learning. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7668-3080-6. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Chissick, S.S.; Derricott, R. (1981). Occupational health and safety management. Properties of materials, safety and environmental factors. J. Wiley. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-471-27646-3. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Loux, R. (2008). Easy Green Living: The Ultimate Guide to Simple, Eco-Friendly Choices for You and Your Home. Rodale Books. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-59486-792-7. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Rosdahl, C.B.; Kowalski, M.T. (2008). Textbook of Basic Nursing. Lippincott's practical nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-7817-6521-3. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Lussi, A. (2006). Dental Erosion: From Diagnosis to Therapy. Monographs in oral science. Karger. p. 113. ISBN 978-3-8055-8097-7. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Blatt, H. (2011). America's Environmental Report Card: Are We Making the Grade?. MIT Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-262-51591-7. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Farage, M.A.; Miller, K.W.; Maibach, H.I. (2009). Textbook of Aging Skin. Textbook of Aging Skin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 861. ISBN 978-3-540-89655-5. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Eisenberg, A.; Murkoff, H.; Hathaway, S. (2009). What to Expect the Toddler Years. Workman Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. 544. ISBN 978-0-7611-5100-5. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Thomas, R.J. (1995). New Product Success Stories: Lessons from Leading Innovators. New directions in business. Wiley. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-471-01320-4. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Gallant, A.; Gillott, K.; Howard, J. (1993). Principles and Techniques for the Beauty Specialist. Principles and Techniques for the Beauty Specialist. Nelson Thornes Limited. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-7487-1550-3. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Husain, A.M.; Sinha, S.R. (2017). Continuous EEG Monitoring: Principles and Practice. Springer International Publishing. p. 600. ISBN 978-3-319-31230-9. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Dougherty, L.; Lister, S. (2011). The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. Royal Marsden Manual Series. Wiley. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-4443-4387-8. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Hom, M.M.; Bruce, A.S. (2006). Manual of Contact Lens Prescribing and Fitting. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-7506-7517-8. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Wellington, T. (2009). The Mom's Guide to Growing Your Family Green: Saving the Earth Begins at Home. St. Martin's Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4299-6463-0. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Warren, L. (2005). Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography, 3-Volume Set. Taylor & Francis. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-135-20543-0. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Casey, W. (2009). Firsts: Origins of Everyday Things That Changed the World. DK Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-101-15900-2. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Wherry, T.L. (2008). Intellectual Property: Everything the Digital-age Librarian Needs to Know. American Library Association. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8389-0948-5. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

External links

How disposable chopsticks are made (video).

[1] Prairie Farmer. Prairie Farmer Publishing Company. 1982. p. 44. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[Nirr_2014-2] NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers (2014). Disposable Products Manufacturing Handbook. Niir Project. p. 1. ISBN 978-93-81039-32-8. Retrieved March 9, 2017.

[Hill_2010-3] Hill, M.K. (2010). Understanding Environmental Pollution. Cambridge University Press. p. 519. ISBN 978-1-139-48640-8.

[4] McEachern, D. (2008). Big Green Purse: Use Your Spending Power to Create a Cleaner, Greener World. Penguin Publishing Group. p. pt149. ISBN 978-1-4406-3009-5. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[Vasile_Zaikov_2009-5] Vasile, C.; Zaikov, G.E. (2009). Environmentally Degradable Materials Based on Multicomponent Polymeric Systems. Taylor & Francis. p. 630. ISBN 978-90-04-16410-9.

[Disposable_table_cloth_patent-6] "Disposable table cloth: Patent US5084321". Google Books. February 23, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.

[7] Env. Research Foundation (undated). Taiwan’s Plastics Ban.

[8] China Post. June 5, 2013. EPA to ban disposable cups from June 1.

[9] Pre-Waste EU. (undated). Ban on disposable food and drink containers at events in Munich, Germany (Pre-waste factsheet 99)

[10] New York Times. Reus Oct. 24, 2011. Disposable Chopsticks Strip Asian Forests. By Rachel Nuwer.

[11] Ecopedia. 2013. How Wooden Chopsticks Are Killing Nature. By Alastair Shaw.

