HIV/AIDS in Mozambique: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Mozambique_regions.png|thumb|Regions of [[Mozambique]]]] Mozambique is a country particularly hard-hit by the [[HIV/AIDS]] epidemic. In fact, according to 2008 [[UNAIDS]] estimates, this southeast African nation possesses the 8th highest HIV prevalence in the world.<ref name=Audet>{{cite web|last1=Audet et al|title=Sociocultural and Epidemiological Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Mozambique|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891693/pdf/1472-698X-10-15.pdf|website=BMC International Health and Human Rights|accessdate=21 October 2017|date=2010}}</ref> With 1,600,000 Mozambicans (11.5 percent of the population) living with HIV, 990,000 of which are women and children, Mozambique's government realizes that there is much work to be done on the path towards the eradication of this infectious disease.<ref name=UNICEFn.d.>{{cite web|last1=UNICEF|title=UNICEF: Mozambique: HIV/AIDS|url=http://www.unicef.org.mz/en/our-work/what-we-do/hivaids/|website=UNICEF|accessdate=21 October 2017|date=n.d.}}</ref><ref name=Office>{{cite web|last1=Office of U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator|title=Partnering to Achieve Epidemic Control in Mozambique|url=https://www.pepfar.gov/documents/organization/199605.pdf|website=The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief|accessdate=21 October 2017|date=2017}}</ref><ref name=UNICEF2013>{{cite web|last1=UNICEF|title=UNICEF: Mozambique: Statistics|url=https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/mozambique_statistics.html|website=UNICEF|accessdate=21 October 2017|date=2013}}</ref> In order to reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS within the country, Mozambique has partnered with numerous global organizations to provide its citizens with augmented access to [[antiretroviral therapy]] and prevention techniques, such as condom use. A surge toward the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS in women and children has additionally aided in Mozambique's aim to fulfill its [[Millennium Development Goals]] (MDGs). Nevertheless, HIV/AIDS has made a drastic impact on Mozambique; individual risk behaviors are still greatly influenced by social norms, and much still needs to be done in order to best address the epidemic and provide care and treatment to those in need.<ref name=Avogo>{{cite journal|last1=Avogo|first1=Winfred|title=Men's Migration, Women's Personal Networks, and Responses to HIV/AIDS in Mozambique|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|date=2013|volume=10|issue=3|pages=892-912|url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1354933217/fulltext/ECDD0267A3914029PQ/1?accountid=15172|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref>
HIV/AIDS is one of the most prevalent diseases in Mozambique, and the epidemic has a large impact on the general status of [[health in Mozambique]] as a whole<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Agadjanian|first=Victor|title=Gender, religious involvement, and HIV/AIDS prevention in Mozambique|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.012|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=61|issue=7|pages=1529–1539|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.012}}</ref>. [[File:Number of patients on Anti Retroviral Treatment in Mozambique 2003-2011.jpg|thumb|350px|The increase in number of HIV positive Mozambicans on [[Antiretroviral drug|Antiretroviral treatment]], 2003–14.]]


== Impact ==
== Impact ==

Revision as of 08:28, 13 December 2017

Regions of Mozambique

Mozambique is a country particularly hard-hit by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In fact, according to 2008 UNAIDS estimates, this southeast African nation possesses the 8th highest HIV prevalence in the world.[1] With 1,600,000 Mozambicans (11.5 percent of the population) living with HIV, 990,000 of which are women and children, Mozambique's government realizes that there is much work to be done on the path towards the eradication of this infectious disease.[2][3][4] In order to reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS within the country, Mozambique has partnered with numerous global organizations to provide its citizens with augmented access to antiretroviral therapy and prevention techniques, such as condom use. A surge toward the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS in women and children has additionally aided in Mozambique's aim to fulfill its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Nevertheless, HIV/AIDS has made a drastic impact on Mozambique; individual risk behaviors are still greatly influenced by social norms, and much still needs to be done in order to best address the epidemic and provide care and treatment to those in need.[5]