[12] Engineers, N.B.C. (2014). Handbook on Medical and Surgical Disposable Products. Niir Project. p. 3. ISBN 978-93-81039-28-1. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[13] Proctor, D.B.; Adams, A.P. (2013). Kinn's The Medical Assistant - E-Book: An Applied Learning Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 516. ISBN 978-0-323-18781-7. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[14] Rice, J. (2002). Medications and Mathematics for the Nurse. Delmar Thomson Learning. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7668-3080-6. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[15] Chissick, S.S.; Derricott, R. (1981). Occupational health and safety management. Properties of materials, safety and environmental factors. J. Wiley. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-471-27646-3. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[16] Loux, R. (2008). Easy Green Living: The Ultimate Guide to Simple, Eco-Friendly Choices for You and Your Home. Rodale Books. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-59486-792-7. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[17] Rosdahl, C.B.; Kowalski, M.T. (2008). Textbook of Basic Nursing. Lippincott's practical nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-7817-6521-3. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[18] Lussi, A. (2006). Dental Erosion: From Diagnosis to Therapy. Monographs in oral science. Karger. p. 113. ISBN 978-3-8055-8097-7. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[19] Blatt, H. (2011). America's Environmental Report Card: Are We Making the Grade?. MIT Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-262-51591-7. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[20] Farage, M.A.; Miller, K.W.; Maibach, H.I. (2009). Textbook of Aging Skin. Textbook of Aging Skin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 861. ISBN 978-3-540-89655-5. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[21] Eisenberg, A.; Murkoff, H.; Hathaway, S. (2009). What to Expect the Toddler Years. Workman Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. 544. ISBN 978-0-7611-5100-5. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[22] Thomas, R.J. (1995). New Product Success Stories: Lessons from Leading Innovators. New directions in business. Wiley. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-471-01320-4. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[23] Gallant, A.; Gillott, K.; Howard, J. (1993). Principles and Techniques for the Beauty Specialist. Principles and Techniques for the Beauty Specialist. Nelson Thornes Limited. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-7487-1550-3. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[24] Husain, A.M.; Sinha, S.R. (2017). Continuous EEG Monitoring: Principles and Practice. Springer International Publishing. p. 600. ISBN 978-3-319-31230-9. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[25] Dougherty, L.; Lister, S. (2011). The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. Royal Marsden Manual Series. Wiley. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-4443-4387-8. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[26] Hom, M.M.; Bruce, A.S. (2006). Manual of Contact Lens Prescribing and Fitting. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-7506-7517-8. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[27] Wellington, T. (2009). The Mom's Guide to Growing Your Family Green: Saving the Earth Begins at Home. St. Martin's Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4299-6463-0. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[28] Warren, L. (2005). Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography, 3-Volume Set. Taylor & Francis. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-135-20543-0. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[29] Casey, W. (2009). Firsts: Origins of Everyday Things That Changed the World. DK Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-101-15900-2. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[30] Wherry, T.L. (2008). Intellectual Property: Everything the Digital-age Librarian Needs to Know. American Library Association. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8389-0948-5. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 ===Kitchen & dining products===
 [[File:HK CWB Tung Lo Wan 聖馬利亞堂 Saint Mary's Church Bday party plastic forks May 2013.JPG|thumb|Disposable [[fork]]s]]
-* [[Aluminum foil]] and [[aluminum pan]]s<ref>{{cite book | title=Prairie Farmer | publisher=Prairie Farmer Publishing Company | issue=v. 154 | year=1982 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=byokAQAAMAAJ | page=44 | access-date=June 8, 2017}}</ref>
+* [[Aluminum foil]] and [[aluminum pan]]s<ref>{{cite book | title=Prairie Farmer | publisher=Prairie Farmer Publishing Company | issue=v. 154 | year=1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=byokAQAAMAAJ | page=44 | access-date=June 8, 2017}}</ref>
-* Disposable [[dishware]] / [[drinkware]] (e.g. [[plate (dishware)|plates]], [[bowls]], [[disposable cup|cups]])<ref name="Nirr 2014"/><ref name="Hill 2010"/><ref>{{cite book | last=McEachern | first=D. | title=Big Green Purse: Use Your Spending Power to Create a Cleaner, Greener World | publisher=Penguin Publishing Group | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-4406-3009-5 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xBo4BgUqHM4C&pg=PT149 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=pt149}}</ref>
+* Disposable [[dishware]] / [[drinkware]] (e.g. [[plate (dishware)|plates]], [[bowls]], [[disposable cup|cups]])<ref name="Nirr 2014"/><ref name="Hill 2010"/><ref>{{cite book | last=McEachern | first=D. | title=Big Green Purse: Use Your Spending Power to Create a Cleaner, Greener World | publisher=Penguin Publishing Group | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-4406-3009-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBo4BgUqHM4C&pg=PT149 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=pt149}}</ref>
 * Plastic cutlery (e.g. [[spoon]]s, [[knife|knives]], [[fork]]s, [[spork]]s)<ref name="Vasile Zaikov 2009"/>
 * Disposable [[table cloth]]<ref name="Disposable table cloth patent"/>
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 [[File:Maquinilla de afeitar desechable.JPG|thumb|A disposable [[safety razor]]]]
 [[File:A Toothbrush.JPG|thumb|A disposable [[toothbrush]]]]
-Medical and surgical device manufacturers worldwide produce a multitude of items that are intended for one use only.<ref>{{cite book | last=Engineers | first=N.B.C. | title=Handbook on Medical and Surgical Disposable Products | publisher=Niir Project | year=2014 | isbn=978-93-81039-28-1 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XwWJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=3}}</ref> The primary reason is infection control; when an item is used only once it cannot transmit infectious agents to subsequent patients.<ref>{{cite book | last=Proctor | first=D.B. | last2=Adams | first2=A.P. | title=Kinn's The Medical Assistant - E-Book: An Applied Learning Approach | publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-323-18781-7 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xrPwAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA516 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=516}}</ref> Manufacturers of any type of medical device are obliged to abide by numerous standards and regulations. ISO 15223: Medical Devices and EN 980 cite that single use instruments or devices be labelled as such on their packaging with a universally recognized symbol to denote "do not re-use," "single use," or "use only once". This symbol is the numeral 2, within a circle with a 45° line through it.
+Medical and surgical device manufacturers worldwide produce a multitude of items that are intended for one use only.<ref>{{cite book | last=Engineers | first=N.B.C. | title=Handbook on Medical and Surgical Disposable Products | publisher=Niir Project | year=2014 | isbn=978-93-81039-28-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwWJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=3}}</ref> The primary reason is infection control; when an item is used only once it cannot transmit infectious agents to subsequent patients.<ref>{{cite book | last=Proctor | first=D.B. | last2=Adams | first2=A.P. | title=Kinn's The Medical Assistant - E-Book: An Applied Learning Approach | publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-323-18781-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrPwAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA516 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=516}}</ref> Manufacturers of any type of medical device are obliged to abide by numerous standards and regulations. ISO 15223: Medical Devices and EN 980 cite that single use instruments or devices be labelled as such on their packaging with a universally recognized symbol to denote "do not re-use," "single use," or "use only once". This symbol is the numeral 2, within a circle with a 45° line through it.
 Examples of single use items include:
-* [[Hypodermic needles]] <ref>{{cite book | last=Rice | first=J. | title=Medications and Mathematics for the Nurse | publisher=Delmar Thomson Learning | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-7668-3080-6 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-2assA6so_cC&pg=PA148 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=148}}</ref>
+* [[Hypodermic needles]] <ref>{{cite book | last=Rice | first=J. | title=Medications and Mathematics for the Nurse | publisher=Delmar Thomson Learning | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-7668-3080-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2assA6so_cC&pg=PA148 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=148}}</ref>
 * [[Toilet paper]]
-* [[Disposable towel]]s, [[paper towel]]s<ref>{{cite book | last=Chissick | first=S.S. | last2=Derricott | first2=R. | title=Occupational health and safety management | publisher=J. Wiley | series=Properties of materials, safety and environmental factors | year=1981 | isbn=978-0-471-27646-3 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9bJqAAAAMAAJ | access-date=June 8, 2017|page=434}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Loux | first=R. | title=Easy Green Living: The Ultimate Guide to Simple, Eco-Friendly Choices for You and Your Home | publisher=Rodale Books | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-59486-792-7 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CfyKb8rxASsC&pg=PA136 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=136}}</ref>