Impact

The impact of the AIDS epidemic is not uniformly distributed. In 2005, the prevalence of HIV infection among adults ages 15 to 49 was estimated to be 16.1 percent. The primary mode of transmission is through heterosexual contact, with women at much greater risk for HIV infection than men. Young women ages 15 to 24 have an estimated HIV prevalence of 10.7 percent, compared to a prevalence rate of 3.6 percent among young men in the same age group.[6]

A civil war restricted movement within and outside the country until 1992, but returning refugees, as well as economic and commercial activity since then has rapidly fueled HIV prevalence to levels nearly as high as those in neighboring countries. Other populations with high HIV prevalence rates include mobile populations, people in prostitution, and those living close to major transportation routes.1 Mozambique also suffers co-epidemics of tuberculosis and malaria in addition to seasonal cholera outbreaks, all of which exacerbate the impact of HIV/AIDS.[6]

In 2010, the rate is estimated to be 11.5%, distributed amongst 13.1% of female and 9.2% of male adults aged 15–49, totaling nearly three million individuals.[7]

Response

As Mozambique scales up HIV/AIDS programs and more people are reached with prevention, treatment and care services, it is vital to strengthen the capacity of Mozambican individuals and institutions to manage and deliver these services. According to the 2006 Human Development Report, Mozambique has approximately three physicians for every 100,000 people.[6]

Shortages of other health providers such as nurses, pharmacists and lab technicians are comparable. Outside of the health system, where the multi-sectoral HIV/AIDS response depends fundamentally on community-based initiatives and volunteers, Mozambique also is severely disadvantaged, with an adult literacy rate of only 46.5 percent (31.4 percent among women) and high levels of stigma and discrimination.[6]

Outside Aid

Various organizations throughout the world have established programs in Mozambique that aim to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Médecins sans Frontières (MSF), for instance, has been collaborating with Mozambique's Ministry of Health since 2001 in order to develop a comprehensive plan for addressing HIV/AIDS care and management throughout the country and bring ART to low-resource settings. In fact, with the help of MSF, more than 33,000 Mozambicans were provided with antiretroviral drugs as of August 2010.[8]

In addition to MSF, UNICEF is currently working with key stakeholders in the country to develop policies for addressing HIV/AIDS, specifically focusing on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of the disease through the introduction of early intervention techniques and the provision of pediatric antiretroviral therapy services.[2]

Within the United States, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) provides both direct services and technical assistance to those most directly affected by HIV/AIDS within Mozambique. In fact, in 2016, PEPFAR administered antiretroviral drugs to 787,612 Mozambicans, 88,961 of which were pregnant women in need of prevention to avoid transfer to their progeny; offered support and care for 77,115 orphans and vulnerable children; and provided testing and counseling for over 4.7 million individuals in need of assistance.[3]

Nevertheless, in many cases for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Mozambique, as well as many other countries, donor funding for HIV programs is flat-lining or reducing, leaving some benevolent programs pining for funds for the continuation of their services.[8]

See Also

References

  1. ^ Audet; et al. (2010). "Sociocultural and Epidemiological Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Mozambique" (PDF). BMC International Health and Human Rights. Retrieved 21 October 2017. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last1= (help)
  2. ^ a b UNICEF (n.d.). "UNICEF: Mozambique: HIV/AIDS". UNICEF. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  3. ^ a b Office of U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator (2017). "Partnering to Achieve Epidemic Control in Mozambique" (PDF). The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  4. ^ UNICEF (2013). "UNICEF: Mozambique: Statistics". UNICEF. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  5. ^ Avogo, Winfred (2013). "Men's Migration, Women's Personal Networks, and Responses to HIV/AIDS in Mozambique". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 10 (3): 892–912. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d "2008 Country Profile: Mozambique". U.S. Department of State. 2008. Archived from the original on 16 August 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ^ 11.5 percent HIV/AIDS prevalence in Mozambique: report
  8. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Medecins was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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