+* [[Disposable towel]]s, [[paper towel]]s<ref>{{cite book | last=Chissick | first=S.S. | last2=Derricott | first2=R. | title=Occupational health and safety management | publisher=J. Wiley | series=Properties of materials, safety and environmental factors | year=1981 | isbn=978-0-471-27646-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bJqAAAAMAAJ | access-date=June 8, 2017|page=434}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Loux | first=R. | title=Easy Green Living: The Ultimate Guide to Simple, Eco-Friendly Choices for You and Your Home | publisher=Rodale Books | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-59486-792-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfyKb8rxASsC&pg=PA136 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=136}}</ref>
 * [[Condom]]s and other [[contraception]] products
-* Disposable [[enema]]s and similar products<ref>{{cite book | last=Rosdahl | first=C.B. | last2=Kowalski | first2=M.T. | title=Textbook of Basic Nursing | publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | series=Lippincott's practical nursing | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-7817-6521-3 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tB1YiYj_kdkC&pg=PA654 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=654}}</ref>
+* Disposable [[enema]]s and similar products<ref>{{cite book | last=Rosdahl | first=C.B. | last2=Kowalski | first2=M.T. | title=Textbook of Basic Nursing | publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | series=Lippincott's practical nursing | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-7817-6521-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tB1YiYj_kdkC&pg=PA654 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=654}}</ref>
-* [[Cotton swab]]s and pads<ref>{{cite book | last=Lussi | first=A. | title=Dental Erosion: From Diagnosis to Therapy | publisher=Karger | series=Monographs in oral science | year=2006 | isbn=978-3-8055-8097-7 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-l0ROzorSREC&pg=PA113 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=113}}</ref>
+* [[Cotton swab]]s and pads<ref>{{cite book | last=Lussi | first=A. | title=Dental Erosion: From Diagnosis to Therapy | publisher=Karger | series=Monographs in oral science | year=2006 | isbn=978-3-8055-8097-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-l0ROzorSREC&pg=PA113 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=113}}</ref>
 * [[Medical gloves|Medical]] and [[rubber glove|cleaning]] [[glove]]s
-* Baby and adult [[diaper]]s, and [[training pants]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Blatt | first=H. | title=America's Environmental Report Card: Are We Making the Grade? | publisher=MIT Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-262-51591-7 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ucv7I6v_8f8C&pg=PA86 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Farage | first=M.A. | last2=Miller | first2=K.W. | last3=Maibach | first3=H.I. | title=Textbook of Aging Skin | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | series=Textbook of Aging Skin | year=2009 | isbn=978-3-540-89655-5 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9-ALWZhXomAC&pg=PA861 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=861}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Eisenberg | first=A. | last2=Murkoff | first2=H. | last3=Hathaway | first3=S. | title=What to Expect the Toddler Years | publisher=Workman Publishing Company, Incorporated | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-7611-5100-5 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kjWcn4T6HJcC&pg=PA544 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=544}}</ref>
+* Baby and adult [[diaper]]s, and [[training pants]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Blatt | first=H. | title=America's Environmental Report Card: Are We Making the Grade? | publisher=MIT Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-262-51591-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucv7I6v_8f8C&pg=PA86 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Farage | first=M.A. | last2=Miller | first2=K.W. | last3=Maibach | first3=H.I. | title=Textbook of Aging Skin | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | series=Textbook of Aging Skin | year=2009 | isbn=978-3-540-89655-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-ALWZhXomAC&pg=PA861 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=861}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Eisenberg | first=A. | last2=Murkoff | first2=H. | last3=Hathaway | first3=S. | title=What to Expect the Toddler Years | publisher=Workman Publishing Company, Incorporated | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-7611-5100-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjWcn4T6HJcC&pg=PA544 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=544}}</ref>
-* [[Shaving]] [[razor]]s, [[safety razor]]s, [[waxing]] kits, [[comb]]s, and other hair control products<ref>{{cite book | last=Thomas | first=R.J. | title=New Product Success Stories: Lessons from Leading Innovators | publisher=Wiley | series=New directions in business | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-471-01320-4 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QDaax4mFMpcC&pg=PA255 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=255}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Gallant | first=A. | last2=Gillott | first2=K. | last3=Howard | first3=J. | title=Principles and Techniques for the Beauty Specialist | publisher=Nelson Thornes Limited | series=Principles and Techniques for the Beauty Specialist | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-7487-1550-3 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UnzCkfbPXjAC&pg=PA267 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Husain | first=A.M. | last2=Sinha | first2=S.R. | title=Continuous EEG Monitoring: Principles and Practice | publisher=Springer International Publishing | year=2017 | isbn=978-3-319-31230-9 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Sy_XDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA600 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=600}}</ref>
+* [[Shaving]] [[razor]]s, [[safety razor]]s, [[waxing]] kits, [[comb]]s, and other hair control products<ref>{{cite book | last=Thomas | first=R.J. | title=New Product Success Stories: Lessons from Leading Innovators | publisher=Wiley | series=New directions in business | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-471-01320-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDaax4mFMpcC&pg=PA255 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=255}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Gallant | first=A. | last2=Gillott | first2=K. | last3=Howard | first3=J. | title=Principles and Techniques for the Beauty Specialist | publisher=Nelson Thornes Limited | series=Principles and Techniques for the Beauty Specialist | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-7487-1550-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnzCkfbPXjAC&pg=PA267 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Husain | first=A.M. | last2=Sinha | first2=S.R. | title=Continuous EEG Monitoring: Principles and Practice | publisher=Springer International Publishing | year=2017 | isbn=978-3-319-31230-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy_XDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA600 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=600}}</ref>
 * [[Toothbrush]]es, [[dental floss]], and other oral care products
-* Hospital [[apron]]s <ref>{{cite book | last=Dougherty | first=L. | last2=Lister | first2=S. | title=The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures | publisher=Wiley | series=Royal Marsden Manual Series | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-4443-4387-8 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4AysuLGbMeMC&pg=PA99 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=99}}</ref>
+* Hospital [[apron]]s <ref>{{cite book | last=Dougherty | first=L. | last2=Lister | first2=S. | title=The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures | publisher=Wiley | series=Royal Marsden Manual Series | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-4443-4387-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AysuLGbMeMC&pg=PA99 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=99}}</ref>
 * [[panties|Disposable panties]] in [[postpartum]]
-* [[Contact lenses]] <ref>{{cite book | last=Hom | first=M.M. | last2=Bruce | first2=A.S. | title=Manual of Contact Lens Prescribing and Fitting | publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7506-7517-8 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jSvLJtyDNTEC&pg=PA310 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=310}}</ref>
+* [[Contact lenses]] <ref>{{cite book | last=Hom | first=M.M. | last2=Bruce | first2=A.S. | title=Manual of Contact Lens Prescribing and Fitting | publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7506-7517-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSvLJtyDNTEC&pg=PA310 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=310}}</ref>
 ===Electronics===
 [[File:AAAA AAA AA 9V comparison-1.jpg|thumb|Disposable [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]]]]
-* Non-rechargeable [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]] are considered [[hazardous waste]] and should only be disposed of as such.<ref>{{cite book | last=Wellington | first=T. | title=The Mom's Guide to Growing Your Family Green: Saving the Earth Begins at Home | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-4299-6463-0 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ocsTmllg7nQC&pg=PA79 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=79}}</ref>
+* Non-rechargeable [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]] are considered [[hazardous waste]] and should only be disposed of as such.<ref>{{cite book | last=Wellington | first=T. | title=The Mom's Guide to Growing Your Family Green: Saving the Earth Begins at Home | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-4299-6463-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocsTmllg7nQC&pg=PA79 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=79}}</ref>
 * Disposable ink cart
-* [[Disposable camera]]s <ref>{{cite book | last=Warren | first=L. | title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography, 3-Volume Set | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-135-20543-0 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cFVsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=220}}</ref>
+* [[Disposable camera]]s <ref>{{cite book | last=Warren | first=L. | title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography, 3-Volume Set | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-135-20543-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFVsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=220}}</ref>
 ===Defense and law enforcement===
@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 ===Other consumer products===
 [[File:4 Bic Cristal pens and caps.jpg|thumb|Disposable [[ballpoint pen]]s]]
-* [[Bin bag|Garbage bag]]s <ref>{{cite book | last=Casey | first=W. | title=Firsts: Origins of Everyday Things That Changed the World | publisher=DK Publishing | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-101-15900-2 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Hkc3QnbagK4C&pg=PA89 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=89}}</ref>
+* [[Bin bag|Garbage bag]]s <ref>{{cite book | last=Casey | first=W. | title=Firsts: Origins of Everyday Things That Changed the World | publisher=DK Publishing | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-101-15900-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hkc3QnbagK4C&pg=PA89 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=89}}</ref>
 * shopping bags (can in principle be [[reuse]]d and are [[recyclable]])
 ** [[Paper bag|Paper]] shopping bags
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 * [[Vacuum cleaner]] bags, [[Filter (water)|water]], [[air filter|air]], [[Filter (oil)|coolant]], and other filters
 * [[Used note#Removal from circulation|Paper currency]] (worn out [[banknotes]] are removed from circulation by the [[Federal Reserve]])
-* [[Ballpoint pen]]s, erasers, and other [[writing implement]]s<ref>{{cite book | last=Wherry | first=T.L. | title=Intellectual Property: Everything the Digital-age Librarian Needs to Know | publisher=American Library Association | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-8389-0948-5 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6eVgC-bOlQQC&pg=PA20 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=20}}</ref>
+* [[Ballpoint pen]]s, erasers, and other [[writing implement]]s<ref>{{cite book | last=Wherry | first=T.L. | title=Intellectual Property: Everything the Digital-age Librarian Needs to Know | publisher=American Library Association | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-8389-0948-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eVgC-bOlQQC&pg=PA20 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | page=20}}</ref>
 * Aseptic [[milk]] and [[soy milk]] containers
 * [[Movie set]]s and theater sets
@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|refs=
-<ref name="Nirr 2014">{{cite book | author=NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers | title=Disposable Products Manufacturing Handbook | publisher=Niir Project | year=2014 | isbn=978-93-81039-32-8 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PQaJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | accessdate=March 9, 2017 | page=1}}</ref>
+<ref name="Nirr 2014">{{cite book | author=NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers | title=Disposable Products Manufacturing Handbook | publisher=Niir Project | year=2014 | isbn=978-93-81039-32-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQaJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | accessdate=March 9, 2017 | page=1}}</ref>
-<ref name="Hill 2010">{{cite book | last=Hill | first=M.K. | title=Understanding Environmental Pollution | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-139-48640-8 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=A-zaEGx_Y8cC&pg=PA519 | page=519}}</ref>
+<ref name="Hill 2010">{{cite book | last=Hill | first=M.K. | title=Understanding Environmental Pollution | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-139-48640-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-zaEGx_Y8cC&pg=PA519 | page=519}}</ref>
-<ref name="Vasile Zaikov 2009">{{cite book | last=Vasile | first=C. | last2=Zaikov | first2=G.E. | title=Environmentally Degradable Materials Based on Multicomponent Polymeric Systems | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2009 | isbn=978-90-04-16410-9 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LPkghmXr47YC&pg=PA630 | page=630}}</ref>
+<ref name="Vasile Zaikov 2009">{{cite book | last=Vasile | first=C. | last2=Zaikov | first2=G.E. | title=Environmentally Degradable Materials Based on Multicomponent Polymeric Systems | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2009 | isbn=978-90-04-16410-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPkghmXr47YC&pg=PA630 | page=630}}</ref>
 <ref name="Disposable table cloth patent">{{cite web | title=Disposable table cloth: Patent US5084321 | website=Google Books | date=February 23, 2017 | url=https://www.google.com/patents/US5084321 | accessdate=March 9, 2017}}</ref>
 }}